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Abstract Aims/Introduction To investigate the recognition status of stigma/advocacy in patients with type 2 diabetes in clinical practice settings. Method A questionnaire survey on stigma/advocacy of patients with diabetes was carried out for members of the Kanagawa Physicians Association in July 2021. Results The respondents consisted of 33 (16.6%) physicians specializing in diabetes (the D group) and 166 (83.4%) non‐specialists (the ND group). 100% of the D group and 48.8% of the ND group knew that patients may be prejudiced or discriminated against because of diabetes. In the question of whether they know the terms ‘stigma’ and ‘advocacy’, ‘know’ was 97.0% and 94.0% in the D group, compared with 45.8% and 36.7% in the ND group, respectively. 97.0% of the D group and 19.9% of the ND group know the advocacy activities of the Japanese Diabetes Society (JDS) and the Japan Association for Diabetes Education (JADEC). The specific contents of the stigma were often unknown or never experienced in the ND group. A free description of the strategy for reducing or eliminating stigma was analyzed by text mining. ‘Giving consideration to the patients' feelings’, ‘Commitment to the problem’, and ‘Dialogue’ were frequent, and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusions The clinician's understanding of stigma/advocacy associated with having diabetes was insufficient, and activities that alert clinicians to stigma/advocacy, especially those in the ND group, was a theme to be addressed. More awareness‐raising activities for stigma/advocacy will lead to better treatment and a better quality of life for patients with diabetes.

We investigate the dynamics of GN-z11, a luminous galaxy at z = 10.60, carefully analyzing the public deep integral field spectroscopy (IFS) data taken with the JWST NIRSpec integral field unit. While the observations of the IFS data originally targeted an He ii clump near GN-z11, we find that the C iii ] λ λ 1907, 1909 emission from ionized gas at GN-z11 is bright and spatially extended significantly beyond the point-spread function (PSF). The spatially extended C iii ] emission of GN-z11 shows a velocity gradient with red- and blueshifted components in the north and south directions, respectively, which cannot be explained by the variation of the [C iii ] λ 1907/C iii ] λ 1909 line ratios. Assuming the velocity gradient is produced by disk rotation, we perform forward modeling with GalPak ^3D , including the effects of PSF smearing and line blending, and obtain a rotation velocity of ${v}_{\mathrm{rot}}={257}_{-117}^{+138}$ km s ^−1 , a velocity dispersion of ${\sigma }_{v}={91}_{-32}^{+18}$ km s ^−1 , and a ratio of ${v}_{\mathrm{rot}}/{\sigma }_{v}={2.83}_{-1.41}^{+1.82}$ . The v _rot / σ _v value would suggest a rotation-dominated disk existing at z > 10, albeit with large uncertainties. The rotation velocity agrees with those of numerical simulations predicting a rotating disk formed in the early Universe under the conditions of mass compaction and weak feedback. While the velocity gradient is consistent with the rotating-disk solution, we recognize that galactic outflows can also explain the velocity gradient, as well as the extended morphology and the high velocity dispersion found in the outskirts. Higher-signal-to-noise-ratio and higher-resolution data are necessary to conclude the physical origin of the velocity gradient in GN-z11.

We present an [O/Fe] ratio of a luminous galaxy GN-z11 at z = 10.60 derived with the deep public JWST/NIRSpec data. We fit the medium-resolution grating (G140M, G235M, and G395M) data with the model spectra consisting of BPASS-stellar and Cloudy -nebular spectra in the rest-frame UV wavelength ranges with Fe absorption lines, carefully masking the other emission and absorption lines in the same manner as previous studies conducted for lower-redshift ( z ∼ 2–6) galaxies with oxygen abundance measurements. We obtain an Fe-rich abundance ratio $[{\rm{O}}/\mathrm{Fe}]=-{0.37}_{-0.22}^{+0.43}$ , which is confirmed with the independent deep prism data as well as by the classic 1978 index method. This [O/Fe] measurement is lower than that measured for star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 2–3. Because z = 10.60 is an early epoch after the Big Bang (∼430 Myr) and the first star formation (likely ∼200 Myr), it is difficult to produce Fe by Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), which requires sufficient delay time for white-dwarf formation and gas accretion. The Fe-rich abundance ratio in GN-z11 suggests that the delay time is short or that the major Fe enrichment is not accomplished by SNe Ia but by bright hypernovae (BrHNe) and/or pair-instability supernovae (PISNe), where the yield models of BrHNe and PISNe explain Fe, Ne, and O abundance ratios of GN-z11. The [O/Fe] measurement is not too low to rule out the connection between GN-z11 and globular clusters (GCs) previously suggested by the nitrogen abundance but rather supports the connection with a GC population at high [N/O] if a metal dilution process exists.

We present He i /H β flux and He/H abundance ratios in three James Webb Space Telescope galaxies with significant constraints on N/O abundance ratios, GS-NDG-9422, RXCJ2248-ID, and GLASS150008 at z ∼ 6 mostly with the spectroscopic coverage from He i λ 4471 and He ii λ 4686 to He i λ 7065, and comparing with 68 local dwarf galaxies. We find that these high- z galaxies present strong He i emission with He i /H β flux ratios generally larger than those of local dwarf galaxies. We derive He/H with all of the detected He i , He ii , and 2−3 hydrogen Balmer lines in the same manner as the local He/H determination conducted for cosmology studies. These high- z galaxies show He overabundance He/H ≳0.10 or high electron density of n _e ∼ 10 ^3−4 cm ^−3 much larger than local values at low O/H, $12+\mathrm{log}({\rm{O}}/{\rm{H}})=7-8$ . In contrast, we obtain low He/H and n _e values for our local dwarf galaxies by the same technique with the same helium and hydrogen lines, and confirm that the difference between the high- z and local dwarf galaxies is not mimicked by systematics. While two scenarios of (1) He overabundance and (2) high electron density are not clearly concluded, we find that there is a positive correlation between the He/H–N/O or n _e –N/O plane by the comparison of the high- z and local dwarf galaxies. Scenario (1) suggests that the overabundant helium and nitrogen are not explained by the standard chemical enrichment of core-collapse supernovae, but by the CNO-cycle products and equilibrium ratios, respectively. Scenario (2) indicates that the strong helium lines originated from the central dense clouds of the high- z galaxies by excessive collisional excitation.

We investigate the physical origins of the Balmer decrement anomalies in GS-NDG-9422 and RXCJ2248-ID galaxies at z ∼ 6 whose H α /H β values are significantly smaller than 2.7, the latter of which also shows anomalous H γ /H β and H δ /H β values beyond the errors. Because the anomalous Balmer decrements are not reproduced under the Case B recombination, we explore the nebulae with optical depths smaller and larger than the Case B recombination by physical modeling. We find two cases quantitatively explaining the anomalies: (1) density-bounded nebulae that are opaque only up to around Ly γ –Ly8 transitions and (2) ionization-bounded nebulae partly/fully surrounded by optically thick excited H i clouds. The case of (1) produces more H β photons via Ly γ absorption in the nebulae, requiring fine tuning in optical depth values, while this case helps ionizing photon escape for cosmic reionization. The case of (2) needs the optically thick excited H i clouds with N _2 ≃ 10 ^12 −10 ^13 cm ^−2 , where N _2 is the column density of the hydrogen atom with the principal quantum number of n = 2. Interestingly, the high N _2 values qualitatively agree with the recent claims for GS-NDG-9422 with the strong nebular continuum requiring a number of 2 s -state electrons and for RXCJ2248-ID with the dense ionized regions likely coexisting with the optically thick clouds. While the physical origin of the optically thick excited H i clouds is unclear, these results may suggest gas clouds with excessive collisional excitation caused by an amount of accretion and supernovae in the high- z galaxies.

We present an analysis of the Atacama Large Millimeter-submillimeter Array (ALMA) multiband dust continuum observations for 28 spectroscopically confirmed bright Lyman break galaxies at 5 < z < 8. Our sample consists of 11 galaxies at z ∼ 6 newly observed in our ALMA program, which substantially increases the number of 5 < z < 8 galaxies with both rest-frame 88 and 158 μ m continuum observations, allowing us to simultaneously measure the IR luminosity and dust temperature for a statistical sample of z ≳ 5 galaxies for the first time. We derive the relationship between the ultraviolet (UV) slope ( β _UV ) and infrared excess (IRX) for the z ∼ 6 galaxies, and find a shallower IRX– β _UV relation compared to the previous results at z ∼ 2–4. Based on the IRX– β _UV relation consistent with our results and the β _UV – M _UV relation including fainter galaxies in the literature, we find a limited contribution of the dust-obscured star formation to the total star formation rate density, ∼30% at z ∼ 6. Our measurements of the dust temperature at z ∼ 6–7, ${T}_{\mathrm{dust}}={40.9}_{-9.1}^{+10.0}\,{\rm{K}}$ on average, support a gentle increase of T _dust from z = 0 to z ∼ 6–7. Using an analytic model with parameters consistent with recent James Webb Space Telescope results, we discuss that the observed redshift evolution of the dust temperature can be reproduced by an ∼0.6 dex decrease in the gas depletion timescale and ∼0.4 dex decrease in the metallicity. The variety of T _dust observed at high redshifts can also be naturally explained by scatters around the star formation main sequence and average mass–metallicity relation including an extremely high dust temperature of T _dust > 80 K observed in a galaxy at z = 8.3.

We present volume-averaged neutral hydrogen fractions x _H I and ionized bubble radii R _b measured with Ly α damping wing absorption of galaxies at the epoch of reionization. We combine JWST/NIRSpec spectra taken by the CEERS, GO-1433, DDT-2750, and JADES programs and obtain a sample containing 27 bright UV-continuum ( M _UV < −18.5 mag) galaxies at 7 < z < 12. We construct four composite spectra binned by redshift and find the clear evolution of the softening break toward high redshift at rest-frame 1216 Å, suggesting an increase of Ly α damping wing absorption. We estimate Ly α damping wing absorption in the galaxy spectra with realistic templates including Ly α emission and circumgalactic medium absorptions. Assuming the standard inside-out reionization picture having an ionized bubble with radius R _b around a galaxy embedded in the intergalactic medium with x _H I , we obtain x _H I ( R _b ) values generally increasing (decreasing) from ${x}_{{\rm{H}}\,{\rm\small{I}}}={0.53}_{-0.47}^{+0.18}$ to ${0.92}_{-0.10}^{+0.08}$ ( $\mathrm{log}{R}_{b}={1.67}_{-0.16}^{+0.14}$ to $-{0.69}_{-0.24}^{+0.89}$ comoving Mpc) at redshift ${7.12}_{-0.08}^{+0.06}$ to ${9.91}_{-1.15}^{+1.49}$ . The redshift evolution of x _H I indicates a moderately late reionization history consistent with the one previously suggested from the electron scattering of cosmic microwave background and the evolution of UV luminosity function with an escape fraction f _esc ∼ 0.2. Our R _b measurements suggest that bubble sizes could be up to a few dex larger than the cosmic average values estimated by analytic calculations for a given x _H I , while our R _b measurements are roughly comparable with the values for merged ionized bubbles around bright galaxies predicted by recent numerical simulations.

We present statistics of z ∼ 6–9 galaxy outflows indicated by spatially extended gas emission and broad lines. With a total of 61 spectroscopically confirmed galaxies at z ∼ 6–9 in the JWST CEERS, GLASS, and ERO data, we find four galaxies with [O iii ] + H β ionized gas emission significantly extended beyond the kiloparsec-scale stellar components on the basis of the emission line images constructed by the subtraction of NIRCam broadband (line on/off-band) images. By comparison with low- z galaxies, the fraction of galaxies with spatially extended gas, 4/18, at z ∼ 6–9 is an order of magnitude higher than that at z ∼ 0–1, which can be explained by events triggered by frequent major mergers at high redshift. We also investigate medium- and high-resolution NIRSpec spectra of 30 galaxies at z ∼ 6–9, and identify five galaxies with broad (140−800 km s ^−1 ) lines in the [O iii ] forbidden line emission, suggestive of galaxy outflows. One galaxy at z = 6.38 shows both spatially extended gas emission and the broad lines, while none of the galaxies with spatially extended gas emission or broad lines present a clear signature of active galactic nuclei (AGN) in either the line diagnostics or type 1 AGN line broadening (>1000 km s ^−1 ), which suggests that outflows are mainly driven by stellar feedback. The existence of galaxies with/without spatially extended gas emission or broad lines may be explained by different viewing angles toward outflows or the fact that these are galaxies in the early, late, or post phases of galaxy outflows at high redshift, where relatively large fractions of such galaxies indicate longer-duration and/or more frequent outflows at early cosmic epochs.

We present the evolution of Ly α emission derived from 53 galaxies at z = 6.6–13.2, which have been identified by multiple JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy programs of Early Release Science, General Observer, Director's Discretionary Time, and Guaranteed Time Observations. These galaxies fall on the star formation main sequence and are typical star-forming galaxies with UV magnitudes of −22.5 ≤ M _UV ≤ −17.0. We find that 15 out of 53 galaxies show Ly α emission at the >3 σ level, and we obtain Ly α equivalent width (EW) measurements and stringent 3 σ upper limits for the 15 and 38 galaxies, respectively. Confirming that Ly α velocity offsets and line widths of our galaxies are comparable to those of low-redshift Ly α emitters, we investigate the redshift evolution of the Ly α EW. We find that Ly α EWs statistically decrease toward high redshifts on the Ly α EW versus the M _UV plane for various probability distributions of the uncertainties. We then evaluate neutral hydrogen fractions x _H I with the redshift evolution of the Ly α EW and the cosmic reionization simulation results on the basis of a Bayesian inference framework, and obtain x _H I < 0.79, $={0.62}_{-0.36}^{+0.15}$ , and ${0.93}_{-0.07}^{+0.04}$ at z ∼ 7, 8, and 9–13, respectively. These moderately large x _H I values are consistent with the Planck cosmic microwave background optical depth measurement and previous x _H I constraints from galaxy and QSO Ly α damping wing absorption and strongly indicate a late reionization history. Such a late reionization history suggests that major sources of reionization would emerge late and be hosted by moderately massive halos compared with the widely accepted picture of abundant low-mass objects for the sources of reionization.

We present ionizing spectra estimated at 13.6–100 eV for 10 dwarf galaxies with strong high-ionization lines of He ii λ 4686 and [Ne v ] λ 3426 ([Ne iv ] λ 2424) at z = 0 ( z = 8) that are identified in our Keck/LRIS spectroscopy and the literature (the JWST Early Release Observations program). With the flux ratios of these high-ionization lines and >10 low-ionization lines of hydrogen, helium, oxygen, neon, and sulfur, we determine ionizing spectra consisting of stellar and nonthermal power-law radiation by photoionization modeling with free parameters of nebular properties, including metallicity and ionization parameter, canceling out abundance ratio differences. We find that all of the observed flux ratios are well reproduced by the photoionization models with the power-law index α _EUV of α _EUV ∼ (–1) − 0 and the luminosity L _EUV of L _EUV ∼ 10 ^40 –10 ^42 erg s ^−1 at ∼55–100 eV for six galaxies, while four galaxies include large systematics in α _EUV caused by stellar radiation contamination. We then compare α _EUV and L _EUV of these six galaxies with those predicted by the black hole (BH) accretion disk models and find that α _EUV and L _EUV are similar to those of the intermediate-mass BHs (IMBHs) in BH accretion disk models, albeit with possibilities of the other scenarios. Confirming these results with a known IMBH having a mass M _BH of M _BH = 10 ^5.75 M _⊙ , we find that four local galaxies and one z = 7.665 galaxy have ionizing spectra consistent with those of IMBHs with M _BH ∼ 10 ^3 –10 ^5 M _⊙ .

We present gas-phase elemental abundance ratios of thirteen local extremely metal-poor galaxies (EMPGs), including our new Keck/LRIS spectroscopy determinations together with 33 James Webb Space Telescope z ∼ 4–10 star-forming galaxies in the literature, and compare chemical evolution models. We develop chemical evolution models with the yields of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe), Type Ia SNe, hypernovae (HNe), and pair-instability supernovae (PISNe), and compare the EMPGs and high- z galaxies in conjunction with dust depletion contributions. We find that high Fe/O values of EMPGs can (cannot) be explained by PISN metal enrichments (CCSN/HN enrichments even with the mixing-and-fallback mechanism enhancing iron abundance), while the observed Ar/O and S/O values are much smaller than the predictions of the PISN models. The abundance ratios of EMPGs can be explained by the combination of Type Ia SNe and CCSNe/HNe whose inner layers of argon and sulfur mostly fallback, which are comparable to the Sculptor stellar chemical abundance distribution, suggesting that early chemical enrichment has taken place in the EMPGs. Comparing our chemical evolution models with the star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 4–10, we find that the Ar/O and S/O ratios of the high- z galaxies are comparable to those of the CCSN/HN models, while the majority of high- z galaxies do not have constraints good enough to rule out contributions from PISNe. The high N/O ratio recently reported in GN-z11 cannot be explained even by rotating PISNe, but could be reproduced by the winds of rotating Wolf–Rayet stars that end up as a direct collapse.

We present the demography of the dynamics and gas mass fraction of 33 extremely metal-poor galaxies (EMPGs) with metallicities of 0.015–0.195 Z _⊙ and low stellar masses of 10 ^4 –10 ^8 M _⊙ in the local universe. We conduct deep optical integral field spectroscopy (IFS) for the low-mass EMPGs with the medium-high resolution ( R = 7500) grism of the 8 m Subaru FOCAS IFU instrument by the EMPRESS 3D survey, and investigate the H α emission of the EMPGs. Exploiting the resolution high enough for the low-mass galaxies, we derive gas dynamics with the H α lines by the fitting of three-dimensional disk models. We obtain an average maximum rotation velocity ( v _rot ) of 15 ± 3 km s ^−1 and an average intrinsic velocity dispersion ( σ _0 ) of 27 ± 10 km s ^−1 for 15 spatially resolved EMPGs out of 33 EMPGs, and find that all 15 EMPGs have v _rot / σ _0 < 1 suggesting dispersion-dominated systems. There is a clear decreasing trend of v _rot / σ _0 with the decreasing stellar mass and metallicity. We derive the gas mass fraction ( f _gas ) for all 33 EMPGs, and find no clear dependence on stellar mass and metallicity. These v _rot / σ _0 and f _gas trends should be compared with young high- z galaxies observed by the forthcoming JWST IFS programs to understand the physical origins of the EMPGs in the local universe.

We present the quasar luminosity function (LF) at z = 7, measured with 35 spectroscopically confirmed quasars at 6.55 < z < 7.15. The sample of 22 quasars from the Subaru High- z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs) project, combined with 13 brighter quasars in the literature, covers an unprecedentedly wide range of rest-frame ultraviolet magnitudes over −28 < M _1450 < −23. We found that the binned LF flattens significantly toward the faint end populated by the SHELLQs quasars. A maximum likelihood fit to a double power-law model has a break magnitude ${M}_{1450}^{* }=-{25.60}_{-0.30}^{+0.40}$ , a characteristic density ${{\rm{\Phi }}}^{* }={1.35}_{-0.30}^{+0.47}$ Gpc ^−3 mag ^−1 , and a bright-end slope $\beta =-{3.34}_{-0.57}^{+0.49}$ , when the faint-end slope is fixed to α = −1.2 as observed at z ≤ 6. The overall LF shape remains remarkably similar from z = 4 to 7, while the amplitude decreases substantially toward higher redshifts, with a clear indication of an accelerating decline at z ≥ 6. The estimated ionizing photon density, 10 ^48.2±0.1 s ^−1 Mpc ^−3 , is less than 1% of the critical rate to keep the intergalactic medium ionized at z = 7, and thus indicates that quasars are not a major contributor to cosmic reionization.

We present pure spectroscopic constraints on the UV luminosity functions and cosmic star formation rate (SFR) densities from 25 galaxies at z _spec = 8.61–13.20. By reducing the JWST/NIRSpec spectra taken in multiple programs of Early Release Observation, Early Release Science, General Observer, and Director’s Discretionary Time observations with our analysis technique, we independently confirm 16 galaxies at z _spec = 8.61–11.40, including new redshift determinations, and a bright interloper at z _spec = 4.91 that was claimed as a photometric candidate at z ∼ 16. In conjunction with nine galaxies at redshifts up to z _spec = 13.20 in the literature, we make a sample of 25 spectroscopically confirmed galaxies in total and carefully derive the best estimates and lower limits of the UV luminosity functions. These UV luminosity function constraints are consistent with the previous photometric estimates within the uncertainties and indicate mild redshift evolution toward z ∼ 12, showing tensions with some theoretical models of rapid evolution. With these spectroscopic constraints, we obtain firm lower limits of the cosmic SFR densities and spectroscopically confirm a high SFR density at z ∼ 12 beyond the constant star formation efficiency models, which supports earlier claims from the photometric studies. While there are no spectroscopically confirmed galaxies with very large stellar masses violating the ΛCDM model due to the removal of the bright interloper, we confirm star-forming galaxies at z _spec = 11–13 with stellar masses much higher than model predictions. Our results indicate possibilities of high star formation efficiency (>5%), a hidden active galactic nucleus, a top-heavy initial mass function (possibly with Population III), and large scatter/variance. Having these successful and unsuccessful spectroscopy results, we suggest observational strategies for efficiently removing low-redshift interlopers for future JWST programs.

We present chemical abundance ratios of 70 star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 4–10 observed by the JWST/NIRSpec Early Release Observations, GLASS, and CEERS programs. Among the 70 galaxies, we have pinpointed two galaxies, CEERS_01019 at z = 8.68 and GLASS_150008 at z = 6.23, with extremely low C/N ([C/N] ≲ −1), evidenced with C iii ] λλ 1907,1909, N iii ] λ 1750, and N iv ] λλ 1483,1486, which show high N/O ratios ([N/O] ≳ 0.5) comparable with the one of GN-z11, regardless of whether stellar or active galactic nucleus radiation is assumed. Such low C/N and high N/O ratios found in CEERS_01019 and GLASS_150008 (additionally identified in GN-z11) are largely biased toward the equilibrium of the CNO cycle, suggesting that these three galaxies are enriched by metals processed by the CNO cycle. On the C/N versus O/H plane, these three galaxies do not coincide with Galactic H ii regions, normal star-forming galaxies, and nitrogen-loud quasars with asymptotic giant branch stars, but with globular-cluster (GC) stars, indicating a connection with GC formation. We compare the C/O and N/O of these three galaxies with those of theoretical models and find that these three galaxies are explained by scenarios with dominant CNO-cycle materials, i.e., Wolf–Rayet stars, supermassive (10 ^3 –10 ^5 M _⊙ ) stars, and tidal disruption events, interestingly with a requirement of frequent direct collapses. For all the 70 galaxies, we present measurements of Ne/O, S/O, and Ar/O, together with C/O and N/O. We identify four galaxies with very low Ne/O, log(Ne/O) < −1.0, indicating abundant massive (≳30 M _⊙ ) stars.

We present the first statistical sample of faint type 1 AGNs at z > 4 identified by JWST/NIRSpec deep spectroscopy. Among the 185 galaxies at z _spec = 3.8–8.9 confirmed with NIRSpec, our systematic search for broad-line emission reveals 10 type 1 AGNs at z = 4.015–6.936 whose broad component is only seen in the permitted H α line and not in the forbidden [O iii ] λ 5007 line that is detected with greater significance than H α . The broad H α line widths of FWHM ≃ 1000–6000 km s ^−1 suggest that the AGNs have low-mass black holes with M _BH ∼ 10 ^6 –10 ^8 M _⊙ , remarkably lower than those of low-luminosity quasars previously identified at z > 4 with ground-based telescopes. JWST and Hubble Space Telescope high-resolution images reveal that the majority of them show extended morphologies indicating significant contribution to the total lights from their host galaxies, except for three compact objects two of which show red spectral energy distributions, probably in a transition phase from faint AGNs to low luminosity quasars. Careful AGN-host decomposition analyses show that their host’s stellar masses are systematically lower than the local relation between the black hole mass and the stellar mass, implying a fast black hole growth consistent with predictions from theoretical simulations. A high fraction of the broad-line AGNs (∼5%), higher than z ∼ 0, indicates that the number density of such faint AGNs is higher than an extrapolation of the quasar luminosity function, implying a large population of AGNs in the early universe. Such faint AGNs contribute to cosmic reionization, while the total contribution is not large, up to ∼50% at z ∼ 6, because of their faint nature.

We present the evolution of the mass–metallicity (MZ) relation at z = 4–10 derived with 135 galaxies identified in JWST/NIRSpec data taken from the three major public spectroscopy programs of ERO, GLASS, and CEERS. Because there are many discrepancies between the flux measurements reported by the early ERO studies, we first establish our NIRSpec data reduction procedure for reliable emission-line flux measurements and errors, successfully explaining Balmer decrements with no statistical tensions thorough comparisons with the early ERO studies. Applying the reduction procedure to the 135 galaxies, we obtain emission-line fluxes for physical property measurements. We confirm that 10 out of the 135 galaxies with [O iii ] λ 4363 lines have electron temperatures of ≃(1.1–2.3) × 10 ^4 K, similar to lower- z star-forming galaxies, which can be explained by heating by young massive stars. We derive the metallicities of the 10 galaxies by a direct method and the rest of the galaxies with strong lines using the metallicity calibrations of Nakajima et al. applicable for these low-mass metal-poor galaxies, anchoring the metallicities with the direct-method measurements. We thus obtain the MZ relation and star formation rate (SFR)–MZ relation over z = 4–10. We find that there is a small evolution of the MZ relation from z ∼ 2–3 to z = 4–10, while interestingly the SFR–MZ relation shows no evolution up to z ∼ 8 but a significant decrease at z > 8 beyond the errors This SFR–MZ relation decrease at z > 8 may suggest a break of the metallicity equilibrium state via star formation, inflow, and outflow, while further statistical and local-baseline studies are needed for a conclusion.

We present electron densities n _e in the interstellar medium (ISM) of star-forming galaxies at z = 4–9 observed by the JWST/NIRSpec GLASS, Early Release Observations, and CEERS programs. We carefully evaluate the line-spread functions of the NIRSpec instrument as a function of wavelength with the calibration data of a planetary nebula taken on board, and obtain secure [O ii ] λ λ 3726, 3729 doublet fluxes for 14 galaxies at z = 4.02–8.68 falling on the star formation main sequence with the NIRSpec high- and medium-resolution spectra. We thus derive the electron densities of singly ionized oxygen nebulae with the standard n _e indicator of the [O ii ] doublet, and find that the electron densities of the z = 4–9 galaxies are n _e ≳ 300 cm ^−3 significantly higher than those of low- z galaxies at a given stellar mass, star formation rate (SFR), and specific SFR. Interestingly, the typical electron densities of the singly ionized nebulae increase from z = 0 to z = 1−3 and z = 4–9, which is approximated by the evolutionary relation of n _e ∝ (1 + z ) ^p with p ∼ 1–2. Although it is not obvious that the ISM property of n _e is influenced by global galaxy properties, these results may suggest that the nebula densities of high- z galaxies are generally high due to the compact morphologies of high- z galaxies evolving by ${r}_{{\rm{e}}}\mathop{\propto }\limits_{\sim }{(1+z)}^{-1}$ ( r _vir ∝ (1 + z ) ^−1 ) for a given stellar (halo) mass whose inverse square corresponds to the p ∼ 2 evolutionary relation. The p ∼ 1−2 evolutionary relation can be explained by a combination of the compact morphology and the reduction of n _e due to the high electron temperature of high- z metal-poor nebulae.

We present 20,567 Ly α emitters (LAEs) at z = 2.2 − 7.3 that are photometrically identified by the SILVERRUSH program in a large survey area up to 25 deg ^2 with deep images of five broadband filters ( grizy ) and seven narrowband filters targeting Ly α lines at z = 2.2, 3.3, 4.9, 5.7, 6.6, 7.0, and 7.3 taken by the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program and the Cosmic HydrOgen Reionization Unveiled with Subaru survey. We select secure >5 σ sources showing narrowband color excesses via Ly α break screening, taking into account the spatial inhomogeneity of limiting magnitudes. After removing spurious sources by careful masking and visual inspection of coadded and multiepoch images obtained over the 7 yr of the surveys, we construct LAE samples consisting of 6995, 4641, 726, 6124, 2058, 18, and 5 LAEs at z = 2.2, 3.3, 4.9, 5.7, 6.6, 7.0, and 7.3, respectively, although the z = 7.3 candidates are tentative. Our LAE catalogs contain 289 spectroscopically confirmed LAEs at the expected redshifts from previous work. We demonstrate that the number counts of our LAEs are consistent with previous studies with similar LAE selection criteria. The LAE catalogs will be made public on our project webpage with detailed descriptions of the content and ancillary information about the masks and limiting magnitudes.

We present new Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) 3.6 and 4.5 μ m mosaics of three fields, E-COSMOS, DEEP2-F3, and ELAIS-N1. Our mosaics include both new IRAC observations as well as reprocessed archival data in these fields. These fields are part of the HSC-Deep grizy survey and have a wealth of additional ancillary data. The addition of these new IRAC mosaics is critical in allowing for improved photometric redshifts and stellar population parameters at cosmic noon and earlier epochs. The total area mapped by this work is ∼17 deg ^2 with a mean integration time of ≈1200s, providing a median 5 σ depth of 23.7(23.3) at 3.6(4.5) μ m in AB. We perform SExtractor photometry both on the combined mosaics as well as the single-epoch mosaics taken ≈6 months apart. The resultant IRAC number counts show good agreement with previous studies. In combination with the wealth of existing and upcoming spectrophotometric data in these fields, our IRAC mosaics will enable a wide range of galactic evolution and AGN studies. With that goal in mind, we make the combined IRAC mosaics and coverage maps of these three fields publicly available.

We report Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Band 3 observations of CO(6−5), CO(7−6), and [C i ](2−1) in B14-65666 (“Big Three Dragons”), one of the brightest Lyman-break galaxies at z > 7 in the rest-frame ultraviolet continuum, far-infrared continuum, and emission lines of [O iii ] 88 μ m and [C ii ] 158 μ m. CO(6−5), CO(7−6), and [C i ](2−1), whose 3 σ upper limits on the luminosities are approximately 40 times fainter than the [C ii ] luminosity, are all not detected. The L _[C _II _] / L _CO(6–5) and L _[C _II _] / L _CO(7–6) ratios are higher than the typical ratios obtained in dusty star-forming galaxies or quasar host galaxies at similar redshifts, and they may suggest a lower gas density in the photodissociated region in B14-65666. By using the (1) [C ii ] luminosity, (2) dust mass-to-gas mass ratio, and (3) a dynamical mass estimate, we find that the molecular gas mass ( M _mol ) is (0.05–11) × 10 ^10 M _⊙ . This value is consistent with the upper limit inferred from the nondetection of mid- J CO and [C i ](2−1). Despite the large uncertainty in M _mol , we estimate a molecular gas-to-stellar mass ratio ( μ _gas ) of 0.65–140 and a gas depletion time ( τ _dep ) of 2.5–550 Myr; these values are broadly consistent with those of other high-redshift galaxies. B14-65666 could be an ancestor of a passive galaxy at z ≳ 4 if no gas is fueled from outside the galaxy.

We search for local extremely metal-poor galaxies (EMPGs), selecting photometric candidates by broadband color excess and machine-learning techniques with the SDSS photometric data. After removing stellar contaminants by shallow spectroscopy with Seimei and Nayuta telescopes, we confirm that three candidates are EMPGs with 0.05–0.1 Z _⊙ by deep Magellan/MagE spectroscopy for faint [Oiii] λ 4363 lines. Using a statistical sample consisting of 105 spectroscopically confirmed EMPGs taken from our study and the literature, we calculate the cross-correlation function (CCF) of the EMPGs and all SDSS galaxies to quantify environments of EMPGs. Comparing another CCF of all SDSS galaxies and comparison of SDSS galaxies in the same stellar-mass range (10 ^7.0 –10 ^8.4 M _⊙ ), we find no significant (>1 σ ) difference between these two CCFs. We also compare mass–metallicity relations (MZRs) of the EMPGs and those of galaxies at z ∼ 0–4 with a steady chemical evolution model and find that the EMPG MZR is comparable with the model prediction on average. These clustering and chemical properties of EMPGs are explained by a scenario of stochastic metal-poor gas accretion on metal-rich galaxies showing metal-poor star formation. Extending the broadband color excess technique to a high- z EMPG search, we select 17 candidates of z ∼ 4–5 EMPGs with the deep (≃30 mag) near-infrared JWST/NIRCam images obtained by ERO and ERS programs. We find galaxy candidates with negligible [Oiii] λ λ 4959,5007 emission weaker than the local EMPGs and known high- z galaxies, suggesting that some of these candidates may fall in the range of 0–0.01 Z _⊙ , which potentially breaks the lowest metallicity limit known to date.

We present kinematics of six local extremely metal-poor galaxies (EMPGs) with low metallicities (0.016–0.098 Z _⊙ ) and low stellar masses (10 ^4.7 –10 ^7.6 M _⊙ ). Taking deep medium/high-resolution ( R ∼ 7500) integral-field spectra with 8.2 m Subaru, we resolve the small inner velocity gradients and dispersions of the EMPGs with H α emission. Carefully masking out substructures originating by inflow and/or outflow, we fit three-dimensional disk models to the observed H α flux, velocity, and velocity dispersion maps. All the EMPGs show rotational velocities ( v _rot ) of 5–23 km s ^−1 smaller than the velocity dispersions ( σ _0 ) of 17–31 km s ^−1 , indicating dispersion-dominated ( v _rot / σ _0 = 0.29–0.80 < 1) systems affected by inflow and/or outflow. Except for two EMPGs with large uncertainties, we find that the EMPGs have very large gas-mass fractions of f _gas ≃ 0.9–1.0. Comparing our results with other H α kinematics studies, we find that v _rot / σ _0 decreases and f _gas increases with decreasing metallicity, decreasing stellar mass, and increasing specific star formation rate. We also find that simulated high- z ( z ∼ 7) forming galaxies have gas fractions and dynamics similar to the observed EMPGs. Our EMPG observations and the simulations suggest that primordial galaxies are gas-rich dispersion-dominated systems, which would be identified by the forthcoming James Webb Space Telescope observations at z ∼ 7.

We present morphologies of galaxies at z ≳ 9 resolved by JWST/NIRCam 2–5 μ m imaging. Our sample consists of 22 galaxy candidates identified by stringent dropout and photo- z criteria in GLASS, CEERS, SMACS J0723, and Stephan’s Quintet flanking fields, one of which has been spectroscopically identified at z = 11.44. We perform surface brightness (SB) profile fitting with GALFIT for six bright galaxies with a signal-to-noise ratio = 10–40 on an individual basis and for stacked faint galaxies with secure point-spread functions (PSFs) of the NIRCam real data, carefully evaluating systematics by Monte Carlo simulations. We compare our results with those of previous JWST studies, and confirm that the effective radii r _e of our measurements are consistent with those of previous measurements at z ∼ 9. We obtain r _e ≃ 200–300 pc with the exponential-like profiles, Sérsic indexes of n ≃ 1–1.5, for galaxies at z ∼ 12–16, indicating that the relation of r _e ∝ (1 + z ) ^s for $s=-{1.22}_{-0.16}^{+0.17}$ explains cosmic evolution over z ∼ 0–16 for $\sim {L}_{z=3}^{* }$ galaxies. One bright ( M _UV = −21 mag) galaxy at z ∼ 12, GL-z12-1, has an extremely compact profile with r _e = 39 ± 11 pc that is surely extended over the PSF. Even in the case that the GL-z12-1 SB is fit by active galactic nuclei + galaxy composite profiles, the best-fit galaxy component is again compact, ${r}_{{\rm{e}}}={48}_{-15}^{+38}$ pc, which is significantly (>5 σ ) smaller than the typical r _e value at z ∼ 12. Compared with numerical simulations, we find that such a compact galaxy naturally forms at z ≳ 10, and that frequent mergers at the early epoch produce more extended galaxies following the r _e ∝ (1 + z ) ^s relation.

We present cosmological-scale three-dimensional neutral hydrogen (H i ) tomographic maps at z = 2–3 over a total of 837 deg ^2 in two blank fields that are developed with Ly α forest absorptions of 14,736 background Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) quasars at z = 2.08–3.67. Using the tomographic maps, we investigate the large-scale (≳10 h ^−1 cMpc) average H i radial profiles and two-direction profiles of the line-of-sight (LOS) and transverse directions around galaxies and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at z = 2–3 identified by the Hobby–Eberly Telescope Dark Energy eXperiment survey and SDSS, respectively. The peak of the H i radial profile around galaxies is lower than the one around AGNs, suggesting that the dark matter halos of galaxies are less massive on average than those of AGNs. The LOS profile of AGNs is narrower than the transverse profile, indicating the Kaiser effect. There exist weak absorption outskirts at ≳30 h ^−1 cMpc beyond H i structures of galaxies and AGNs found in the LOS profiles that can be explained by the H i gas at ≳30 h ^−1 cMpc falling toward the source position. Our findings indicate that the H i radial profile of AGNs has transitions from proximity zones (≲a few h ^−1 cMpc) to the H i structures (∼1–30 h ^−1 cMpc) and the weak absorption outskirts (≳30 h ^−1 cMpc). Although there is no significant dependence of AGN types (type 1 vs. type 2) on the H i profiles, the peaks of the radial profiles anticorrelate with AGN luminosities, suggesting that AGNs’ ionization effects are stronger than the gas mass differences.

We investigate the stellar mass–black hole mass ( ${{ \mathcal M }}_{* }\mbox{--}{{ \mathcal M }}_{\mathrm{BH}}$ ) relation with type 1 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) down to ${{ \mathcal M }}_{\mathrm{BH}}={10}^{7\,}{M}_{\odot }$ , corresponding to a ≃ −21 absolute magnitude in rest-frame ultraviolet, at z = 2–2.5. Exploiting the deep and large-area spectroscopic survey of the Hobby–Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX), we identify 66 type 1 AGNs with ${{ \mathcal M }}_{\mathrm{BH}}$ ranging from 10 ^7 –10 ^10 M _⊙ that are measured with single-epoch virial method using C iv emission lines detected in the HETDEX spectra. ${{ \mathcal M }}_{* }$ of the host galaxies are estimated from optical to near-infrared photometric data taken with Spitzer, the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, and ground-based 4–8 m class telescopes by CIGALE spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting. We further assess the validity of SED fitting in two cases by host-nuclear decomposition performed through surface brightness profile fitting on spatially resolved host galaxies with the James Webb Space Telescope/NIRCam CEERS data. We obtain the ${{ \mathcal M }}_{* }\mbox{--}{{ \mathcal M }}_{\mathrm{BH}}$ relation covering the unexplored low-mass ranges of ${{ \mathcal M }}_{\mathrm{BH}}\,\sim \,{10}^{7}\mbox{--}{10}^{8}\,{M}_{\odot }$ , and conduct forward modeling to fully account for the selection biases and observational uncertainties. The intrinsic ${{ \mathcal M }}_{* }\mbox{--}{{ \mathcal M }}_{\mathrm{BH}}$ relation at z ∼ 2 has a moderate positive offset of 0.52 ± 0.14 dex from the local relation, suggestive of more efficient black hole growth at higher redshift even in the low-mass regime of ${{ \mathcal M }}_{\mathrm{BH}}\,\sim \,{10}^{7}\mbox{--}{10}^{8}\,{M}_{\odot }$ . Our ${{ \mathcal M }}_{* }\mbox{--}{{ \mathcal M }}_{\mathrm{BH}}$ relation is inconsistent with the ${{ \mathcal M }}_{\mathrm{BH}}$ suppression at the low- ${{ \mathcal M }}_{* }$ regime predicted by recent hydrodynamic simulations at a 98% confidence level, suggesting that feedback in the low-mass systems may be weaker than those produced in hydrodynamic simulations.

We conduct a comprehensive study on dropout galaxy candidates at z ∼ 9–16 using the first 90 arcmin ^2 James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Near Infrared Camera images taken by the early release observations (ERO) and early release science programs. With the JWST simulation images, we find that a number of foreground interlopers are selected with a weak photo- z determination (Δ χ ^2 > 4). We thus carefully apply a secure photo -z selection criterion (Δ χ ^2 > 9) and conventional color criteria with confirmations of the ERO Near Infrared Spectrograph spectroscopic redshifts, and obtain a total of 23 dropout galaxies at z ∼ 9–16, including two candidates at ${z}_{\mathrm{phot}}={16.25}_{-0.46}^{+0.24}$ and ${16.41}_{-0.55}^{+0.66}$ . We perform thorough comparisons of dropout galaxies found in our work with recent JWST studies, and conclude that our galaxy sample is reliable enough for statistical analyses. We derive the UV luminosity functions at z ∼ 9–16, and confirm that our UV luminosity functions at z ∼ 9 and 12 agree with those determined by other Hubble Space Telescope and JWST studies. The cosmic star formation rate (SFR) density decreases from z ∼ 9 to 12, and perhaps to 16, but the densities at z ∼ 12–16 are higher than the constant star formation efficiency model. Interestingly, there are six bright galaxy candidates at z ∼ 10–16 with M _UV < −19.5 mag and M _* ∼ 10 ^8−9 M _⊙ . Because a majority (∼80%) of these galaxies show no signatures of active galactic nuclei in their morphologies, the high cosmic SFR densities and the existence of these UV-luminous galaxies are explained by the lack of suppression of star formation by the UV background radiation at the pre-reionization epoch and/or an efficient UV radiation production by a top-heavy initial mass function with Population III–like star formation.

A 91-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with a chief complaint of unsatisfactory fit and pain associated with her complete dentures. She had moderate dementia with difficulty in communication (Mini-Mental State Examination, 16; Barthel Index, 15). The closed impressions and jaw record were taken with the digitally fabricated copy dentures as follows. First, the tissue conditioner was used to correct the poor fit of the old dentures, following which minor occlusal alterations were made. Second, the copy dentures that copied the morphology of the corrected old dentures using three-dimensional (3D) scanner were fabricated with a 3D printer. The new dentures were then fabricated using conventional methods as follows. The impressions were cast and articulated, and the dentures were subsequently processed. This case report documented the following results. First, the acceptance of new dentures appeared to be easier since the new dentures copied the morphology of the familiar dentures digitally. Moreover, the 3D data of the dentures could be used for immediate denture fabrication in case of fracture or loss of the dentures. Second, only two visits were required for taking an impression and delivering the complete dentures. In addition, her old dentures were brought to our dental office by the patient’s family after the patient’s dinner; immediately after copying the dentures’ morphology, the dentures were returned to the patient’s family, thus avoiding any disturbance to the patient’s eating routine. These reduced the burden on the patient and her family.