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4. Pension reforms in urban China and Hong Kong

Author

Yu, Wai Kam

Subjects
Pensions -- Laws, regulations and rules, Pensions -- Research, Welfare reform -- Research, Government regulation, Health, Psychology and mental health, Seniors, Sociology and social work
Abstract

This study of recent pension reforms in Hong Kong and urban China particularly addressed three questions. What are the causes of the pension reforms in these two economies ? What are their key features? What difficulties have been faced by the Hong Kong and Beijing governments during their implementation ? As well as enhancing our understanding of the pension schemes in these two countries, the paper makes a contribution to the debate on whether government welfare reforms in responses to economic globalisation are converging on one pattern, an ideal mix of pension schemes. This paper shows that both convergent and path-dependent processes explain the forms of the measures introduced by the Hong Kong and Beijing governments. They have responded not only to the challenges brought by economic globalisation but also to the legacy of previous policies. Moreover, the welfare effectiveness of the new schemes has been undermined both by the two governments' non-welfare policies, particularly to promote economic growth, and by the constraints created by the previous welfare measures. The paper also argues that to develop only a non-contributory comprehensive pension scheme is not the solution to the problem of how best to provide old-age income security, but that this welfare goal principle should be more strongly upheld in pensions reforms. KEY WORDS--funded pensions, path-dependency, welfare reform, pension reform.

Published
2007

6. The Contributions of the Health Decommodification Typologies to the Study of the East Asian Welfare Regime

Author

Yu Wai Kam

Subjects
Typology, Index (economics), Public Administration, Sociology and Political Science, Scope (project management), media_common.quotation_subject, Oecd countries, Development, Work (electrical), Development economics, Economics, Decommodification, East Asia, Welfare, media_common
Abstract

Since Esping-Andersen presented the three worlds of welfare typology thesis, the study of the classification of welfare regimes has been dominated by his work and the debates surrounding it. This article is concerned with two important responses to his work. The first response is the development of welfare typologies based on the principle of decommodification. The second response is the concern that East Asian countries are underrepresented in the 18 members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) studied by Esping-Andersen. As a result, there are calls for expanding the scope of the studies on the classification of welfare regimes to those in East Asia. This article makes contributions to these two responses by presenting two analytical tasks. The first task is to develop two health decommodification typologies based on two different methods (cluster analysis and Esping-Andersen's index-based regime construction). Both of them cover the 18 OECD members studied by Esping-Andersen and four tiger economies (Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea and Singapore). The second task is to demonstrate that the two health decommodification typologies provide important information for the debate on the existence of two essential preconditions for the development of an all-encompassing East Asian welfare regime, namely the existence of significant differences in the welfare systems between the East Asian countries and the 18 OECD countries studied by Esping-Andersen (1990) and the existence of significant similarities in the welfare systems between East Asian countries.

Published
2011

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