23,132 results on '"YU Bin"'
Search Results
2. Fecal Calprotectin at Postinduction Is Capable of Predicting Persistent Remission and Endoscopic Healing after 1 Year of Treatment with Infliximab in Pediatric Patients with Crohn’s Disease
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Yoo Min Lee, Eun Sil Kim, Sujin Choi, Hyo-Jeong Jang, Yu Bin Kim, So Yoon Choi, Byung-Ho Choe, and Ben Kang
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crohn disease ,calprotectin ,infliximab ,prognosis ,Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology ,RC799-869 - Abstract
Background/Aims: The recent update on Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease initiative has added a decrease in fecal calprotectin (FC) to an acceptable range as an intermediate target for Crohn’s disease (CD). We aimed to investigate whether postinduction FC could predict future persistent remission (PR) and endoscopic healing (EH) after 1 year of treatment with infliximab (IFX) in pediatric patients with CD. Methods: This multicenter retrospective observational study included pediatric patients with CD who were followed up for at least 1 year after starting IFX. The association of postinduction FC with PR and EH was investigated. Results: A total of 132 patients were included in this study. PR and EH were observed in 71.2% (94/132) and 73.9% (82/111) of the patients, respectively. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, only the postinduction FC level was associated with PR (odds ratio [OR], 0.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08 to 0.66; p=0.009). The FC levels at initiation of IFX and postinduction were significantly associated with EH (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.99; p=0.044 and OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.49; p=0.002, respectively). According to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the optimal cutoff level for postinduction FC associated with PR was 122 mg/kg, and that associated with EH was 377 mg/kg. Conclusions: Postinduction FC was associated with PR and EH after 1 year of treatment with IFX in pediatric patients with CD. Our findings emphasize the importance of FC as an intermediate target in the treat-to-target era.
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- 2024
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3. Human resources and medical supplies consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic: a single-center study
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Hye Jin Park, Yu Bin Seo, Jin Ju Park, Sun Hee Na, and Jacob Lee
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covid-19 ,infections ,personal protective equipment ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Background In the face of the unexpected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, every country has struggled with insufficient human resources and medical supplies. This study aims to provide the statistical information necessary for discussing how to model stockpiles of medical resources. Methods This study was conducted at the Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, in South Korea. The study duration was 2 weeks, centered on March 16, 2022, when the number of daily confirmed patients with COVID-19 in Korea peaked. The number of human resources was obtained by counting the number of healthcare workers using CCTV. Drug prescriptions and medical device usage were obtained from electronic medical records. Results In total, 117 inpatients and 26,485 outpatients were managed at this hospital during the 2-week study period. Daily visits were highest among nurses in all units, followed by doctors and radiology technicians. The mean daily consumption of personal protective equipment (PPE) per bed was 4.3 sets in the intensive care unit (ICU), 1.8 in the semi-ICU, and 1.4 in the ward. Despite the four-fold difference in the number of patients, there was no statistically significant difference between the two wards in the number of daily visits. Drug prescription rates were higher among inpatients than at-home patients. Conclusions The higher the COVID-19 severity, the higher the consumption of PPE per patient. Among healthcare workers, nurses had the highest number of inpatient treatment visits for COVID-19. To efficiently utilize, PPE, structures containing more isolation beds in a single negative pressure isolation system would be preferred.
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- 2024
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4. A simple and effective VIGS system facilitates the control of citrus canker by silencing CsLOB1
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Chunqing Wang, Zhimin Ma, Jinhuan Zhou, Jiaxin Li, Peng Cao, Chenhu Song, Chuxin Li, Xinliang Wang, Yu Bin, Changyong Zhou, and Zhen Song
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Citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV) ,Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) ,Citrus canker ,Disease control ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
Abstract Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a powerful technology for molecular characterization of gene functions in plants and has the potential to prevent and control plant diseases. Unfortunately, VIGS in many woody perennials such as citrus are severely hindered because they have a long juvenile period and are recalcitrant to infection compared to herbaceous plants. Here, we report the development of a simple and effective VIGS system based on citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV), a virus endemic in most citrus-producing countries but showing no symptoms in most citrus varieties. By Agrobacterium-mediated vacuum-infiltration (AVI), pCLBV201-su245 and pCLBV201-pds391 triggered efficient gene silencing (85%) and silencing phenotypes began to appear at 30 days post infiltration/inoculation (dpi), a similar period for achieving that on herbaceous plants. Moreover, the silencing phenotypes could still be observed four years post inoculation. Further, pCLBV201-lob369 was constructed to silence the gene lateral organ boundaries1 (lob1), encoding a key factor for susceptibility to citrus canker that caused by Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (Xcc). The resistance evaluation results showed that the lesion area, disease index, and bacterial content in the pCLBV201-lob369 treatment group were decreased by 64%, 14%, and 67%, respectively. This work provides a simple and effective VIGS system for citrus which has the potential to be used for diseases control.
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- 2024
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5. Trends of antimicrobial susceptibilities and multidrug-resistant colonization rate in patients transferred from long-term care facilities during 2017–2022: a cross-sectional study
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Jin Ju Park, Hyejin Park, Sun Hee Na, Yu Bin Seo, and Jacob Lee
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Long-term care facilities ,Antibiotic resistance ,Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background With the global increase in the older population, the proportion of those receiving care in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) has also been increasing. We assessed the epidemiology, antibiotic susceptibility, and colonization status of drug-resistant organisms in patients transferred from LTCFs. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients transferred from LTCFs between 2017 and 2022. The reasons for admission, antimicrobial susceptibility, and colonization rates of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) were recorded. We analyzed the susceptibility and colonization rates by year to identify trends. Results Of the 936 patients transferred from LTCFs, 54.3% were admitted to the intensive care unit and 12.5% died. The most common reason for admission was infection (n = 573, 61.2%), followed by gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 67, 7.2%) and cerebrovascular disorder (n = 65, 6.9%). A total of 452 Enterobacterales strains were isolated, and their susceptibility rates to ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime were 33.3% and 35.6%, respectively. A total of 54.9% were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing strains, and 4.9% of them were carbapenem-resistant, both of which showed an increasing trend (P = 0.024 and P
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- 2024
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6. Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding in a patient with factor VII deficiency: a case controlled with tranexamic acid
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Kyu Hwa Jeong, Young Bae Choi, and Yu Bin Kim
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blood coagulation disorders ,blood coagulation factors ,endoscopy, gastrointestinal ,gastrointestinal hemorrhage ,tranexamic acid ,Medicine - Abstract
Factor VII deficiency is a rare, inherited coagulopathy, which can lead to prolonged bleeding. Here, we present a case report of an adolescent with factor VII deficiency who experienced small bowel bleeding that was successfully treated with tranexamic acid. This case highlights the potential use of tranexamic acid as an effective therapeutic option for managing gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with hemostatic insufficiency of unknown etiology.
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- 2024
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7. Beta Thalassemia Presenting with Neonatal Cholestasis and Extensive Hemosiderosis: A Case Report
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Chung Gang Jung, Jang Hoon Lee, and Yu Bin Kim
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cholestasis ,hemosiderosis ,beta thalassemia ,hemoglobinopathies ,hemolysis ,Pediatrics ,RJ1-570 - Abstract
Neonatal cholestasis is caused by various forms of liver injury and has a complex etiological background. Among these, cases of severe cholestasis due to primary hemolytic disease are rare. Herein, we report a case in which thalassemia-induced severe hemolysis caused bile duct injury by hemosiderosis, with cholestasis occurring shortly after birth and lasting for >4 months. In addition, complete recovery of liver pathology was observed both biochemically and histologically. Hence, clinicians should consider hemolytic disease as a rare cause of neonatal cholestasis in the differential diagnosis of neonates as well as the advisability of conservative treatment based on case progression.
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- 2023
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8. Effect of impurity components in titanium gypsum on the setting time and mechanical properties of gypsum-slag cementitious materials
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Li Yilin, Jia Zhirong, Li Shuaijun, Li Peiqing, Jiang Xuekun, Zhang Zhong, and Yu Bin
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impurity components ,gypsum ,setting time ,mechanical properties ,cementitious materials ,Technology ,Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 - Abstract
The use of titanium gypsum instead of gypsum as a raw material for the preparation of gypsum-slag cementitious materials (GSCM) can reduce the cost and improve the utilization of solid waste. However, titanium gypsum contains impurities such as Fe2O3, MgO, and TiO2, which make its effect on the performance of GSCM uncertain. To investigate this issue, GSCM doped with different ratios of Fe2O3, MgO, and TiO2 were prepared in this study, the setting time and the strength of GSCM at 3, 7, and 28 days were tested. The effects of different oxides on the performance of GSCM were also investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy spectrum analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. The experimental results showed that Fe2O3, MgO, and TiO2 all had a certain procoagulant effect on GSCM and a slight effect on the strength. Through micro-analysis, it was found that the main hydration products of GSCM were AFt phase and calcium–alumina–silicate–hydrate (C–(A)–S–H) gels. Fe-rich C–(A)–S–H gels were observed with the addition of Fe2O3, and Mg(OH)2 and M–S–H gels were observed with the addition of MgO. The addition of TiO2 did not result in new hydration products from GSCM.
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- 2024
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9. Longitudinal immune kinetics of COVID-19 booster versus primary series vaccination: Insight into the annual vaccination strategy
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Min Joo Choi, Hakjun Hyun, Jung Yeon Heo, Yu Bin Seo, Ji Yun Noh, Hee Jin Cheong, Woo Joo Kim, Hwa Jung Kim, Ju-yeon Choi, Young Jae Lee, Eun Joo Chung, Su-Hwan Kim, Hyeonji Jeong, Byoungguk Kim, and Joon Young Song
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SARS-CoV-2 ,COVID-19 vaccines ,Longevity ,Immunogenicity ,Booster shot ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
Background: Data on the durability of booster dose immunity of COVID-19 vaccines are relatively limited. Methods: Immunogenicity was evaluated for up to 9–12 months after the third dose of vaccination in 94 healthy adults. Results: Following the third dose, the anti-spike immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody response against the wild-type was boosted markedly, which decreased gradually over time. However, even 9–12 months after the booster dose, both the median and geometric mean of anti-spike IgG antibody levels were higher than those measured 4 weeks after the second dose. Breakthrough infection during the Omicron-dominant period boosted neutralizing antibody titers against Omicron sublineages (BA.1 and BA.5) and the ancestral strain. T-cell immune response was efficiently induced and maintained during the study period. Conclusions: mRNA vaccine booster dose elicited durable humoral immunity for up to 1 year after the third dose and T-cell immunity was sustained during the study period, supporting an annual COVID-19 vaccination strategy.
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- 2024
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10. Comparison of endoscopic healing and durability between infliximab originator and CT-P13 in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease
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Eun Sil Kim, Sujin Choi, Byung-Ho Choe, Sowon Park, Yeoun Joo Lee, Sang Jun Sohn, Soon Chul Kim, Ki Soo Kang, Kunsong Lee, Jung Ok Shim, Yu Bin Kim, Suk Jin Hong, Yoo Min Lee, Hyun Jin Kim, So Yoon Choi, Ju Young Kim, Yoon Lee, Ji-Sook Park, Jae Young Kim, Dae Yong Yi, Ji Hyuk Lee, Kwang-Hae Choi, Hyo-Jeong Jang, In Sook Jeong, and Ben Kang
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children ,inflammatory bowel disease ,CT-P13 ,endoscopic healing ,durability ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
Background and aimsFavourable clinical data were published on the efficacy of CT-P13, the first biosimilar of infliximab (IFX), in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, few studies have compared the effect on endoscopic healing (EH) and drug retention rate between the IFX originator and CT-P13. Therefore, we aimed to compare EH and the drug retention rate between the IFX originator and CT-P13.MethodsChildren with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC)/IBD-unclassified (IBD-U) at 22 medical centers were enrolled, with a retrospective review conducted at 1-year and last follow-up. Clinical remission, EH and drug retention rate were evaluated.ResultsWe studied 416 pediatric patients with IBD: 77.4% had CD and 22.6% had UC/IBD-U. Among them, 255 (61.3%) received the IFX originator and 161 (38.7%) received CT-P13. No statistically significant differences were found between the IFX originator and CT-P13 in terms of corticosteroid-free remission and adverse events. At 1-year follow-up, EH rates were comparable between them (CD: P=0.902, UC: P=0.860). The estimated cumulative cessation rates were not significantly different between the two groups. In patients with CD, the drug retention rates were 66.1% in the IFX originator and 71.6% in the CT-P13 group at the maximum follow-up period (P >0.05). In patients with UC, the drug retention rates were 49.8% in the IFX originator and 56.3% in the CT-P13 group at the maximum follow-up period (P >0.05).ConclusionsThe IFX originator and CT-P13 demonstrated comparable therapeutic response including EH, clinical remission, drug retention rate and safety in pediatric IBD.
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- 2024
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11. A case report of high-grade fetal lung adenocarcinoma with KRAS mutation
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Wang Jiaqi, Zhao Shicai, Yu Bin, and Wenyong Yang
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Lung fetal adenocarcinoma ,KRAS ,Case report ,Diseases of the respiratory system ,RC705-779 - Abstract
Fetal lung adenocarcinoma (FLAC) is a rare malignant tumor with a relatively good prognosis, and the probability of mutation with KRAS is very low. We report a middle-aged female patient with FLAC with KRAS mutation. The primary lesion was implanted with radioactive iodine 125 particles, and the lesion was smaller than before. However, the metastatic lesions progressed rapidly. After chemotherapy with pemetrexed disodium and cisplatin combined with bevacizumab to prevent angiogenesis, the primary lesions continued to shrink, and the metastatic lesions were significantly smaller than before. The patient has been followed up for 5 months and is generally in good condition. We report a case of H-FLAC with KRAS mutation, and its development and prognosis seem to be significantly abnormal from that of ordinary H-FLAC. It also provides a possible effective treatment for unresectable H-FLAC, but further research is needed.
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- 2024
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12. Real-time PCR detection of mixed Plasmodium ovale curtisi and wallikeri infections in human and mosquito hosts.
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Varun R Potlapalli, Meredith S Muller, Billy Ngasala, Innocent Mbulli Ali, Yu Bin Na, Danielle R Williams, Oksana Kharabora, Srijana Chhetri, Mei S Liu, Kelly Carey-Ewend, Feng-Chang Lin, Derrick Mathias, Brian B Tarimo, Jonathan J Juliano, Jonathan B Parr, and Jessica T Lin
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Plasmodium ovale curtisi (Poc) and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri (Pow) represent distinct non-recombining Plasmodium species that are increasing in prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. Though they circulate sympatrically, co-infection within human and mosquito hosts has rarely been described. Separate 18S rRNA real-time PCR assays that detect Poc and Pow were modified to allow species determination in parallel under identical cycling conditions. The lower limit of detection was 0.6 plasmid copies/μL (95% CI 0.4-1.6) for Poc and 4.5 plasmid copies/μL (95% CI 2.7-18) for Pow, or 0.1 and 0.8 parasites/μL, respectively, assuming 6 copies of 18s rRNA per genome. However, the assays showed cross-reactivity at concentrations greater than 103 plasmid copies/μL (roughly 200 parasites/μL). Mock mixtures were used to establish criteria for classifying mixed Poc/Pow infections that prevented false-positive detection while maintaining sensitive detection of the minority ovale species down to 100 copies/μL (
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- 2023
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13. The coat protein of citrus yellow vein clearing virus directly targets the ascorbate peroxidase 1 in lemon (ClAPX1) to facilitate virus accumulation
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Chunqing Wang, Qi Zhang, Jiaxin Li, Xinliang Wang, Chuxin Li, Yu Bin, and Zhen Song
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reactive oxygen species ,ascorbate peroxidase ,citrus yellow vein clearing virus ,coat protein ,jasmonic acid ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are closely related to the antiviral immune response of plants, while virus can regulate ROS through various pathways to facilitate their own infection or replication. Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) is one of the most devastating viruses affecting lemon (Citrus limon) industry worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of CYVCV remains poorly understood. In this study, direct interaction between the coat protein (CP) of CYVCV and the ascorbate peroxidase 1 of lemon (ClAPX1) was confirmed for the first time by yeast two-hybrid, Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation, and Co-immunoprecipitation assays. Transient expression of CP in lemon and Nicotiana benthamiana significantly enhanced the enzyme activity of the ClAPX1, and then inhibited the accumulation of H2O2. In addition, overexpression of ClAPX1 in lemon by transgene significantly promoted CYVCV accumulation and depressed the expression of most genes involved in jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway. Correspondingly, ClAPX1 silencing by RNA interference inhibited CYVCV accumulation and increased the expression of most genes involved in JA signaling pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first report that viruses regulate ROS by targeting APX directly, thereby suppressing host immune response and promoting viral accumulation, which may be mediated by JA signaling pathway.
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- 2023
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14. Construction and validation of a nomogram model for predicting the overall survival of colorectal cancer patients
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Guo Peiyuan, Hu xuhua, Guo Ganlin, Yin Xu, Liu Zining, Han Jiachao, Yu Bin, and Wang Guiying
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Colorectal cancer ,Overall survival ,Nomogram ,Surgery ,RD1-811 - Abstract
Abstract Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a frequent cancer worldwide with varied survival outcomes. Objective We aimed to develop a nomogram model to predict the overall survival (OS) of CRC patients after surgery. Design This is a retrospective study. Setting This study was conducted from 2015 to 2016 in a single tertiary center for CRC. Patients CRC patients who underwent surgery between 2015 and 2016 were enrolled and randomly assigned into the training (n = 480) and validation (n = 206) groups. The risk score of each subject was calculated based on the nomogram. All participants were categorized into two subgroups according to the median value of the score. Main outcome measures The clinical characteristics of all patients were collected, significant prognostic variables were determined by univariate analysis. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was applied for variable selection. The tuning parameter (λ) for LASSO regression was determined by cross-validation. Independent prognostic variables determined by multivariable analysis were used to establish the nomogram. The predictive capacity of the model was assessed by risk group stratification. Results Infiltration depth, macroscopic classification, BRAF, carbohydrate antigen 19 − 9 (CA-199) levels, N stage, M stage, TNM stage, carcinoembryonic antigen levels, number of positive lymph nodes, vascular tumor thrombus, and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors. The nomogram established based on these factors exhibited good discriminatory capacity. The concordance indices for the training and validation groups were 0.796 and 0.786, respectively. The calibration curve suggested favorable agreement between predictions and observations. Moreover, the OS of different risk subgroups was significantly different. Limitations The limitations of this work included small sample size and single-center design. Also, some prognostic factors could not be included due to the retrospective design. Conclusions A prognostic nomogram for predicting the OS of CRC patients after surgery was developed, which might be helpful for evaluating the prognosis of CRC patients.
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- 2023
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15. Associations of Polyp Characteristics in Children and Adolescents Presenting with Less Than Five Colorectal Polyps: A Full Colonoscopy Is Still Required
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Ju Young Kim, Yu Bin Kim, Sujin Choi, Yoo Min Lee, Hyun Jin Kim, Soon Chul Kim, Hyo-Jeong Jang, So Yoon Choi, Dae Yong Yi, Yoon Lee, You Jin Choi, Yunkoo Kang, Kyung Jae Lee, Suk Jin Hong, Jun Hyun Hwang, Sanggyu Kwak, Byung-Ho Choe, and Ben Kang
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colonic polyps ,adenoma ,splenic flexure ,sessile ,size ,Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology ,RC799-869 - Abstract
Background/Aims: A full colonoscopy is currently required in children and adolescents with colorectal polyps, because of their potential of neoplastic transformation and complications such as intussusception. We aimed to analyze the associations of polyp characteristics in children and adolescents with colorectal polyps. Based on these findings, we also aimed to reevaluate the necessity of conducting a full colonoscopy. Methods: Pediatric patients
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- 2023
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16. Enhancement of the Visible Light Photodetection of Inorganic Photodiodes via Additional Quantum Dots Layers
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Seong Jae Kang, Jun Hyung Jeong, Jin Hyun Ma, Min Ho Park, Hyoun Ji Ha, Jung Min Yun, Yu Bin Kim, and Seong Jun Kang
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visible light photodetector ,optoelectronics ,quantum dots (QDs) ,band structure ,metal oxide ,Mechanical engineering and machinery ,TJ1-1570 - Abstract
Visible light photodetectors are extensively researched with transparent metal oxide holes/electron layers for various applications. Among the metal oxide transporting layers, nickel oxide (NiO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) are commonly adopted due to their wide band gap and high transparency. The objective of this study was to improve the visible light detection of NiO/ZnO photodiodes by introducing an additional quantum dot (QD) layer between the NiO and ZnO layers. Utilizing the unique property of QDs, we could select different sizes of QDs and responsive light wavelength ranges. The resulting red QDs utilized device that could detect light starting at 635 nm to UV (Ultra-violet) light wavelength and exhibited a photoresponsivity and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 14.99 mA/W and 2.92% under 635 nm wavelength light illumination, respectively. Additionally, the green QDs, which utilized a device that could detect light starting at 520 nm, demonstrated photoresponsivity values of 8.34 mA/W and an EQE of 1.99% under 520 nm wavelength light illumination, respectively. In addition, we used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) to investigate the origin of the photocurrents and the enhancement of the device’s performance. This study suggests that incorporating QDs with metal oxide semiconductors is an effective approach for detecting visible light wavelengths in transparent optoelectronic devices.
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- 2024
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17. Remote real-time monitoring and early warning system for shaft wall deformation by fiber bragg grating
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JING Qinghe, PIAO Chunde, CUI Yi, YAN Shouqing, YU Bin, and QU Chen
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shaft wall deformation ,monitoring and early warning system ,fiber bragg grating ,remote real-time monitoring ,monitoring threshold ,Mining engineering. Metallurgy ,TN1-997 - Abstract
Aiming at the deformation and fracture of shaft wall caused by freezing and thawing of topsoil and water pressure of aquifer in severe cold mining area, fiber bragg grating strain sensors are installed along the circumferential and longitudinal direction of shaft wall, the damage identification method of shaft wall structure is proposed, the real-time monitoring system of shaft wall deformation is established, and the deformation and failure threshold of concrete structure is determined through the compression test of concrete samples, and the real-time monitoring and early warning of shaft lining structure are realized. The monitoring results of the auxiliary shaft wall of Lingdong Coal Mine in severe cold mining area for nearly a year show that the shaft wall fiber bragg grating monitoring system can monitor in real time, has good stability, good coupling with concrete materials, and is easy to form a sensor monitoring network. The maximum circumferential strain and axial strain of shaft wall are both lower than the yield strength threshold of concrete, indicating that the shaft wall is in a stable stage at present.
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- 2023
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18. Narrowband photoblinking InP/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots for super-resolution multifocal structured illumination microscopy enhanced by optical fluctuation
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Zhou Liangliang, Cao Huiqun, Huang Lilin, Jing Yingying, Wang Meiqin, Lin Danying, Yu Bin, and Qu Junle
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fluorescence ,inp/znse/zns quantum dot ,optical fluctuation ,photoblinking ,subcellular super-resolution imaging ,super-resolution multifocal structured illumination microscopy ,Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
Cadmium-free quantum-dot (QD) fluorophores can bridge the gap between the macroscopic and microscopic domains in fluorescence super-resolution bioimaging. InP/ZnSe/ZnS QD photoblinking fluorescent probes can improve the performance of reactive super-resolution imaging techniques and spontaneously switch fluorophores between at least two states (open and close) without depending on intense laser light and specialized buffers for bioimaging. Multifocal structured illumination microscopy (MSIM) provides a two-fold resolution enhancement in sub-diffraction imaging, but higher resolutions are limited by the pattern frequency and signal-to-noise ratio. We exploit the synergy between MSIM and spontaneously switching InP/ZnSe/ZnS QD fluorophores to further increase the imaging resolution. We demonstrate the experimental combination of optical-fluctuation-enhanced super-resolution MSIM using ultrasonic-oscillation-assisted organic solvothermal synthesis of narrowband photoblinking InP/ZnSe/ZnS QDs. The InP/ZnSe/ZnS QDs show a monodisperse grain size of approximately 9 nm, fluorescence quantum yields close to 100%, and full width at half maximum below 30 nm. The structural, electronic, and optical properties are characterized through experiments and first-principles calculations. The enhanced MSIM imaging achieves an approximate fourfold improvement in resolution for fixed cells compared with widefield imaging. The proposed InP/ZnSe/ZnS QD fluorescent probes seem promising for super-resolution imaging using MSIM.
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- 2023
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19. Differences in bedding material could alter the growth performance of White Pekin ducks raised for 42 days
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Elijah Ogola Oketch, Yu Bin Kim, Myunghwan Yu, Jun Seon Hong, Shan Randima Nawarathne, and Jung Min Heo
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Bedding ,Carcass ,Coco peat ,Growth performance ,Rice husks ,Sawdust ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
The effect of different commercially available bedding materials on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of ducks for 42 days was investigated. 336 one-day-old White-Pekin ducklings (60.48 ± 0.16 g) were randomly allocated into 24-floor pens with one of the three beddings namely i) coco peat, ii) rice husks, or iii) sawdust. 14 ducklings per pen and 8 replicate pens per bedding material were used. Birds were fed a starter diet from days 1–21 and a grower diet from days 22–42. Weekly growth performance evaluation was conducted for the average body weight, weight gains, daily feed intake, and feed conversion efficiency. One bird per pen was sacrificed on day 42 for the evaluation of carcass characteristics including the carcass, breast, and leg muscle percentages. Breast and leg muscle samples were then collected and analyzed for their proximate and pH values. Higher body weights (p < 0.05) were noticed with rice husks on day 42 only. Improved daily gains (p < 0.05) were also noticed for birds raised with rice husks over the entire period (days 1–42). Concerning feed intake, higher values (p < 0.05) were similarly noted with rice husks for the grower phase (days 22–42), and the entire experimental period (days 1–42). Marginally improved feed intake values were also noted with the use of rice husks as the bedding materials on day 42 (p = 0.092). Improved feed efficiency (p < 0.05) was noticed with rice husks on day 35, the grower period, and the entire 42-day period. However, no significant differences were noticed for most of the carcass characteristics that were evaluated. Nevertheless, higher (p < 0.05) pH values for the breast muscle were noticed with the use of coco peat and sawdust as the bedding. Conclusively, the bedding type could have a significant impact on the growth performance of ducks without adverse effects on carcass characteristics. The use of rice husks as bedding might be advantageous and is therefore recommended.
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- 2023
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20. Transcriptome analysis of Citrus limon infected with Citrus yellow vein clearing virus
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Yu Bin, Qi Zhang, Yue Su, Chunqing Wang, Qiqi Jiang, Zhen Song, and Changyong Zhou
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CYVCV ,RNA-Seq ,Phytohormone ,Photosynthesis ,Symptom development ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Abstract Background Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) is the causative agent of citrus yellow vein clearing disease, and poses a serious threat to the lemon industry in Asia. The common symptoms of CYVCV-infected lemon plants are leaf crinkling, leaf chlorotic mottling, and yellow vein clearing. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying CYVCV-citrus interaction that responsible for symptom occurrence is still unclarified. In this study, RNA-seq was performed to analyze the gene expression patterns of ‘Eureka’ lemon (Citrus limon Burm. f.) plants in response to CYVCV infection. Results There were 3691 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by comparison between mock and CYVCV-infected lemon plants through RNA-seq. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that these DEGs were components of different pathways involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, brassinosteroid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis and photosynthesis. Among these, the DEGs related to phytohormone metabolism and photosynthesis pathways were further enriched and analyzed. This study showed that different phytohormone-related genes had different responses toward CYVCV infection, however almost all of the photosynthesis-related DEGs were down-regulated in the CYVCV-infected lemon plants. The obtained RNA-seq data were validated by RT-qPCR using 12 randomly chosen genes, and the results of mRNA expression analysis were consistent with those of RNA-seq. Conclusions The phytohormone biosynthesis, signaling and photosynthesis-related genes of lemon plants were probably involved in systemic infection and symptom occurrence of CYVCV. Notably, CYVCV infection had regulatory effects on the biosynthesis and signaling of phytohormone, which likely improve systemic infection of CYVCV. Additionally, CYVCV infection could cause structural changes in chloroplast and inhibition of photosynthesis pathway, which probably contribute to the appearance of leaf chlorotic mottling and yellow vein clearing in CYVCV-infected lemon plants. This study illustrates the dynamic nature of the citrus-CYVCV interaction at the transcriptome level and provides new insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of CYVCV in lemon plants.
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- 2023
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21. Research Note: Evaluation of standardized ileal amino acid digestibility in feed ingredients for Pekin ducks
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Elijah Ogola Oketch, Yu Bin Kim, Myunghwan Yu, Hyun Min Cho, Jun Seon Hong, Shan Randima Nawarathne, Samiru Sudharaka Wickramasuriya, and Jung Min Heo
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duck ,ileal digestibility ,amino acid ,feed ingredient ,basal endogenous loss ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
ABSTRACT: The digestibility of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in feedstuffs including corn, soybean meal (SBM), and corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) was investigated in White Pekin ducks. The test ingredients were the sole source of AA and CP. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated for determining endogenous losses of AA and nitrogen. Birds were fed a standard starter diet for the first 15 d posthatch. On d 16, 96 ducklings (860 ± 50 g BW) were selected and allocated into 1 of 4 dietary treatments containing the test ingredients with 6 replicates per treatment in a randomized complete block design. All the crumbled assay diets were offered ad-libitum for 5 d and contained chromic oxide as an indigestible marker at 0.05%. On d 21, ducks were euthanized to collect the ileal digesta for digestibility analysis. Basal endogenous losses were abundant in glutamine, aspartic acid, leucine, proline, and serine, consecutively. For apparent ileal digestibility (AID), lysine and methionine were the highest (P < 0.05) in SBM, followed by corn and DDGS. For threonine, the highest values (P < 0.05) were similarly noted for SBM, followed by DDGS and corn; the values were 80.44, 69.88, and 64.89%, consecutively. Considering standardized ileal digestibility (SID), higher values (P < 0.05) for SBM were similarly noted for all the amino acids including lysine, methionine, and threonine; the values were 89.40, 93.58, and 86.50%, respectively. Conclusively, improved AA and CP digestibility was noted with SBM. Dietary protein source affected the extent of digestibility at the distal ileum; and the utilization of digestible amino acid coefficients during ducks’ feed formulation is emphasized.
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- 2023
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22. Analysis of overburden structure and evolution characteristics of hard roof mining in extremely thick coal seam
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YU Bin, KUANG Tiejun, YANG Jingxuan, and ZHU Weibing
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extremely thick coal seam ,hard roof ,overburden structure ,overburden moving ,roof weighting in square meter ,Mining engineering. Metallurgy ,TN1-997 - Abstract
The mining of extremely thick coal seam form a large space stope, the fracture disturbance of hard roof spreads to a wide range, the working face weighting has the characteristic of “strong mine pressure”, it is obviously different from rock burst, especially when the coal seam roof “square” mining period, the stope mine pressure is more intense. Based on this, the disturbance height of overburden and fracture characteristics of hard roof in extremely thick coal seam mining are discussed by field measurement and 3D physical similarity simulation. Firstly, the fracturing law of overburden was analyzed based on the field measurement, the results showed that the hard roof was fractured advance the working face during the extra thick coal seams mining. The initial movement of the roof mainly revolved around the base point near the fault line and sinking, behind the working face for a certain distance. The observation results of ground sinking showed that the strata formed a roof groups and moved combined of extra thick coal seams, and there is a step phenomenon during strata movement. The study shows that the disturbance height of overburden in extremely thick coal seam mining is large and the fracture of hard roof has steering characteristics. With the advance of coal seam mining, the transverse “O-X” fracture of low roof layer gradually turns to the longitudinal “O-X” fracture of the high hard rock. The critical position of fracture turning of hard roof in extremely thick coal seam is the so-called “square” area of coal seam mining, which reasonably explains the phenomenon of “square” pressure in working face mining. The large longitudinal fracture size of the high roof and the wide range of disturbance influence are the main factors inducing the strong mine pressure in the stope. The rationality of the “low-medium-high” layer structure of the overburden in extremely thick coal seam after mining is determined, which provides a basis for the accurate interpretation of the large space stope size cycle and the strong mine pressure.
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- 2023
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23. A Hybrid Control Strategy for a Dynamic Scheduling Problem in Transit Networks
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Liu Zhongshan, Yu Bin, Zhang Li, and Wang Wensi
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service reliability ,transit network ,proactive control method ,deep reinforcement learning ,hybrid control strategy ,Mathematics ,QA1-939 ,Electronic computers. Computer science ,QA75.5-76.95 - Abstract
Public transportation is often disrupted by disturbances, such as the uncertain travel time caused by road congestion. Therefore, the operators need to take real-time measures to guarantee the service reliability of transit networks. In this paper, we investigate a dynamic scheduling problem in a transit network, which takes account of the impact of disturbances on bus services. The objective is to minimize the total travel time of passengers in the transit network. A two-layer control method is developed to solve the proposed problem based on a hybrid control strategy. Specifically, relying on conventional strategies (e.g., holding, stop-skipping), the hybrid control strategy makes full use of the idle standby buses at the depot. Standby buses can be dispatched to bus fleets to provide temporary or regular services. Besides, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is adopted to solve the problem of continuous decision-making. A long short-term memory (LSTM) method is added to the DRL framework to predict the passenger demand in the future, which enables the current decision to adapt to disturbances. The numerical results indicate that the hybrid control strategy can reduce the average headway of the bus fleet and improve the reliability of bus service.
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- 2022
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24. Physiological responses of broiler chickens fed reduced-energy diets supplemented with emulsifiers
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Elijah Ogola Oketch, Jung Woo Lee, Myunghwan Yu, Jun Seon Hong, Yu Bin Kim, Shan Randima Nawarathne, Josh Wen-Cheng Chiu, and Jung Min Heo
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broilers ,digestibility ,emulsifier ,performance ,reduced energy ,tallow ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
Objective To investigate the physiological effects of exogenous emulsifiers in broiler chickens that were fed tallow-incorporated reduced-energy diets over 35 days. Methods A total of 256 Ross 308 one-day-old broilers (42.28±0.16 g) were randomly allocated in a 2×2 factorial arrangement to 32 pens with eight chicks per cage. Birds were fed one of four dietary treatments as follows: i) positive control (PCN; energy sufficient diet); ii) negative control (NCN; energy-deficient diet, −100 ME kcal/kg); iii) PCL (PCN plus 0.05% emulsifier); and iv) NCL (NCN plus 0.05% emulsifier). Growth performance was evaluated weekly whereas assessments for the carcass traits, digestibility, some blood metabolites, ileal morphology, and meat quality were measured on d 21 and d 35. Results Birds fed the NCL diet had higher (p
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- 2022
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25. Analysis on cable fire spread and temperature distribution in T-shaped cable tunnel
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REN Guangzhen, JIANG Wendong, YU Bin, LYU Hongkun, ZHANG Xiaolong, CHEN Bin, and LIU Anwen
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t-shaped underground tunnel ,cable fire ,shaft ,fds numerical simulation ,temperature field ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
The complex structure, poor ventilation as well as large number of cables impose risks to the operation of urban cable tunnels. Among the cable tunnel accidents, cable fire is the primary disaster imperiling power transmission and urban safety. FDS (fire dynamics simulator) is used to simulate the influence of underground cables on the occurrence and evolution of cable fire in T-shaped cable tunnel. Moreover, the influence of cable shaft location change brought about by the underground cable amount on temperature distribution and heat release rate (HRR) is analyzed. The results can be used as a reference for designing fire prevention and fire extinguishing devices for underground T-shaped cable tunnels.
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- 2022
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26. Low-Power Phototransistor with Enhanced Visible-Light Photoresponse and Electrical Performances Using an IGZO/IZO Heterostructure
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Yu Bin Kim, Jun Hyung Jeong, Min Ho Park, Jung Min Yun, Jin Hyun Ma, Hyoun Ji Ha, Seong Jae Kang, and Seong Jun Kang
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oxide–oxide heterostructure ,low power consumption ,visible-light phototransistor ,defect states ,optoelectronics ,solution process ,Technology ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Microscopy ,QH201-278.5 ,Descriptive and experimental mechanics ,QC120-168.85 - Abstract
In this study, we demonstrated the effective separation of charge carriers within the IGZO/IZO heterostructure by incorporating IZO. We have chosen IGZO for its high mobility and excellent on–off switching behavior in the front channel of our oxide–oxide heterostructure. Similarly, for an additional oxide layer, we have selected IZO due to its outstanding electrical properties. The optimized optoelectronic characteristics of the IGZO/IZO phototransistors were identified by adjusting the ratio of In:Zn in the IZO layer. As a result, the most remarkable traits were observed at the ratio of In:Zn = 8:2. Compared to the IGZO single-layer phototransistor, the IGZO/IZO(8:2) phototransistor showed improved photoresponse characteristics, with photosensitivity and photoresponsivity values of 1.00 × 107 and 89.1 AW−1, respectively, under visible light wavelength illumination. Moreover, the electrical characteristics of the IGZO/IZO(8:2) transistor, such as field effect mobility (μsat) and current on/off ratio (Ion/Ioff), were highly enhanced compared to the IGZO transistor. The μsat and Ion/Ioff were increased by about 2.1 times and 2.3 times, respectively, compared to the IGZO transistor. This work provides an approach for fabricating visible-light phototransistors with elevated optoelectronic properties and low power consumption based on an oxide–oxide heterostructure. The phototransistor with improved performance can be applied to applications such as color-selective visible-light image sensors and biometric sensors interacting with human–machine interfaces.
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- 2024
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27. Effectiveness of Antiviral Therapy on Long COVID: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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Yu Jung Choi, Yu Bin Seo, Jun-Won Seo, Jacob Lee, Eliel Nham, Hye Seong, Jin Gu Yoon, Ji Yun Noh, Hee Jin Cheong, Woo Joo Kim, Eun Jung Kim, and Joon Young Song
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long COVID-19 ,antiviral therapy ,SARS-CoV-2 ,systemic review ,meta-analysis ,post-acute sequelae ,Medicine - Abstract
Antiviral treatment reduces the severity and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, its effectiveness against long COVID-19 is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of antiviral drugs in preventing long COVID and related hospitalizations/deaths. Scientific and medical databases were searched from 1 January 2020 to 30 June 2023. We included observational cohort studies comparing individuals receiving early antiviral therapy for COVID-19 and those receiving supportive treatment. A fixed-effects model was used to merge the effects reported in two or more studies. The risk of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) was combined as an odds ratio (OR). Six studies were selected, including a total of 3,352,235 participants. The occurrence of PASC was 27.5% lower in patients who received antiviral drugs during the early stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR = 0.725; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.409–0.747) than in the supportive treatment group. Moreover, the risk of PASC-associated hospitalization and mortality was 29.7% lower in patients receiving early antiviral therapy than in the supportive treatment group (OR = 0.721; 95% CI = 0.697–0.794). Early antiviral therapy was associated with a reduced risk of PASC and related hospitalization or death. Thus, early antiviral therapy is recommended for at-risk individuals.
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- 2023
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28. Stem cell-laden hydrogel bioink for generation of high resolution and fidelity engineered tissues with complex geometries
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Oju Jeon, Yu Bin Lee, Sang Jin Lee, Nazilya Guliyeva, Joanna Lee, and Eben Alsberg
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3D bioprinting ,Hydrogel bioink ,Biomaterial ,High resolution and fidelity ,Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials ,TA401-492 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Recently, 3D bioprinting has been explored as a promising technology for biomedical applications with the potential to create complex structures with precise features. Cell encapsulated hydrogels composed of materials such as gelatin, collagen, hyaluronic acid, alginate and polyethylene glycol have been widely used as bioinks for 3D bioprinting. However, since most hydrogel-based bioinks may not allow rapid stabilization immediately after 3D bioprinting, achieving high resolution and fidelity to the intended architecture is a common challenge in 3D bioprinting of hydrogels. In this study, we have utilized shear-thinning and self-healing ionically crosslinked oxidized and methacrylated alginates (OMAs) as a bioink, which can be rapidly gelled by its self-healing property after bioprinting and further stabilized via secondary crosslinking. It was successfully demonstrated that stem cell-laden calcium-crosslinked OMA hydrogels can be bioprinted into complicated 3D tissue structures with both high resolution and fidelity. Additional photocrosslinking enables long-term culture of 3D bioprinted constructs for formation of functional tissue by differentiation of encapsulated human mesenchymal stem cells.
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- 2022
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29. Edge-Cloud Collaborative Resource Allocation Algorithm Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning
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YU Bin, LI Xue-hua, PAN Chun-yu, LI Na
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mobile edge computing ,mobile terminal ,deep reinforcement learning ,resource allocation ,Computer software ,QA76.75-76.765 ,Technology (General) ,T1-995 - Abstract
Mobile Edge Computing(MEC) is used to enhance data processing in low power networks,and it has become an efficient computing paradigm.This paper considers an edge-cloud collaborative system composed of multiple MTs and adopts a variety of offloading modes.In order to reduce the total time delay of MTs,a task offloading algorithm based on deep reinforcement learning is proposed.It implements deep neural network(DNN) as a scalable solution,learns the multi-base offloading mode from experience to minimize the total time delay.Simulation results indicate that compared with the deep Q network(DQN) algorithm and the deep deterministic policy gradient(DDPG) algorithm,the proposed algorithm can improve the maximum performance gain significantly.In addition,the proposed algorithm has good convergence,and its result can approach the optimal result obtained by exhaustive search.
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- 2022
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30. Estimation of optimal antiviral stockpile for a novel influenza pandemic
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Soyoung Kim, Yu Bin Seo, Jacob Lee, Yang Soo Kim, and Eunok Jung
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Optimal antiviral stockpile ,Novel influenza pandemic ,Neuraminidase inhibitors ,Cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor ,Modeling and simulation ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Background: A stockpile of antiviral drugs is important for mitigating a novel influenza pandemic. Recently, intervention strategies against such a pandemic have improved significantly, affecting the required size and composition of the stockpile. Our goal is to estimate the optimal ratio of conventional to newer antiviral drugs. Method: We estimated epidemic parameters from daily-case data about H1N1pdm09 in the Republic of Korea, and used a deterministic ordinary differential equation model and stochastic simulation to predict the number of patients in a future pandemic. We considered an antiviral stockpile containing neuraminidase inhibitors (NAI) and a new drug, cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor (CENI), seeking the optimum ratio of the two drugs under different epidemiological and economic assumptions. Results: With an effective reproductive number of 1.36, the expected cumulative cases did not exceed 30 % of the population in all vaccination scenarios. If the non-pharmaceutical intervention strategy is intensified and the effective reproductive number is decreased to 1.29, a 20 % antiviral stockpile of the population is sufficient. Assuming that CENI is prescribed for 10 % of patients, the expected total number of cases is decreased from 30 % to approximately 25 % of the population. If the cost of CENI is triple that of NAI, no expenditures beyond the current budget are necessary; if it is quintuple, expenditures increase by 17 %. Conclusion: Stockpiling CENI reduces the number of patients by reducing the infectious period. However, the government needs to consider the cost-effective stockpile ratio of such new drugs. This will depend not only on the cost of the drugs, but on factors difficult to anticipate, such as the transmissibility of the virus, the time needed for vaccine development, and (especially) the emergence of resistance. If this information can be estimated, our model can be used to obtain the optimum.
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- 2022
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31. Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty using the novel single‐channel suturing device: A multicenter experience
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Ravishankar Asokkumar, Rajesh Ravi, Voraboot Taweerutchana, Yu Bin Tan, Kotchakorn Maipang, Lim Chin Hong, Nicha Srisuworanan, Lee Phong Ching, Christopher Khor, Jason Chang, and Nonthalee Pausawasdi
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bariatric endoscopy ,endoscopic gastroplasty ,ESG ,obesity ,weight loss ,Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology ,RC799-869 - Abstract
Abstract Background and aim Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is an effective treatment for obesity. Recently, a novel single‐channel endoscopic suturing device has been made available to overcome the need for a double‐channel endoscope. However, there is limited evidence evaluating its utility for ESG. In this multicenter study, we aim to assess the efficacy and safety of the single‐channel suturing device for ESG. Methods We reviewed the records of 18 patients who underwent ESG using the novel device at the Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, and Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, between 2020–2021. We adopted a “U” suture pattern. Our primary outcome was to assess technical feasibility and safety. The secondary outcome was to determine the percentage of total body weight loss at 1 year. Results The mean ± SD age and body mass index were 42 ± 8.5 years and 34.9 ± 4.4 kg/m2, respectively. The majority were female (61%). ESG was technically successful in 94% (n = 17) of patients. Device dislodgement occurred in one patient. We used an average of five sutures (range, 4–8), and the mean ± SD procedure time was 96.5 ± 43.8 min. No complications occurred. The mean ± SD length of stay was 2.3 ± 1.5 days. The mean ± SD percentage of total body weight loss at 6 and 12 months were 16 ± 5.2% and 13.1 ± 5.8%, respectively. We found that >5%, >10%, and >15% total body weight loss was observed in 83.3%, 72.2%, and 56%, respectively. Conclusion ESG using the single‐channel endoscopic suturing system is safe and effective for inducing weight loss at 1 year in patients with obesity.
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- 2023
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32. Humoral and cellular immunogenicity of homologous and heterologous booster vaccination in Ad26.COV2.S-primed individuals: Comparison by breakthrough infection
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Hakjun Hyun, A-Yeung Jang, Heedo Park, Jung Yeon Heo, Yu Bin Seo, Eliel Nham, Jin Gu Yoon, Hye Seong, Ji Yun Noh, Hee Jin Cheong, Woo Joo Kim, Soo-Young Yoon, Jong Hyeon Seok, Jineui Kim, Man-Seong Park, and Joon Young Song
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SARS-CoV-2 ,COVID-19 ,vaccines ,humoral immunity ,cellular immunity ,booster ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
BackgroundWhether or not a single-dose Ad26.COV2.S prime and boost vaccination induces sufficient immunity is unclear. Concerns about the increased risk of breakthrough infections in the Ad26.COV2.S-primed population have also been raised.MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted. Participants included healthy adults who were Ad26.COV2.S primed and scheduled to receive a booster vaccination with BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or Ad26.COV2.S. The IgG anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody titers, neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers (against wild type [WT] and Omicron [BA.1 and BA.5]), and Spike-specific interferon-γ responses of the participants were estimated at baseline, 3–4 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after booster vaccination.ResultsA total of 89 participants were recruited (26 boosted with BNT162b2, 57 with mRNA-1273, and 7 with Ad26.COV2.S). The IgG anti-RBD antibody titers of all participants were significantly higher at 6 months post-vaccination than at baseline. The NAb titers against WT at 3 months post-vaccination were 359, 258, and 166 in the participants from the BNT162b2-, mRNA-1273-, and Ad26.COV2.S-boosted groups, respectively. Compared with those against WT, the NAb titers against BA.1/BA.5 were lower by 23.9/10.9-, 16.6/7.4-, and 13.8/7.2-fold in the participants from the BNT162b2-, mRNA-1273-, and Ad26.COV2.S-boosted groups, respectively, at 3 months post-vaccination. Notably, the NAb titers against BA.1 were not boosted after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. Breakthrough infections occurred in 53.8%, 62.5%, and 42.9% of the participants from the BNT162b2-, mRNA-1273-, and Ad26.COV2.S-boosted groups, respectively. No significant difference in humoral and cellular immunity was found between individuals with and without SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections.ConclusionBooster vaccination elicited acceptable humoral and cellular immune responses in Ad26.COV2.S-primed individuals. However, the neutralizing activities against Omicron subvariants were negligible, and breakthrough infection rates were remarkably high at 3 months post-booster vaccination, irrespective of the vaccine type. A booster dose of a vaccine containing the Omicron variant antigen would be required.
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- 2023
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33. Impact of Diverse Parameters on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Green-Synthesized Zinc Oxide–Copper Oxide Nanocomposites Derived from an Aqueous Extract of Garcinia mangostana L. Leaf
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Yu Bin Chan, Mohammod Aminuzzaman, Lai-Hock Tey, Yip Foo Win, Akira Watanabe, Sinouvassane Djearamame, and Md. Akhtaruzzaman
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Garcinia mangostana L. ,green product ,green synthesis ,nanocomposites ,zinc oxide-copper oxide ,Technology ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Microscopy ,QH201-278.5 ,Descriptive and experimental mechanics ,QC120-168.85 - Abstract
Compared to conventional metal oxide nanoparticles, metal oxide nanocomposites have demonstrated significantly enhanced efficiency in various applications. In this study, we aimed to synthesize zinc oxide–copper oxide nanocomposites (ZnO-CuO NCs) using a green synthesis approach. The synthesis involved mixing 4 g of Zn(NO3)2·6H2O with different concentrations of mangosteen (G. mangostana) leaf extract (0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05 g/mL) and 2 or 4 g of Cu(NO3)2·3H2O, followed by calcination at temperatures of 300, 400 and 500 °C. The synthesized ZnO-CuO NCs were characterized using various techniques, including a UV-Visible spectrometer (UV-Vis), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) with an Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyzer. Based on the results of this study, the optical, structural and morphological properties of ZnO-CuO NCs were found to be influenced by the concentration of the mangosteen leaf extract, the calcination temperature and the amount of Cu(NO3)2·3H2O used. Among the tested conditions, ZnO-CuO NCs derived from 0.05 g/mL of mangosteen leaf extract, 4 g of Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and 2 g of Cu(NO3)2·3H2O, calcinated at 500 °C exhibited the following characteristics: the lowest energy bandgap (2.57 eV), well-defined Zn-O and Cu-O bands, the smallest particle size of 39.10 nm with highest surface area-to-volume ratio and crystalline size of 18.17 nm. In conclusion, we successfully synthesized ZnO-CuO NCs using a green synthesis approach with mangosteen leaf extract. The properties of the nanocomposites were significantly influenced by the concentration of the plant extract, the calcination temperature and the amount of precursor used. These findings provide valuable insights for researchers seeking innovative methods for the production and utilization of nanocomposite materials.
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- 2023
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34. Multi-bridge graphs are anti-magic
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Yu Bin Tai, Gek Ling Chia, and Poh-Hwa Ong
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r-bridge graph, anti-magic labeling, anti-magic graph ,Mathematics ,QA1-939 - Abstract
An anti-magic graph is a graph whose |E| edges can be labeled with the first |E| natural numbers such that each edge receives a distinct number and each vertex receives a distinct vertex sum which is obtained by taking the sum of the labels of all the edges incident to it. We prove that the multi-bridge graph is anti-magic.
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- 2022
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35. Four-dimensional multi-particle tracking in living cells based on lifetime imaging
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Chen Danni, Li Heng, Yu Bin, and Qu Junle
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fluorescence lifetime microscopy ,multi-particle tracking ,single particle tracking ,Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
Research on dynamic events in living cells, such as intracellular transportation, is important for understanding cell functions. As movements occur within cells, the microenvironment of the moving vesicles or biomacromolecules may affect the behavior of them. Herein, we propose a method of simultaneously monitoring changes in spatial positions and the local environment related to the fluorescence lifetime, i.e., four-dimensional (4D) multi-particle parallel-tracking in living cells. Based on double-helix point spread function (DH-PSF) microscopy and streak camera, the method combines three-dimensional (3D) localization methods and fluorescence lifetime imaging. By modifying the PSF of the system, the 3D positions and fluorescence lifetime information for several molecules within a depth of a few microns can be acquired simultaneously from a single snapshot. The feasibility of this method is verified by simulating the real-time tracking of a single particle with a given trajectory. In addition, a proof-of-concept 4D tracking system based on the DH-PSF and streak camera was built. The experimental results show that the 3D localization and lifetime precision are σ(x, y, z) = (26 nm, 35 nm, 53 nm) and σ(τ) = 103 ps, respectively, and the effective depth of field is approximately 4 μm. Finally, intracellular endocytosis in a living cell was observed using the system, which demonstrated the successful 4D tracking of two microspheres moving within an axial depth of 4 μm. This work opens a new perspective for research of dynamic processes, by providing information about the chemical (microenvironments) and physical (positions) changes of moving targets in living cells.
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- 2022
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36. Experimental Study on Fire Smoke Particles of Power Tunnel by High-power Ultrasonic Wave
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LYU Hongkun, CHEN Yun, MAO Zhichao, GUO Yuxin, YU Bin, and ZHANG Guangxue
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ultrasonic wave ,acoustic agglomeration ,fire smoke ,power tunnel ,transmittance ,visibility ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
Given inadequate smoke abatement measures in the case of underground cable fire, a high-power ultrasonic transducer that can work in the air is designed using numerical simulation technology. The transducer is used as an ultrasonic sound source to experimentally investigate the acoustic agglomeration effect of eliminating cable smoke particles. The change of transmittance and visibility of solid and liquid phase fire smoke is studied. The results show that the transducer works stably with resonance frequency being 20 kHz and the sound pressure level up to 150 dB. The high-power ultrasonic field can quickly increase the light transmittance and visibility of the cable fire smoke. When the fire smoke consists of solid-phase particles, after 50 s of action time, the visibility of the fire field can reach the personnel escape threshold. For fire smoke dominated by liquid phase particles, the personnel escape threshold can be reached at only 12 s.
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- 2022
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37. Six-month longitudinal immune kinetics after mRNA-1273 vaccination: Correlation of peak antibody response with long-term, cross-reactive immunity
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Min Joo Choi, Jung Yeon Heo, Yu Bin Seo, Young Kyung Yoon, Jang Wook Sohn, Ji Yun Noh, Hee Jin Cheong, Woo Joo Kim, Ju-yeon Choi, Hwa Jung Kim, Young Jae Lee, Hye Won Lee, Sung Soon Kim, Byoungguk Kim, and Joon Young Song
- Subjects
SARS-CoV-2 infection ,mRNA-1273 vaccine ,COVID-19 ,cellular immunity ,humoral immunity ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
BackgroundThe emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants and the persistence of the pandemic, even with mass coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination, have raised questions about the durability of immunity and extent of cross-reactive immunity after vaccination. This study aimed to characterize the humoral and cellular immune response to the mRNA-1273 vaccine using a prospective longitudinal cohort.MethodsWe recruited 177 young SARS-CoV-2 infection-naive adults. Two doses of mRNA-1273 vaccine were administered at 28-day intervals, and blood samples were collected at five time points: pre-vaccination (T0), 4 weeks after the first (T1) and second dose (T2), and 3 months (T3) and 6 months (T4) after the first dose. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (anti-S) IgG antibody, neutralizing antibody, and T-cell immune responses were evaluated.ResultsThe two-dose mRNA-1273 vaccination induced robust anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses, which remained higher than the titers at T1 until T4. A higher peak anti-S antibody titer at T2 was associated with better cross-reactive immunity against Delta and Omicron variants and long-lasting (anti-S IgG and neutralizing antibody) humoral immunity up to T4. The overall T-cell immune response was not correlated with peak antibody titers (T-lymphocyte subpopulation analysis was not performed).ConclusionThis study showed that an early strong antibody response is predictive of longer humoral immunity and better cross-reactive neutralizing immunity against Delta and Omicron variants.
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- 2023
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38. Astragaloside IV improves the pharmacokinetics of febuxostat in rats with hyperuricemic nephropathy by regulating urea metabolism in gut microbiota
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Zhen Xiong Zhao, Xiao Hui Tang, Sheng Lu Jiang, Jia Qian Pang, Yu Bin Xu, Dan Dan Yuan, Ling Ling Zhang, Hui Min Liu, and Qing Fan
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hyperuricemic nephropathy ,gut microbiota ,febuxostat ,astragaloside IV ,uric acid ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,RM1-950 - Abstract
Hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN) is a common clinical complication of hyperuricemia. The pathogenesis of HN is directly related to urea metabolism in the gut microbiota. Febuxostat, a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor, is the first-line drug used for the treatment of hyperuricemia. However, there have been few studies on the pharmacokinetics of febuxostat in HN animal models or in patients. In this study, a high-purine diet-induced HN rat model was established. The pharmacokinetics of febuxostat in HN rats was evaluated using LC-MS/MS. Astragaloside IV (AST) was used to correct the abnormal pharmacokinetics of febuxostat. Gut microbiota diversity analysis was used to evaluate the effect of AST on gut microbiota. The results showed that the delayed elimination of febuxostat caused drug accumulation after multiple administrations. Oral but not i. p. AST improved the pharmacokinetics of febuxostat in HN rats. The mechanistic study showed that AST could regulate urea metabolism in faeces and attenuate urea-ammonia liver-intestine circulation. Urease-related genera, including Eubacterium, Parabacteroides, Ruminococcus, and Clostridia, decreased after AST prevention. In addition, the decrease in pathogenic genera and increase in short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) producing genera also contribute to renal function recovery. In summary, AST improved the pharmacokinetics of febuxostat in HN rats by comprehensive regulation of the gut microbiota, including urea metabolism, anti-calcification, and short-chain fatty acid generation. These results imply that febuxostat might accumulate in HN patients, and AST could reverse the accumulation through gut microbiota regulation.
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- 2022
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39. Feeding a calcium-enriched fatty acid could ameliorate the growth performance of broilers under the chronic heat stress
- Author
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Yu Bin Kim, Shan Randima Nawarathne, Hyun Min Cho, Jun Seon Hong, Jung Min Heo, and Jiseon Son
- Subjects
broiler ,calcium-enriched fatty acid ,chronic heat stress ,digestibility ,growth performance ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of calcium-enriched fatty acid supplementation on the growth performance, blood metabolites, intestinal morphology, carcass traits, and nutrient digestibility of broilers subjected to chronic heat stress. A total of 210 one-day-old broiler chicks (40.12 ± 0.25 g) were randomly allocated to one of five dietary treatments, to obtain six replicates per treatment. Broilers were subjected to chronic heat stress from day 21 to day 35, post-hatching, at 34°C for 9 h per day. The body weight (BW) and feed intake of the experimental broilers were recorded weekly, and the average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated accordingly. Rectal temperature was measured to compare the basal body temperatures between individuals, and blood samples were collected on days 21 and 35 to evaluate basal body temperature, serum total cholesterol, and the triglyceride content of the broilers. On days 21 and 35, one broiler from each cage (n=6) was euthanized to measure carcass trait parameters, nutrient digestibility in digesta, and intestinal morphology. On days 14, 28, and 35, the broilers fed 2.0% calcium-enriched fatty acids had higher BW (p < 0.05) than those fed the other diets. However, no differences (p > 0.05) were found in the average daily feed intake (ADFI) between dietary treatments over the 35 experimental days. On the other hand, on day 21, post-hatching, the broilers fed the 2.0% calcium-enriched fatty acid diet had improved (p < 0.05) dietary feed efficiencies compared to the other treatments. On day 28, the broilers fed the 5.0% of calcium-enriched fatty acid diet also had higher (p < 0.05) dietary feed efficiencies than those fed with the other dietary treatments. No effects (p > 0.05) on carcass weight, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, or blood parameters were found between broilers fed with dietary treatments. This study demonstrated that the inclusion of an additive, containing 2.0% calcium-enriched fatty acid, to broiler diet could ameliorate the negative growth performance of broilers; and no interaction (p > 0.05) was observed between the calcium-enriched fatty acid and nutrient digestibility, digestive anatomy, blood metabolism, and carcass traits of broilers subjected to chronic heat stress conditions for 35 days post-hatching.
- Published
- 2022
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40. A short length of gonadotropin hyperstimulation is sufficient to achieve an optimal IVF outcome in advance-aged women
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Le Tien Hsu, Tzu Hsuan Chin, Shang Yu Huang, Lan Yan Yang, Yu Bin Pan, and Chia Lin Chang
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Aged ,Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation ,Gonadotropin ,Infertility ,IVF ,Gynecology and obstetrics ,RG1-991 - Abstract
Objective: To analyze the duration of gonadotropin hyperstimulation's impacts on oocyte quality and clinical outcomes in aged in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients. Materials and methods: This retrospective study was carried out using IVF records of the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital IVF center from January 2017 to December 2019. A total of 308 IVF cycles with patients aged 40–44 years were included. Clinical characteristics of patients who received a short controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) (i.e., 6–7 days; s-COH group) or a long COH treatment (i.e., 9–10 days; l-COH group) were compared. In addition, analysis was conducted using data within two age subgroups: 40–42 years and 42–44 years subgroups. Results: The s-COH group received significantly lower total doses of gonadotropin and had smaller leading follicles at the time of ovulation trigger when compared to the l-COH group. The s-COH group also produced a significantly lower number of oocytes, mature metaphase II (MII) oocytes, and 2 PN zygotes compared to the l-COH group. However, there was no significant difference in the number of transferable and good-quality embryos between the two treatment groups. Likewise, the pregnancy rate and live birth rate were comparable in the s-COH and l-COH groups. Similar results were obtained when the analysis was limited to select age subgroups (i.e., 40–42 and 42–44 years subgroups). Conclusion: While a long COH generates more oocytes per cycle, a 6–7 days COH treatment, which is at the lower end of the recommended window of stimulation, could achieve a pregnancy outcome comparable to that applied 9–10 days of COH in aged patients.
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- 2021
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41. Broiler responses to dietary 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid and oregano extracts under Eimeria challenge conditions
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Myunghwan Yu, Jong Oh Jeon, Hyun Min Cho, Jun Seon Hong, Yu Bin Kim, Shan Randima Nawarathne, Samiru Sudharaka Wickramasuriya, Young-Joo Yi, Hans Lee, Vannie Wan, Noele Kai Jing Ng, Chuan Hao Tan, and Jung Min Heo
- Subjects
broiler ,coccidiosis ,growth performance ,oregano extract ,3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a combination 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (THB) and oregano extracts (i.e., Carvacrol and Thymol) at intake/dietary different levels on growth performance, intestinal health indicators, immune responses and fecal oocyst shedding in broiler chickens under Eimeria challenged condition. A total of 336 one-day-old broilers were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments with seven replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were: i) Non-challenged bird without any dietary treatment (NCNT), ii) Challenged bird without any dietary treatment (CNT), iii) Challenged birds fed a THB diet (0.1 g/kg, THB), iv) Challenged birds fed a combination of THB and oregano extracts diet (0.1 g/kg, COM 100), and a gradual increase of combination of THB and oregano extracts likely v) 0.15 g/kg (COM 150), and 0.2 g/kg (COM 200). On day 14, all groups except for NCNT have orally challenged with a 10-fold dose of Livacox® T anticoccidial vaccine to trigger coccidiosis. The results indicated that Eimeria-challenged broilers fed COM 100 and COM 200 diets increased (p < 0.05) body weight than CNT diet on day 35. Furthermore, birds fed COM 100 and COM 200 diets increased (p < 0.05) average daily gain compared to those fed CNT diets for the entire experimental period. There is no significant (p > 0.05) in average daily feed intake, feed efficiency between NCNT and birds fed with combined THB and oregano extracts for the entire experimental period. A combination of THB and oregano extract regardless of concentration levels or THB alone reduced (p < 0.05) lesion score in ileum compared to the CNT diet for 7 days post-infection (dpi). Birds fed COM 100 diet had lower (p < 0.05) intestinal lesion scores in jejunum and caeca on 7 dpi compared to those were in the CNT diet. No (p > 0.05) difference was observed in the oocysts per gram of feces count, intestinal morphology, carcass traits and blood cytokine concentration among the infected treatments. Collectively, we conclude that birds fed with a combination of THB and oregano extracts regardless of the ratios that were used demonstrated better recovery of health after the coccidial challenge than using only THB alone.
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- 2021
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42. COVID-19 vaccine type-dependent differences in immunogenicity and inflammatory response: BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19
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Jung Yeon Heo, Yu Bin Seo, Eun Jin Kim, Jacob Lee, Young Rong Kim, Jin Gu Yoon, Ji Yun Noh, Hee Jin Cheong, Woo Joo Kim, Soo-Young Yoon, Ju-Yeon Choi, Young Jae Lee, Hye Won Lee, Sung Soon Kim, Byoungguk Kim, and Joon Young Song
- Subjects
COVID-19 ,vaccine ,immunogenicity ,reactogenicity ,cytokine ,Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 - Abstract
Evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of new vaccine platforms is needed to increase public acceptance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. Here, we evaluated the association between reactogenicity and immunogenicity in healthy adults following vaccination by analyzing blood samples before and after sequential two-dose vaccinations of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Outcomes included anti-S IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody responses, adverse events, and proinflammatory cytokine responses. A total of 59 and 57 participants vaccinated with BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, respectively, were enrolled. Systemic adverse events were more common after the first ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 dose than after the second. An opposite trend was observed in BNT162b2 recipients. Although the first ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 dose significantly elevated the median proinflammatory cytokine levels, the second dose did not, and neither did either dose of BNT162b2. Grades of systemic adverse events in ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 recipients were significantly associated with IL-6 and IL-1β levels. Anti-S IgG and neutralizing antibody titers resulting from the second BNT162b2 dose were significantly associated with fever. In conclusion, systemic adverse events resulting from the first ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 dose may be associated with proinflammatory cytokine responses rather than humoral immune responses. Febrile reactions after second BNT162b2 dose were positively correlated with vaccine-induced immune responses rather than with inflammatory responses.
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- 2022
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43. Unusual cause of a polypoid lesion in the extrahepatic bile duct
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Yu Bin Tan, Lai Mun Wang, and Andrew B E Kwek
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biliary adenomyoma ,biliary polyp ,common bile duct ,Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology ,RC799-869 - Abstract
Abstract Adenomyomas are benign lesions that are most frequently found in the gallbladder but can also be rarely found in the biliary tract. Although benign, they present close similarity to malignant lesions and thus deserve important clinical consideration. We present a case of a 74‐year‐old Chinese man who presented acutely with fever and painless obstructive jaundice. CT imaging showed a large calculus within a dilated common bile duct (CBD) and, despite undergoing an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with stone clearance, there was a persistent filling defect that was adherent to the wall of the proximal common bile duct. His CA 19–9 was also significantly raised. Intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) showed a polypoid mass with papillary‐like projections, and ERCP forcep biopsies were unable to exclude a lesion with neoplastic potential. The patient subsequently underwent cholecystectomy with open CBD excision and Roux‐en‐Y hepaticojejunostomy, and histology showed features consistent with a biliary adenomyoma.
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- 2022
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44. High aspect ratio microdisplay and thin optical component for glass-like AR devices
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Chan-mo Kang, Jin-Wook Shin, Sukyung Choi, Byoung-Hwa Kwon, Hyunsu Cho, Nam Sung Cho, Jeong-Ik Lee, Hyunkoo Lee, Jeong Hwan Lee, Hokwon Kim, Ara Cho, Sang Hyun Park, Minseok Kim, Soon-gi Park, Youngjoon Kim, Jeonghun Ha, Jaehyeok Kim, Sang Tae Kim, Jong Soo Lee, Seung No Lee, Yu Bin Im, and Chun-Won Byun
- Subjects
ar/vr ,ar device ,oled ,oled microdisplay ,Computer engineering. Computer hardware ,TK7885-7895 - Abstract
Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) microdisplays have attracted much attention as displays for small form factor augmented reality (AR) devices. To realize glass-like thin and wide field of view (FoV) AR devices, we designed a display module with a high aspect ratio microdisplay and a thin optical component. For the high aspect ratio microdisplay, we developed the color OLED microdisplay with a 32:9 aspect ratio and a 0.8-inch diagonal ∼2,490-ppi CMOS backplane. To express color and reduce optical crosstalk, we fabricated the color filter (C/F) patterning directly on the white OLED. We also developed a pin mirror lens with 11 pin mirrors to improve the optical efficiency and quality with a thin lens. By combining the microdisplay with LetinAR’s pin mirror lens, we successfully demonstrated an AR device with a wide horizontal FoV of 46° but with a small form factor 4 mm lens.
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- 2021
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45. Localizing axial dense emitters based onsingle-helix point spread function andcompressed sensing
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Wu, Hanzhe, Chen, Danni, Xiang, YiHong Jiand Gan, Li, Heng, Yu, Bin, and Qu, JunLe
- Subjects
Physics - Optics ,Physics - Biological Physics - Abstract
Among the approaches in three-dimensional (3D) single molecule localization microscopy, there are several point spread function (PSF) engineering approaches, in which depth information of molecules is encoded in 2D images. Usually,the molecules are excited sparsely in each raw image. The consequence is that the temporal resolution has to be sacrificed. In order to improve temporal resolution and ensure localization accuracy, we propose a method, SH-CS, based on light needle excitation, detection system with single helix-point spread function (SH-PSF), and compressed sensing (CS). Although the SH-CS method still has a limitation about the molecule density, it is suited for relatively dense molecules. For each light needle scanning position, an SH image of excited molecules is processed with CS algorithm to decode their axial information. Simulations demonstrated, for random distributed 1 ~ 15 molecules in depth range of 4 {\mu}m, the axial localization accuracy is 12.1 nm ~ 73.5 nm. The feasibility of this method is validated by experimental data.
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- 2024
46. Mechanistic Interpretation through Contextual Decomposition in Transformers
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Hsu, Aliyah R., Cherapanamjeri, Yeshwanth, Odisho, Anobel Y., Carroll, Peter R., and Yu, Bin
- Subjects
Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Computation and Language ,Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
Transformers exhibit impressive capabilities but are often regarded as black boxes due to challenges in understanding the complex nonlinear relationships between features. Interpreting machine learning models is of paramount importance to mitigate risks, and mechanistic interpretability is in particular of current interest as it opens up a window for guiding manual modifications and reverse-engineering solutions. In this work, we introduce contextual decomposition for transformers (CD-T), extending a prior work on CD for RNNs and CNNs, to address mechanistic interpretation computationally efficiently. CD-T is a flexible interpretation method for transformers. It can capture contributions of combinations of input features or source internal components (e.g. attention heads, feed-forward networks) to (1) final predictions or (2) the output of any target internal component. Using CD-T, we propose a novel algorithm for circuit discovery. On a real-world pathology report classification task: we show CD-T distills a more faithful circuit of attention heads with improved computational efficiency (speed up 2x) than a prior benchmark, path patching. As a versatile interpretation method, CD-T also exhibits exceptional capabilities for local interpretations. CD-T is shown to reliably find words and phrases of contrasting sentiment/topic on SST-2 and AGNews datasets. Through human experiments, we demonstrate CD-T enables users to identify the more accurate of two models and to better trust a model's outputs compared to alternative interpretation methods such as SHAP and LIME.
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- 2024
47. The Computational Curse of Big Data for Bayesian Additive Regression Trees: A Hitting Time Analysis
- Author
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Tan, Yan Shuo, Ronen, Omer, Saarinen, Theo, and Yu, Bin
- Subjects
Statistics - Machine Learning ,Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Mathematics - Statistics Theory ,62G08, 65C40 - Abstract
Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) is a popular Bayesian non-parametric regression model that is commonly used in causal inference and beyond. Its strong predictive performance is supported by theoretical guarantees that its posterior distribution concentrates around the true regression function at optimal rates under various data generative settings and for appropriate prior choices. In this paper, we show that the BART sampler often converges slowly, confirming empirical observations by other researchers. Assuming discrete covariates, we show that, while the BART posterior concentrates on a set comprising all optimal tree structures (smallest bias and complexity), the Markov chain's hitting time for this set increases with $n$ (training sample size), under several common data generative settings. As $n$ increases, the approximate BART posterior thus becomes increasingly different from the exact posterior (for the same number of MCMC samples), contrasting with earlier concentration results on the exact posterior. This contrast is highlighted by our simulations showing worsening frequentist undercoverage for approximate posterior intervals and a growing ratio between the MSE of the approximate posterior and that obtainable by artificially improving convergence via averaging multiple sampler chains. Finally, based on our theoretical insights, possibilities are discussed to improve the BART sampler convergence performance.
- Published
- 2024
48. ScaLES: Scalable Latent Exploration Score for Pre-Trained Generative Networks
- Author
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Ronen, Omer, Humayun, Ahmed Imtiaz, Balestriero, Randall, Baraniuk, Richard, and Yu, Bin
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Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Statistics - Machine Learning - Abstract
We develop Scalable Latent Exploration Score (ScaLES) to mitigate over-exploration in Latent Space Optimization (LSO), a popular method for solving black-box discrete optimization problems. LSO utilizes continuous optimization within the latent space of a Variational Autoencoder (VAE) and is known to be susceptible to over-exploration, which manifests in unrealistic solutions that reduce its practicality. ScaLES is an exact and theoretically motivated method leveraging the trained decoder's approximation of the data distribution. ScaLES can be calculated with any existing decoder, e.g. from a VAE, without additional training, architectural changes, or access to the training data. Our evaluation across five LSO benchmark tasks and three VAE architectures demonstrates that ScaLES enhances the quality of the solutions while maintaining high objective values, leading to improvements over existing solutions. We believe that new avenues to LSO will be opened by ScaLES ability to identify out of distribution areas, differentiability, and computational tractability. Open source code for ScaLES is available at https://github.com/OmerRonen/scales.
- Published
- 2024
49. The Impact of Initialization on LoRA Finetuning Dynamics
- Author
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Hayou, Soufiane, Ghosh, Nikhil, and Yu, Bin
- Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Computation and Language ,Statistics - Machine Learning - Abstract
In this paper, we study the role of initialization in Low Rank Adaptation (LoRA) as originally introduced in Hu et al. (2021). Essentially, to start from the pretrained model as initialization for finetuning, one can either initialize B to zero and A to random (default initialization in PEFT package), or vice-versa. In both cases, the product BA is equal to zero at initialization, which makes finetuning starts from the pretrained model. These two initialization schemes are seemingly similar. They should in-principle yield the same performance and share the same optimal learning rate. We demonstrate that this is an incorrect intuition and that the first scheme (initializing B to zero and A to random) on average yields better performance compared to the other scheme. Our theoretical analysis shows that the reason behind this might be that the first initialization allows the use of larger learning rates (without causing output instability) compared to the second initialization, resulting in more efficient learning of the first scheme. We validate our results with extensive experiments on LLMs., Comment: TDLR: Different Initializations lead to completely different finetuning dynamics. One initialization (set A random and B zero) is generally better than the natural opposite initialization. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2402.12354
- Published
- 2024
50. Quantum criticality of generalized Aubry-Andr\'{e} models with exact mobility edges using fidelity susceptibility
- Author
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Liu, Yu-Bin, Zhang, Wen-Yi, Yi, Tian-Cheng, Li, Liangsheng, Liu, Maoxin, and You, Wen-Long
- Subjects
Quantum Physics ,Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks - Abstract
In this study, we explore the quantum critical phenomena in generalized Aubry-Andr\'{e} models, with a particular focus on the scaling behavior at various filling states. Our approach involves using quantum fidelity susceptibility to precisely identify the mobility edges in these systems. Through a finite-size scaling analysis of the fidelity susceptibility, we are able to determine both the correlation-length critical exponent and the dynamical critical exponent at the critical point of the generalized Aubry-Andr\'{e} model. Based on the Diophantine equation conjecture, we can determines the number of subsequences of the Fibonacci sequence and the corresponding scaling functions for a specific filling fraction, as well as the universality class. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of employing the generalized fidelity susceptibility for the analysis of unconventional quantum criticality and the associated universal information of quasiperiodic systems in cutting-edge quantum simulation experiments., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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