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Through graded salting out with ammonium sulfate and dialysis, esterases were extracted and purified from goose liver, chicken liver and pig liver respectively, then their structures were characterized, and their inhibition responses to carbaryl as a pesticide model were further investigated. Results showed that the yield of goose liver esterase was the highest (14.58%), and that of chicken liver esterase was the lowest (8.82%) with the best thermal stability, while the protein mass concentration of pig liver esterase was the highest (12.47mg/mL); the protein molecular weights of all three kinds of animal liver esterases were 30 ~ 110 kDa with the leading one of 55 kDa, and that in chicken liver esterase was the highest (16.74%) while the lowest was in that of pig liver esterase (14.31%); these three kinds of animal liver esterases showed different sizes of protein particles with flake structures and smooth surfaces; in the carbaryl concentration range of 0.5~10.0 mg/L, the linear range (0.5~5.0 mg/L), the detection limit (0.29 mg/L) and IC50 (7.74 mg/L) of chicken liver esterase were the lowest, which could be used as a potential sensitive enzyme source for rapid detection of carbaryl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the potential impact of important general courses on program-specific courses in universities can help to improve the entire teaching and learning process for an academic major. However, the large number of courses and multiple factors affecting students' course grades makes it difficult to reveal and analyze the complicated relationship between the two types of courses only from a single perspective or at a single level. Thence, this paper starts with analysis of historical course grades data within an undergraduate program and then presents an interactive visual analytic system, MVCAS, which is designed to demonstrate and explore the various correlations between these two types of courses at different levels and from different perspectives. The major contributions of this work include: (1) a multi-angle preprocessing of course grades data, including decomposition, extraction and conversion; (2) multiple coordinated analysis views which make it possible to effectively explore the overall, categorical and pairwise course correlations and further link courses with students, instructors and semesters together; and (3) a top-down correlation analysis process for general courses and program ones. The effectiveness and usefulness of MVCAS have been preliminarily demonstrated through a case study, in which the field experts use this tool to investigate different levels of correlations between the focused mathematics and program-specific courses in a computer science major comprehensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]