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Abstract Background Recurrent infections in childhood are the main cause of remission to the immunology service. T lymphocytes generated in the thymus are essential for fighting infection, making the thymus area an important predictor of the immune system’s competence. This study aimed to identify the possible relationship of the thymic area with clinical-epidemiological variables and values of subpopulations of T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of children with recurrent infections. Methods We conducted applied research using a transversal analytical design at the National Medical Genetics Center (Havana, Cuba), from January to August 2022. The study covered 73 children of which we analyzed clinical-epidemiological variables and the size of the thymus through ultrasound. Furthermore, we determined the relative and absolute values of the subpopulations of T cells using flow cytometry. Results Of the children studied, 65.8% had thymic hypoplasia. The children who breastfed for less than 6 months showed four times the risk of developing moderate-severe thymus hypoplasia (OR = 3.90, 95% CI: 1.21–12.61). A direct relationship was found between the area of the thymus and the child’s size (r = 0.238, p = 0.043) and weight (r = 0.233, p = 0.047). The relative values of CD3+ T lymphocytes decreased in the cases of mild hypoplasia (p = 0.018) and moderate-severe hypoplasia (p = 0.049). The thymus area was associated with the absolute cell count of CD8+ effector memory T cells (rs = −0.263, p = 0.024) and of the central memory T cells (r = −0.283, p = 0.015). Conclusions Breastfeeding for less than 6 months, as well as the weight and size of the child, are related to their thymus area. The subpopulation values of T lymphocytes detected suggest that patients with thymic hypoplasia develop a contraction of CD3+ T cells, which can make them more vulnerable to infectious processes. This finding was combined with an expansion of the memory compartments of the subpopulations of CD8+ T cells, suggesting a greater susceptibility to intracellular viral and bacterial infections in these cases.

Abstract Purpose To determine the relationship between the genotypes of the TaqI polymorphism of VDR gene and the clinical forms of COVID-19 in Cuban patients. Methods TaqI polymorphism was determined by the PCR in 104 Cuban patients, who suffered different clinical forms of COVID-19. Results There was a greater possibility of presenting symptomatic forms [OR = 2.081, 95% CI: 0.243–17.842], even severe [OR = 1.200, 95% CI: 0.217–6.638], related to the tt genotype. Conclusion There are signs of association between the risk of developing COVID-19 and the genotypes of the TaqI polymorphism of the VDR gene in the studied Cuban patients.

Background: the relationship between the reduced and oxidized form of glutathione, GSH/ GSSG, is frequently used as an indicator of the cellular redox state. Under conditions where high levels of oxidizing species are generated, reduced glutathione requirements can be increased, and therefore, the cellular redox state can be affected. Objective: to determine the relationship between the cellular redox state and systemic markers of inflammation. Methods: a descriptive study was carried out in a series of 56 cases referred from the immunogenetics clinic, aged between 1 and 76 years old, of both sexes. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and serum levels of C-reactive protein were determined as systemic markers of inflammation. The GSH/GSSG ratio was calculated from the intraerythrocyte concentrations of reduced glutathione and its oxidized form, which were determined by an HPLC-UV method. Results: the average GSH/GSSG ratio was 7.9 (95 % CI: 6.4-9.4) and age did not influence this proportion. In the cases that had altered values of the inflammation markers, they showed a decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio. Cellular redox status was negatively correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation values (r=0.41; p=0.017). However, this association does not appear when C-reactive protein levels are analyzed. Conclusions: the patients who present alterations in the inflammation markers show changes in the cellular redox state. The combined study of these biomarkers allows a more comprehensive analysis of the health status of patients with inflammatory diseases.

Introduction: Diphtheria still persists in many countries. In Cuba, studies conducted in different age groups have demonstrated that there are non-protective levels of diphtheria antitoxin in the population, so it is necessary to have methods that allow the serologic survey of population immunity. The quantification of antibodies against vaccine antigens such as diphtheria toxin is also a useful, rapid and economic method to evaluate the immune response.Objective: To validate an ELISA-type immune-enzymatic test to quantify the levels of diphtheria antitoxin in human serum.Material and Method: An experimental study of technological development was carried out in the Immunology Laboratory of the National Medical Genetics Center, Havana, Cuba. The optimal values of the variables that influence on the result of the indirect heterogeneous immune-enzymatic test for the quantification of diphtheria antitoxin were determined. The calibration curve obtained was evaluated against the WHO standard (Diphtheria Antitoxin Human Serum 00/496). The analytical validation of the standardized method was performed.Results: The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were less than 10% and 20%, respectively. Recovery values between 90 and 110% were found in accuracy and selectivity. The parallelism between the standard curve and the samples studied showed a coefficient of variation lower or equal to 10%. The limit of quantification was 0,015 IU/mL and the one of detection was 0,0039 IU/mL. Conclusions: The result obtained in the precision, accuracy and selectivity of the ELISA-type immune-enzymatic test developed and validated in the National Medical Genetics Center demonstrated that it can be used in the clinical practice to quantify the values of diphtheria antitoxin in human serum.Keywords: diphtheria antitoxin, immune-enzymatic test, ELISA, validation.

Introducción: la cuantificación de antitoxina tetánica es útil para la evaluación de la respuesta inmune humoral frente a antígenos vacunales. Objetivo: desarrollar la estandarización y validación técnica de un ensayo de inmunoabsorción ligado a enzima (ELISA) de tipo indirecto para cuantificar antitoxina tetánica en suero humano. Material y Método: el estándar preparado para la curva del ensayo se calibró frente al preparado en el Instituto Finlay. Se normalizaron los indicadores óptimos para el desarrollo de cada paso de la técnica. Resultados y Discusión: durante la validación se alcanzó una buena precisión intraensayo e interensayo en todos los casos. Al evaluar el paralelismo el coeficiente de variación fue menor de 10%. El ensayo mostró una excelente exactitud, con valores de recuperación entre 90% y 110%. El límite de detección fue 0,002 UI/mL. La sensibilidad analítica alcanzada fue de 0,01 UI/mL. Conclusiones: el ensayo puede ser utilizado para la cuantificación de antitoxina tetánica en suero humano. Palabras clave: antitoxina tetánica, ensayo inmunoenzimático, ELISA, validación.

Introducción: la cuantificación de antitoxina tetánica es útil para la evaluación de la respuesta inmune humoral frente a antígenos vacunales. Objetivo: desarrollar la estandarización y validación técnica de un ensayo de inmunoabsorción ligado a enzima (ELISA) de tipo indirecto para cuantificar antitoxina tetánica en suero humano. Material y Método: el estándar preparado para la curva del ensayo se calibró frente al preparado en el Instituto Finlay. Se normalizaron los indicadores óptimos para el desarrollo de cada paso de la técnica. Resultados y Discusión: durante la validación se alcanzó una buena precisión intraensayo e interensayo en todos los casos. Al evaluar el paralelismo el coeficiente de variación fue menor de 10%. El ensayo mostró una excelente exactitud, con valores de recuperación entre 90% y 110%. El límite de detección fue 0,002 UI/mL. La sensibilidad analítica alcanzada fue de 0,01 UI/mL. Conclusiones: el ensayo puede ser utilizado para la cuantificación de antitoxina tetánica en suero humano.

Understanding the immune response generated by SARS-CoV-2 is critical for assessing efficient therapeutic protocols and gaining insights into the durability of protective immunity. The current work was aimed at studying the specific humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 in Cuban COVID-19 convalescents. We developed suitable tools and methods based on ELISA methodology, for supporting this evaluation. Here, we describe the development of an ELISA for the quantification of anti-RBD IgG titers in a large number of samples and a similar test in the presence of NH4SCN as chaotropic agent for estimating the RBD specific antibody avidity. Additionally, a simple and rapid ELISA based on antibody-mediated blockage of the binding RBD-ACE2 was implemented for detecting, as a surrogate of conventional test, the levels of anti-RBD inhibitory antibodies in convalescent sera. In a cohort of 273 unvaccinated convalescents, we identified higher anti-RBD IgG titer (1 : 1,330, p

La concentración de los anticuerpos contra el polisacárido capsular polirribosilribitol fosfato del Haemophilus influenzae tipo b se considera un buen indicador serológico para evaluar protección contra la enfermedad invasiva. Existen pocos reportes que estudien la inmunidad serológica en Cuba. El objetivo general de este estudio fue determinar los niveles de protección séricos contra Haemophilus influenzae tipo b en niños, adolescentes y adultos cubanos, en una muestra de 575 individuos. Se cuantificó la concentración de IgG anti-polirribosilribitol fosfato de Haemophilus influenzae tipo b mediante un inmunoensayo enzimático estandarizado y validado en el laboratorio de inmunología del Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, La Habana, Cuba. Se determinaron las concentraciones medias geométricas de anticuerpos y los niveles de protección frente a la enfermedad invasiva por Haemophilus influenzae tipo b. La concentración media geométrica de IgG anti-polirribosilribitol fosfato fue de 1,94 μg/mL (IC95% 1,80; 2,08) y fue mayor en el grupo de 16 a 22 años. El porcentaje con protección de larga duración fue mayor para el sexo femenino que para el masculino (82,2% vs 71,4%; p=0,0339) entre los que poseían inmunidad natural. El grupo de sujetos nacidos en el periodo en que se vacunó con la vacuna conjugada cubana QUIMI-HIB® presentó concentraciones medias geométricas superiores (2,75 μg/mL, IC95% 2,00; 3,79). El 99,1% de los participantes presentó protección frente a la enfermedad invasiva por Haemophilus influenzae tipo b, el 19,8% a corto plazo y el 79,3% protección de larga duración. El inmunoensayo validado para la cuantificación de IgG anti-polirribosilribitol fosfato podría emplearse en estudios de seroprevalencia. En los sujetos estudiados, se encontró un predominio de elevadas concentraciones de IgG anti- polirribosilribitol fosfato del Haemophilus influenzae tipo b que confieren protección de larga duración.

Background: As a first step towards a vaccine protecting COVID-19 convalescents from reinfection, we evaluated FINLAY-FR-1A vaccine in a clinical trial. Methods: Thirty COVID-19 convalescents aged 22-57 years were studied: convalescents of mild COVID-19, asymptomatic convalescents, both with PCR-positive at the moment of diagnosis; and individuals with subclinical infection detected by viral-specific IgG. They received a single intramuscular injection of the FINLAY-FR-1A vaccine (50 µg of the recombinant dimeric receptor binding domain). The primary outcomes were safety and reactogenicity, assessed over 28 days after vaccination. The secondary outcome was vaccine immunogenicity. Humoral response at baseline and following vaccination was evaluated by ELISA and live-virus neutralization test. The effector T cellular response was also assessed. Cuban Public Registry of Clinical Trials, WHO-ICTRP: https://rpcec.sld.cu/en/trials/RPCEC00000349-En. Findings: No serious adverse events were reported. Minor adverse events were found, the most common, local pain: 3 (10%) and redness: 2 (6·7%). The vaccine elicited a >21 fold increase in IgG anti-RBD antibodies 28 days after vaccination. The median of inhibitory antibody titres (94·0%) was three times greater than that of the COVID-19 convalescent panel. Virus neutralization titres higher than 1:160 were found in 24 (80%) participants. There was also an increase in RBD-specific T cells producing IFN-γ and TNF-α. Interpretation: A single dose of the FINLAY-FR-1A vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 was an efficient booster of pre-existing natural immunity, with excellent safety profile. Funding: Partial funding for this study was received from the Project-2020-20, Fondo de Ciencia e Innovación (FONCI), Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment, Cuba.