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Osmanlı İmparatorluğu on dokuzuncu yüzyılın ikinci yarısında artan bir biçimde yeraltı kaynaklarını ekonomisinekazandırmayı amaçlamıştır. Bu sebeple de birçok pratik ve hukuki düzenlemeleye gitmiştir. Bu düzenlemelerin enönemli amaç ve sonuçlarından biri maden işletmelerinin yabancı sermayeye açılmasıdır. Yabancı sermaye,imparatorluktaki madenlerin işletilmesine yönelik yaptıkları yatırımlar, özellikle de teknolojik yenilikler ve altyapınıngeliştirilmesi ile üretimin artmasını sağlamıştır. Bu yüzden yabancı sermaye ve müteşebbisler faaliyette bulunduğubölgelerin kalkınmalarına önemli katkılarda bulunmuşlardır. Bununla beraber yabancı sermayeli şirketlerin birincilamacının kâr olması, işlettikleri madenin yarattığı toplumsal dinamiklerden göreceli bağımsız olmaları ve ayrıcalıklıbir hukuktan faydanlanmaları, şirketlerin madenciler ve yerel tüccarile yaşadığı sorunların ekonomik alan dışındasosyal ve siyasal boyutlara ulaşmasına sebep olmuştur. Bu çalışma bu sorunları Asia Minor Mining Company’ninŞebinkarahisar’da bulunan Licese simli kurşun madeni özelinde Osmanlı Arşivinden ve İngiliz Dışişleri Arşivindenbelgeler ışığında incelemektedir. 1900lerin başında şirketin yaşadığı finansal sorunlar ile madenciler ve yerel tüccargibi toplumsal gruplarla olan ilişkilerini ortaya koyarak dönemin Osmanlı toplumu ve ekonomisine dair daha genişsorulara cevap aramaktadır.

Yıllık panayırlar, Osmanlı coğrafyasında iktisadî ve sosyokültürel açılardan büyük öneme sahip ticarî organizasyonlardı. Panayırların 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren canlandıkları ve hatta daha geniş bir coğrafyada kuruldukları görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 20. yüzyılın başında Ermenice yayımlanan basında Çankırı ve Amasya panayırları hakkındaki yazıların incelenmesidir. Makalede İstanbul’da günlük çıkan Arevelk gazetesi ile ve aylık Bivrakn dergisinde yayınlanan, panayıra katılan tüccarın ve gözlemcilerin rapor ve haberleri kullanılmaktadır. Tüccar ve panayıra katılanların görüşlerinin incelenmesi, bu panayırların farklı ticarî yönlerine, satış usullerine, tacirler arası rekabete ve yöre halkı için sosyal fonksiyonlarına dair yeni bilgiler sunmaktadır. Panayırlara katılan tüccarın görüşleri üzerinden yapılan bir inceleme, panayırların kurulduğu şehirlerin ötesinde, geniş bölge ekonomisi üzerine olan etkilerini ve 20. yüzyılın başında Anadolu ekonomisindeki rollerini anlamamızı da sağlayacaktır.

This article examines the close connection between certain models of entrepreneurship and labor control in the 1950s through examining Kemal Seli’s carpet weaving workshops in Turkey. Seli, an entrepreneur who was educated in Germany and in the US in the 1930s, followed different methods of business organization and labor regimes in his workshops. Through paternalist relations he established with the workers, mainly women, on the shop floor, Seli aimed to increase productivity in the workshops and transform the mentality of the work force. The article argues that, by adapting “Human Rationalization” (menschliche Rationalisierung), Seli sought to create new workers and new working-class families that would be more technically, socially, and emotionally suited to the new rationalized work and who will be more politically quiescent. These all-well fit to the economically liberal and conservative-modernist rule of the Democrat Party throughout the 1950s.

Carpet production in the late Ottoman Empire developed during the second half of the nineteenth century in a context of growing trade with Western markets, until, by the turn of the century, carpets had become the empire's leading manufacturing export. This article examines the expansion of oriental carpet production in Armenian communities affected by violence in the mid-1890s and in 1909, and its role in their recovery. It shows that output of oriental carpets rose and production was moved into regions with limited or no “pre-violence” experience of carpet production. We shall see that the increases in production were firmly linked to market-based efforts to reconstruct those communities. Different actors, including local and regional merchant-entrepreneurs and multinational companies as well as individual transnational actors such as missionaries, all began to involve themselves in Armenian communities, both to promote trade in carpets and to offer the production of them as a solution to the post-violence ills. As a result, Armenian women and children in post-violence communities became an integral part of the global market in oriental carpets as a vulnerable, organizationally weak but cost-efficient workforce. The whole process was justified in the name of assistance to the needy and was closely associated with changing definitions of the work ethic and morality in the late Ottoman Empire.

This article examines the different ways in which masculinity and ethnicity were mu- tually constructed during the Great War and the Armenian Genocide by analyzing the memoirs of Armenak Melikyan, an Armenian cavalry officer in the Ottoman Army. It discusses why Melikyan emphasized in his memoirs certain values, such as dutiful- ness, resourcefulness, and hard work, which were all firmly associated with the he- gemonic masculine model of citizen-soldiers in the late Ottoman Empire. The article further examines the emphasis Melikyan laid on the public recognition he received for his qualities as an officer from Muslim/Turkish superiors, thus reflecting both ethnic and gendered hierarchies in the army. The article argues that many Armenian soldiers in the Ottoman army performed according to hegemonic masculine models in order to defend their precarious masculinity against physical and psychological challenges. This allowed them to remasculinize themselves in the context of the Great War and the Genocide. The article contributes to the study of military memoirs in the late Ottoman Empire by underlining the relation between social and cultural norms and expecta- tions on the one hand and the individual self-perception of military experiences on the other, in the context of the war and ethnic violence.

By focusing on the Armenian homeland associations (hayrenakts‘akank‘) established in Istanbul in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this article examines the migrants’ activism and their achievements—facilitated by affective bonds based on shared origins. It outlines the Istanbul-based homeland associations’ development chronologically and discusses their cultural and economic goals in their home regions in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The article then focuses on their durability and ability to adapt to the needs of the communities in the series of great political and demographic changes in the late Ottoman Empire from mid-1890s to their reconstruction after the end of World War I. The homeland associations established in the post-genocide period reflect the persistence of local belonging as a basis of solidarity and they fulfilled important functions as information networks and intermediaries between the survivors and the community administration. The article argues that Armenian homeland associations constituted a space in which agency of the migrants and their interaction with broader social and political developments could be observed in the late Ottoman Empire. They were one of the most durable and institutionalized forms of migrant solidarity which render migrants’ agency visible in the historiography of the late Ottoman Empire.

Introduction: Ottoman Historiography's Black Hole. Ya?ar Tolga Cora, Dzovinar Derderian and Ali Sipahi PART I: Trans-regional Connectivity: Borders, Immigrants and Cosmopolitanism Chapter 1: The Role of the Trabzon-Erzurum-Bayezid Road in Regional Politics and Ottoman Diplomacy, 1850s-1910s. Fulya OEzkan Chapter 2: The Political Economy of Armenian Migration from the Harput Region to North America in the Hamidian Era, 1885-1908. David Gutman Chapter 3: A Provisional Republic in the Southwest Caucasus: Discourses of Self-Determination on the Ottoman-Caucasian Frontier, 1918-19. Alexander E. Balistreri PART II: Fluid Loyalties and Identities Chapter 4: Shaping Subjectivities and Contesting Power through the Image of 'Kurds', 1860s. Dzovinar Derderian Chapter 5: Native Pastors or Missionaries? Tondrakians or Protestants? Conflicts between Different Group Identities in Khnus in the mid-19th Century. Ya?ar Tolga Cora Chapter 6: 'Devil Worshippers' Encounter the State: 'Heterodox' Identities, State Building and the Politics of Imperial Integration in the Late Ottoman Empire. Edip Goelba?? PART III: How Local is Politics, How Central is the State? Chapter 7: Periphery's Center: Reform, Intermediation and Local Notables in Diyarbakir, 1845-55. U?ur Bahad?r Bayraktar Chapter 8: Complete Ruin of a District: The Sassoun Massacre of 1894. Mehmet Polatel Chapter 9: Ottoman Armenians in the Second Constitutional Period: Expectations and Reservations. Ohannes K?l?cda?? PART IV: Social History of Space: Land, Culture, People Chapter 10: Abandoned Villages in Diyabekir Province at the End of the Little Ice Age, 1800-50. Zozan Pehlivan Chapter 11: Suburbanization and Urban Duality in the Harput Area. Ali Sipahi Chapter 12: The Case of the Armenian Mirakyan Tribe of Dersim: Migration, Land Grabbing and Dissolution. Cihangir Gundo?du