Search

Ethnopharmacological Relevance. The medicinal use of Gastrodia elata BI., a dry tuber of the orchid family, has a long history. Gastrodia elata BI. has the functions of calming the liver, relieving muscle spasms, and dispelling gas. Aim of this Review. To review the traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics of Gastrodia elata BI. In addition, we discuss the future development and research prospects of this plant in detail. Materials and Methods. This article collects information from relevant documents, including scientific papers, books, and dissertations concerning Gastrodia elata BI. Results. To date, research on Gastrodia elata BI. has identified about 100 active compounds. Many compounds in Gastrodia elata BI. have biological activities, such as sedation and hypnosis, anticonvulsion, improvement of learning and memory, protection of neurons, antidepressive effects, lowering of blood pressure, promotion of angiogenesis, protection of cardiomyocytes, antiplatelet aggregation, anti-inflammatory activity, and amelioration of labor pains. Conclusion. Although many traditional uses of this plant have been confirmed, it is necessary to continue to study the relationship between its structure and function, clarify the mechanisms of pharmacological effects, and explore new clinical applications so as to better delineate the quality control standards for Gastrodia elata BI.

Polydopamine (PDA) is a good adhesion agent for lots of gels inspired by the mussel, whereas hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) usually exhibit extraordinary optoelectronic performance. Herein, mussel-inspired chemistry has been integrated with two-dimensional HOIPs first, leading to the preparation of new crystal (HDA)

A luminescent microtube with a tunable cavity was prepared using a chemical etching strategy. The crystal growth, microtube formation, and further applications were studied.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by synovial joint hyperplasia, joint inflammation, cartilage erosion and bone destruction. Macrophages play an essential role in the pathogenesis of RA, and folate receptor β (FR-β) is highly expressed on the surface of activated synovial macrophages in RA patients. Triptolide (TP) has anti-inflammatory properties, and it can protect the cartilage matrix, but its clinical application has been limited due to poor solubility, low bioavailability and systemic toxicity. Therefore, we constructed folate-modified triptolide liposomes (FA-TP-Lips) to target macrophages, thereby treating RA in a safe and effective way. The experiments indicated that FA-TP-Lips had properties of small particle size, uniform particle size distribution, high drug encapsulation and long circulation. Furthermore, FA-TP-Lips showed reduced cytotoxicity, increased cellular uptake and significant anti-inflammatory effects

An FePSe3–FeSe2 lateral heterojunction homogeneously dispersed in Ketjen black carbon exhibits excellent potassium storage properties.

In this study, we report the characterization of three glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of ligupurpuroside B, a complex acylated phenolic glycoside in Ligustrum robustum. UGT85AF8 catalyzed the formation of salidroside from tyrosol. UGT79G7, an osmanthuside A 1,3-rhamnosyltransferase, and UGT79A19, an osmanthuside B 1,4-rhamnosyltransferase, sequentially converted osmanthuside A into ligupurpuroside B. Orthologs of UGT79G7 were also discovered from other plants producing verbascoside. These rhamnosyltransferases expand the toolbox for the biosynthesis of natural products with various sugar chains.

The development of male and female gametophytes is a prerequisite for successful propagation of angiosperms. The small GTPases RAN play fundamental roles in numerous cellular processes. Although RAN GTPases have been characterized in plants, their roles in cellular processes are far from understood. We report here that RAN GTPases in Arabidopsis are critical for gametophytic development. RAN1 loss-of-function showed no defects in gametophytic development likely due to redundancy. However, the expression of a dominant negative or constitutively active RAN1 resulted in gametophytic lethality. Genetic interference of RAN GTPases caused the arrest of pollen mitosis I and of mitosis of functional megaspores, implying a key role of properly regulated RAN activity in mitosis during gametophytic development.

Arisaema cum Bile (Dan Nan Xing, DNX) had a history of nearly one thousand years in clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine. It was mainly used to treat pediatric diseases such as convulsion and hyperthermia. However, the current fermentation technology of DNX was lack of scientific explanation, and there was no unified standard. Therefore, this paper study on the relationship between microorganisms and odor by 16SrRNA and GC-IMS technology in the fermentation technology of DNX, and expounds the scientificity of DNX "fermenting in bovine gallbladder for 100 days" and "increasing bile fermentation DNX ". This study prepared DNX with different fermentation time and different fermentation times of numbers, according to the records of 《Xiao Er Yao Zheng Zhi Jue》(小儿药证直决) and 《Yi Sheng Wei Lun》(颐生微论). 16SrRNA sequencing showed that Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, streptophyta, Bacteroidetes and actinobacteria were active in DNX samples. GC-IMS technology detected 41 volatile substances in DNX, mainly including alcohols, esters, aldehydes etc. According to the results of KEGG analysis between flora and odor metabolism pathway, the above flora may affect the content of esters, alcools, acids and aldehyde compounds of DNX by alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, propanoate metabolism, pyruvate metabolism ways, etc. Spearman correlation analysis showed that Nocardiopsis and Acidovorax were significantly negatively correlated with ammonia. Ammonia was one of the main volatile components of the stink smell of DNX, and the stink smell of DNX was weakened, which was convenient for clinical patients to take. There was no significant difference in the relative abundance of Acidovorax between FJ3M and FJ33M, but the abundance was lower in FJ6M. Nocardiopsis began to increase in FJ3M DNX sample, and the abundance was higher in FJ6M. In addition, compared with MJ, it was found that both Acidovorax in nature and in bovine bile played a role in DNX fermentation, but Acidovorax in bovine bile contributed more. Nocardiopsis was carried by bovine bile itself. This result was helpful to expound the scientificity of "DNX fermentation for 100 days" in the《Xiao Er Yao Zheng Zhi Jue》, and can provide a scientific basis for the fermentation and processing technology of DNX.

Plant roots are sustained through meristem activity at the root tip. Two transcriptional pathways, one mediated by PLETHORAs (PLTs) and the other by SHORTROOT and SCARECROW, play major roles in root meristem development. The role of PLTs during root meristem development requires a concentration gradient, which is not only contributed by posttranslational regulation such as growth dilution and intercellular movement but also likely by a largely unknown fine-tuned transcriptional regulatory mechanism. We report here that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) JANUS positively regulates PLT1 expression in the root meristem by recruiting RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to PLT1 and by interacting with PLT1. JANUS-dependent recruitment of Pol II is inhibited through the competitive binding of JANUS by GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR1 (GIF1)/ANGUSTIFOLIA3, a transcriptional cofactor that negatively regulates PLT1 expression. Finally, GIF1 and JANUS, the antagonistic regulators of PLT1, both depend on Arabidopsis IMPORTIN β4 for their nuclear accumulation. The combination of an importin and its two antagonistic cargos in PLT1 transcription may have logistic benefits in fine-tuning the transcription of PLT1 in root meristem.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the therapeutic and synergistic effects of QHC (combination of quercetin (Q), hirudin (H) and cinnamaldehyd (C)) on Schwann cell differentiation and myelination against high glucose (HG) induced injury. METHODS Primary-culture Schwann cells exposed to HG (50 mmol/L) for 72 h and Schwann cell-dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron cocultures exposed to HG (50 mmol/L) for 7 days were employed as in vitro model of diabetic neuropathy. The cells were randomly divided into 10 groups: control (CON, 25 mmol/L glucose), HG (50 mmol/L glucose), HG plus 10 μmol/L quercetin (Q), HG plus 0.04 IU/mL hirudin (H), HG plus 100 nmol/L cinnamaldehyd (C), HG plus 10 μmol/L quercetin and 0.04 IU/mL hirudin (QH), HG plus 10 μmol/L quercetin and 50 nmol/L cinnamaldehyd (QC), HG plus 0.04 IU/mL hirudin and 50 nmol/L cinnamaldehyd (HC), HG plus 10 μmol/L quercetin, 0.04 IU/mL hirudin and 50 nmol/L cinnamaldehyd (QHC) or 10 μmol/L U0126. Cell differentiation was evaluated by periaxin immunofluorescence staining. The protein expression levels of myelin protein zero (P0), myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p-ERK, p-c-Jun, c-Jun, notch intracellular domain (NICD) and the mRNA expression levels of P0, MBP, MAG, Krox-20, Notch1 and Jagged1 were detected by Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR analysis. The secretion of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The number and length of the myelin segments were evaluated by MBP immunofluorescence staining. The expression and the location of p-ERK in cocultures were detected by MAG and p-ERK immunofluorescence double staining. RESULTS Co-treatment with Q, C, H and their combination promoted Schwann cell differentiation, increased CNTF secretion, up-regulated the protein and mRNA expressions of myelin, and increased the number and length of the myelin segments (P

Hepatocytes are the targets in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) that results in T cell-dependent liver injury. However, hepatocytes may also affect the hepatic T cells in AIH, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we report that hepatocytes could secrete galectin-9 (Gal-9) to suppress the intrahepatic production of Th1 cytokine IFN-γ and restrict AIH development, but hepatocyte damage resulted in opposite effects due to release of TLR2/4 ligands that promoted the intrahepatic production of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12. Through Tim-3, Gal-9 could efficiently suppress the intrahepatic T cell activation despite presence of TLR2/4 ligands, thus attenuating Th1 response in AIH. Intriguingly, intrahepatic IL-6/IL-12 suppressed the effect of TGF-β on Treg cells. Therefore, in AIH, Gal-9 promoted Foxp3 expression and function of hepatic Treg cells through TL1A signaling, although Treg function was still impaired, compared with that in naive state. Due to its promoting effect on Treg function, together with its effect on T effector cells in a Tim-3-independent way, Gal-9 could attenuate intrahepatic IFN-γ production by hindering the increase of hepatic CD4+CD43+ T cells resulting from extrahepatic T cell activation. TLR2/4 ligands attenuated the effects of Gal-9 on Treg cells and CD4+CD43+ T cells by increasing intrahepatic IL-6 and IL-12. Blocking TLR2/4 ligands could efficiently suppress intrahepatic IFN-γ production, liver injury, and hepatic fibrosis. These findings suggest that hepatocytes paradoxically affect Th1 response in AIH due to Gal-9 expression and TLR2/4 ligands release, and that targeting TLR2/4 signaling may provide an important approach in the therapeutic strategy for AIH.

Mounting evidence shows that drug dependence involves the complex interplay between genetics and the environment. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine (DA) synthesis, which plays an essential role in the development of drug addiction. Noradrenergic dysfunction due to abnormalities TH expression has been implicated in the pathogenesis of drug addiction. We profiled thirteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one VNTR (TCAT repeat, UniSTS:240,639) in 512 cases and 600 healthy Chinese subjects to evaluate the relationship between common variants within the TH gene and opioids dependence (OD) in the Chinese Han population. The single-marker analysis determined that rs10770141 (p

Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is a predominant DNA sensor inducing the activation of the innate immune responses that produce proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferons, which has been well-investigated in mammals. However, chicken cGAS (chcGAS), which participates in avian innate immunity, has not been well-investigated. Here, we cloned the complete open reading frame sequence of chcGAS. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that chcGAS was homologous to mammalian cGAS. The chcGAS mRNA was highly expressed in the bone marrow and ileum. The subcellular localization of chcGAS was mainly in the cytoplasm, and partial co-localization was observed in the endoplasmic reticulum. Through overexpression and RNA interference, we demonstrated that chcGAS responded to exogenous dsDNA, HS-DNA, and poly(dA:dT), and to self dsDNA from the DNA damage response, thereby triggering the activation of STING/TBK1/IRF7-mediated innate immunity in both chicken embryonic fibroblasts and chicken liver cancer cells. Furthermore, downregulation of chcGAS enhanced the infection of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 in LMH cells. Our results demonstrated that chcGAS was an important cytosolic DNA sensor activating innate immune responses and may shed light on a strategy for preventing infectious diseases in the poultry industry.

Explosively emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants challenge current nomenclature schemes based on genetic diversity and biological significance. Genomic composition-based machine learning methods have recently performed well in identifying phenotype–genotype relationships. We introduced a framework involving dinucleotide (DNT) composition representation (DCR) to parse the general human adaptation of RNA viruses and applied a three-dimensional convolutional neural network (3D CNN) analysis to learn the human adaptation of other existing coronaviruses (CoVs) and predict the adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). A markedly separable, linear DCR distribution was observed in two major genes—receptor-binding glycoprotein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)—of six families of single-stranded (ssRNA) viruses. Additionally, there was a general host-specific distribution of both the spike proteins and RdRps of CoVs. The 3D CNN based on spike DCR predicted a dominant type II adaptation of most Beta, Delta and Omicron VOCs, with high transmissibility and low pathogenicity. Type I adaptation with opposite transmissibility and pathogenicity was predicted for SARS-CoV-2 Alpha VOCs (77%) and Kappa variants of interest (58%). The identified adaptive determinants included D1118H and A570D mutations and local DNTs. Thus, the 3D CNN model based on DCR features predicts SARS-CoV-2, a major type II human adaptation and is qualified to predict variant adaptation in real time, facilitating the risk-assessment of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and COVID-19 control.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis relies on the formation of arbuscules for efficient nutrient exchange between plants and AM fungi. In this study, we identified a novel kinase gene in rice named OsADK1 (Arbuscule Development Kinase 1) that is required for arbuscule development. By obtaining OsADK1pro::GUS transgenic rice plants and also generating Osadk1 mutants via CRISPR/Cas9 technique, OsADK1 was revealed to be specifically induced in the arbusculated cortical cells and mutations in OsADK1 resulted in an extremely low colonisation rate (c. 3%) of rice roots by AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. In the mutant roots, the very few observed arbuscules nearly all arrested at an early 'trunk-forming' phase without forming any branches. Increasing the inoculum strength of AM fungus or cocultivation with a wild-type nurse plant did not result in the rescue of the arbuscule phenotype. Transcriptome sequencing of both nursed and un-nursed Osadk1 mutants then revealed that the mutation of OsADK1 could greatly affect the AM symbiotic programme, including many key transcription factors such as RAM1 and WRI5. OsADK1 therefore represents a new rice kinase that is required for arbuscule branching. Its identification opens a new window to explore the elaborate signal transduction pathway that determines arbuscule development during plant-fungus symbiosis.

Ovule development is critical for seed development and plant reproduction. Multiple transcription factors (TFs) have been reported to mediate ovule development. However, it is not clear which intracellular components regulate these TFs during ovule development. After their synthesis, TFs are transported into the nucleus a process regulated by karyopherins commonly known as importin alpha and β. Around half of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) importin β-coding genes have been functionally characterized but only two with specific cargos have been identified. We report here that Arabidopsis IMPORTIN β4 (IMB4) regulates ovule development through nucleocytoplasmic transport of transcriptional coactivator growth regulating factors–interacting factors (GIFs). Mutations in IMB4 impaired ovule development by affecting integument growth. imb4 mutants were also defective in embryo sac development, leading to partial female sterility. IMB4 directly interacts with GIFs and is critical for the nucleocytoplasmic transport of GIF1. Finally, functional loss of GIFs resulted in ovule defects similar to those in imb4 mutants, whereas enhanced expression of GIF1 partially restored the fertility of imb4. The results presented here uncover a novel genetic pathway regulating ovule development and reveal the upstream regulator of GIFs.

Influenza A viruses (IAV) modulate host antiviral responses to promote growth and pathogenicity. Here, we examined the multifunctional IAV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza A virus to better understand factors that contribute to viral replication efficiency or pathogenicity. In 2009, a pandemic H1N1 IAV (A/California/07/2009 pH1N1) emerged in the human population from swine. Seasonal variants of this virus are still circulating in humans. Here, we compared the sequence of a seasonal variant of this H1N1 influenza virus (A/Urumqi/XJ49/2018(H1N1), first isolated in 2018) with the pandemic strain A/California/07/2009. The 2018 virus harbored amino acid mutations (I123V and N205S) in important functional sites, however, 108R and 189G were highly conserved between A/California/07/2009 and the 2018 variant. To better understand interactions between influenza viruses and the human innate immune system, we generated and rescued seasonal 2009 H1N1 IAV mutants expressing an NS1 protein harboring a dual mutation (R108K/G189D) at these conserved residues and then analyzed its biological characteristics. We found that the mutated NS1 protein exhibited systematic and selective inhibition of cytokine responses via a mechanism that may not involve binding to cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 30 (CPSF30). These results highlight the complexity underlying host–influenza NS1 protein interactions.

To investigate the effect of invisalign on anterior and posterior upper airway and maxillary bone changes in the treatment of high-angle skeletal Class II malocclusion.Thirty-seven patients with malocclusion undergoing invisible orthodontic treatment in Hospital of Stomatology of Xi'an Jiaotong University from June 2016 to June 2018 were enrolled. Before and 18 months after correction, the correction effect was evaluated. Cone-beam CT (CBCT) was performed to measure the upper airway volume and tongue position. Cephalometric examination was performed to determine the anteroposterious diameter of the upper airway and the position of hyoid bone. The pre-therapy and post-treatment facial profile images of patients and stars were graded by 0-10 numerical rating scale. SPSS 20.0 software package was used to analyze the data.After correction, oropharyngeal volume, glossopharyngeal volume and minimum cross-sectional area of upper airway significantly increased(P0.05). Sagittal diameter of the upper airway at mandibular plane significantly increased after correction (P0.05). After correction, ANB angle, GoGn-SN angle, OPP-SN angle, Y-axis angle, UI-SN angle, UI-PP angle, UI-AP angle, and UI-AP distance significantly decreased, SNB angle and UI- LI angle significantly increased(P0.05). The aesthetics scores of facial profile images significantly increased after correlation(P0.05), which was significantly lower than that of the stars(P0.05).Invisalign can effectively correct open upper airway and malocclusion, achieving better treatment results and satisfactory facial aesthetics effect.

Plant roots are sustained through meristem activity at the root tip. Two transcriptional pathways, one mediated by PLETHORAs (PLTs) and the other by SHORTROOT and SCARECROW, play major roles in root meristem development. The role of PLTs during root meristem development requires a concentration gradient, which is not only contributed by posttranslational regulation such as growth dilution and intercellular movement but also likely by a largely unknown fine-tuned transcriptional regulatory mechanism. We report here that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) JANUS positively regulates PLT1 expression in the root meristem by recruiting RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to PLT1 and by interacting with PLT1. JANUS-dependent recruitment of Pol II is inhibited through the competitive binding of JANUS by GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR1 (GIF1)/ANGUSTIFOLIA3, a transcriptional cofactor that negatively regulates PLT1 expression. Finally, GIF1 and JANUS, the antagonistic regulators of PLT1, both depend on Arabidopsis IMPORTIN β4 for their nuclear accumulation. The combination of an importin and its two antagonistic cargos in PLT1 transcription may have logistic benefits in fine-tuning the transcription of PLT1 in root meristem.

Vinegar is one of the most widely used acidic condiments. In recent decades, rapid advances have been made in the area of vinegar research, and the intellectual structure pertaining to this domain has significantly evolved. Thus, it is important that scientists keep abreast of associated developments to ensure an appropriate understanding of this field. To facilitate this current study, a bibliometric analysis method was adopted to visualize the knowledge map of vinegar research based on literature data retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. In total, 883 original research and review articles from between 1998 and 2019 with 19,663 references were analyzed by CiteSpace. Both a macroscopical sketch and microscopical characterization of the whole knowledge domain were realized. According to the research contents, the main themes that underlie vinegar research can be divided into six categories, that is, microorganisms, substances, health functions, production technologies, adjuvant medicines, and vinegar residues. In addition to the latter analysis, emerging trends and future research foci were predicted. Finally, the evolutionary stage of vinegar research was discerned according to Shneider’s four-stage theory. This review will help scientists to discern the dynamic evolution of vinegar research, as well as highlight areas for future research.

The parametric optimization of process parameter in cold chamber die casting for an industrial component (copper motor rotors) was analyzed. The filling process was successfully simulated based on software FLOW-3D. The distribution of gas entrapment, temperature field and surface defect during the mold filling process were discussed in details. The numerical results showed that the pouring velocity had the most significant influence on the filling time, followed by the filling temperature and the die temperature. As for the filling properties, the effect of the pouring temperature was dominant. From the simulation results, the places of defect in the copper rotor were forecasted, and the reasons of the defect were well explained. Thus, the technological parameters could be improved in numerical simulation, and the simulation results would be further validated in practice.

Silver-mediated C(sp3)–H functionalization and 6-endo-dig oxo-cyclization of conjugated β-alkynyl ketones have been established under oxidative conditions. The reaction leads to the concise formation of a wide range of isochromenes via C(sp3)–H bond-breaking and radical addition steps. Dual and monofunctional isochromene products were selectively controlled by using either electron-rich or electron-deficient radical sources.

Two norditerpenoids (1–2) with unique carbon skeletons, four sesquiterpenoids (3–6) and nine nor-sesquiterpenoids (7–15) were isolated from the leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida and evaluated as possessing antithrombotic activities in vitro/vivo. Their structures with absolute configurations were determined via a combination of spectroscopic data, chemical methods, and quantum-chemical calculations (ECD, NMR, and OR data). Compound 3 showed an inhibitory effect on ADP induced platelet aggregation in vitro, which is mediated through the response to the specific receptor of P2Y12 by docking results. Compound 3 also clearly prolonged the time to form thrombocytes induced by FeCl3, in the caudal vessels of zebrafish.

The use of composite materials is very extensive, so we need to study the properties of these materials. In this paper, the tensile properties and fatigue properties of CFRP sheets are investigated experimentally, besides that, the method has certain reference value for obtaining corresponding application prospects and engineering background. The main work is to obtain the tensile and fatigue acoustic emission characteristics of CFRP sheets experimentally, the corresponding curve is given and its characteristic law is studied. The experimental results show that the carbon fiber plate has obvious acoustic emission characteristics in tension and fatigue, as well as the corresponding law.

A new metal-free three-component 1,5-enyne-bicyclization has been established for the stereoselective construction of sulfonylated anti-indeno[1,2-d]pyridazines using I2/TBHP catalytic oxidative system, in which arylsulfonyl hydrazides function as both the ring component and sulfonyl radical precursor. This reaction pathway involves a Michael addition, 5-exo-dig carbocyclization, H-abstraction and 6-endo-trig aza-cyclization sequence, resulting in continuous multiple bond-forming events including C–S, C–C, and C–N bonds to readily build up functional aza-heterocycles.

Carboxyl-La@C82 modified the gold electrode was applied to the detection of dopamine (DA). The electrochemical behavior of the modified electrode was examined using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods. Electrode surface morphology was characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Compared with the bare electrode, the carboxyl-La@C82 modified electrode was more sensitive with a DA detection limit of 1.0 × 10−8 mol/L in the presence of uric acid (UA). In addition, the electrode was also applied to the detection of actual sample successfully. The good performance of the carboxyl-La@C82 modified electrode provided a promising alternative for DA analysis purpose and made great progresses in the detection for the dopamine by electrochemical sensors.

A new sulfonyl radical-triggered 6-endo-trig cyclization of unactivated 1,5-enynes under catalytic oxidation conditions for flexible synthesis of unprecedented unsymmetrical diaryl sulfones was established. This transformation could also proceed smoothly using 2-arylalkynyl-1,1′-biphenyls, delivering new sulfonylated phenanthrenes. The synthetic utility of these transformations results in subsequent C–S and C–C bond-forming reactions to effectively build up functional sulfones with potential significance.

To identify Oxytropis medicinal materials using ITS2 sequence.The second internal transcribed spacer( ITS2) of Oxytropis fetissovii, Oxytropis myriophylla and Oxytropis grandiflora medicinal material samples was amplified by PCR and sequenced. To expand scope of the research topic,ITS2 sequences of related species were downloaded from Gen Bank. Sequences assembly and consensus sequence generation were performed by ITS2 Database. The related data analysis and processing was performed using software MEGA 5. 10 and the NJ tree was constructed. The ITS2 secondary structure was predicted using ITS2 web server, and the differences of the ITS2 secondary structures of the samples were analyzed.Oxytropis medicinal materials ITS2 sequence was shorter, with sequence length of 216 ~ 218 bp, which was in favor of DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing. Genetic distances of Oxytropis myriophylla, Oxytropis fetissovii and Oxytropis grandiflora were much larger than the genetic distances of themselves. In the NJ tree, Oxytropis medicinal materials and counterfeits could be distinguished, and Oxytropis medicinal materials could be distinguished from Astragalus membranaceus.The DNA barcode based on ITS2 sequence is a powerful and efficient tool for identification of Oxytropis medicinal materials.

New radical-triggered multi-component cyclizations of β-alkynyl propenones have been developed, leading to 50 examples of sulfonated 1-indenones with generally good yields and high levels of stereoselectivity. The oxidant-free azosulfonylation of β-alkynyl propenones with aryldiazonium salts and DABSO was realized under the neutral–redox conditions where TBHP enabled the direct selenosulfonylation of β-alkynyl propenones by combining sulfinic acids and diphenyl diselenide. This protocol features a broad substrate scope, high functional group tolerance and mild reaction conditions.

Dual cobalt(II)/silver catalysis enables multicomponent bicyclization cascades of 2-ethynylanilines, tert-butyl isocyanide, and arylamines, resulting in subsequent multiple bond-forming events to rapidly build up aryliminated pyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles. The reaction pathway involves bimetal-catalyzed isocyanide insertion/1,3-dipolar cycloaddition/imination substitution sequence.

Background This study aimed to explore the clinical efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with surgery in primary synovial sarcoma of the limbs and trunk through retrospective analysis of patients with primary synovial sarcoma of the limbs and trunk treated by this treatment in our hospital. Methods A total of 89 patients diagnosed with synovial sarcoma were enrolled in this study between January 2005 and December 2011 in PLA General Hospital. Most of the patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with operative treatment (84.3%), 10.1% of them received adjuvant chemotherapy combined with operative treatment, and only 5.6% received merely operative treatment. The influence on the prognosis of patients with synovial sarcoma was analyzed by the statistics overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), local control (LC), and freedom from distant metastasis (FFDM). Results The median follow-up time was 68.6 months. The 5-year OS, 5-year PFS, 5-year LC, and 5-year FFDM of the patients were 80.2, 60.5, 78.8, and 80.8%, respectively. The OS of the patients with a tumor size >5 cm was lower (91.4 vs 73.1%, P

Silver-mediated C(sp