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With climate change projections indicating an increase in the frequency of extreme heat events and irregular rainfall patterns globally, the threat to global food security looms large. Terminal heat stress, which occurs during the critical reproductive stage, significantly limits lentil productivity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve lentil's resilience to heat stress to sustain production. However, studies identifying heat-tolerant sources in lentils are limited. To address these issues, we assessed 158 lentil genotypes under normal and late-sown conditions over two consecutive seasons. We employed eleven heat stress indices to identify lines tolerant to heat stress. All genotypes exhibited a decrease in average grain yield when subjected to stress conditions as compared to non-stress conditions, indicating the impact of heat stress on crop yield. Correlation analysis showed significant positive correlation between yield in normal and late-sown conditions and the following heat stress indices: STI, MP, MRP, YI, GMP, and HM. In contrast, TOL, SSPI, and PYR showed negative associations with yield in late-sown conditions. Based on these indices, we identified the genotypes P13143, P13130, and P13135 as high-yielding in both stress and non-stress conditions. Cluster analysis and biplot display in PCA also confirmed that genotypes P13143, P13130, and P13135 exhibited suitability and high yield potential in both environments. These genotypes can be utilized as donors in future breeding programs to introduce genetic variations for improving heat stress tolerance in lentil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Haemorrhage during early pregnancy due to miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, or molar pregnancies, poses serious risks to both maternal and foetal health. Maternal complications can vary from mild discomfort to severe conditions such as haemodynamic instability and anaemia, while foetal risks include miscarriage, preterm birth, low birth weight or growth restriction. Objective: This study aims to analyze and compare the outcomes for mothers and foetuses in cases of early pregnancy haemorrhage compared to those with no haemorrhage. Materials and methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at the tertiary care centre over a one-year period. A total of 150 pregnant women in their first trimester were enrolled using a non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Pregnant women aged 18-40 years with confirmed intrauterine pregnancy were included, excluding those with coagulopathies, multiple pregnancies, or other chronic medical conditions. Results: Out of 150 participants, 62 (41%) reported bleeding per vaginum, while 88 (59%) did not. The mean age of participants with bleeding was 31.4 years compared to 30.5 years without bleeding. Significant differences were observed in haemoglobin levels, prothrombin time (PT), International normalized ratio (INR), and β-hCG levels. The bleeding group had higher incidences of preeclampsia (27.4% vs. 9.1%, p=0.003) and postpartum haemorrhage (17.7% vs. 4.5%, p=0.008). The bleeding group showed a higher rate of intrauterine death (6.5% vs. 1.1%, p=0.07), preterm birth, low birth weight and NICU admissions but differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Early pregnancy haemorrhage is associated with significant maternal and foetal complications. Comprehensive preoperative assessments and individualized care strategies are crucial for optimizing outcomes. Monitoring key blood parameters can aid in timely interventions to safeguard maternal and foetal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is one of the important abiotic stresses in mungbean which significantly reduces yield and quality of the produce. This study was conducted to evaluate the genetic variability for tolerance to pre-harvest sprouting in diverse mungbean genotypes while simultaneously deciphering the association of yield contributing traits with PHS. Eighty-three diverse mungbean genotypes (23 released varieties, 23 advanced breeding lines and 37 exotic germplasm lines) were investigated for tolerance to PHS, water imbibition capacities by pods, pod and seed physical traits. Wide variation in PHS was recorded which ranged between 17.8% to 81% (mean value 54.34%). Germplasm lines exhibited higher tolerance to PHS than the high-yielding released varieties. Correlation analysis revealed PHS to be positively associated with water imbibition capacity by pods (r = 0.21) and germinated pod % (r = 0.78). Pod length (r = −0.13) and seeds per pod (r = −0.13) were negatively influencing PHS. Positive associations between PHS and water imbibition capacity by pods, germinated pod % and 100-seed weight was further confirmed by multivariate analysis. Small-seeded genotypes having 100-seed weight <3 g exhibited higher tolerance to PHS compared to bold-seeded genotypes having 100-seed weight more than 3.5 g. Fresh seed germination among the selected PHS tolerant and susceptible genotypes ranged from 42% (M 204) to 98% (Pusa 1131). A positive association (r = 0.79) was recorded between fresh seed germination and PHS. Genotypes M 1255, M 145, M 422, M 1421 identified as potential genetic donors against PHS could be utilized in mungbean breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pneumococcal infections range from simple respiratory tract mucosal infections as otitis media and sinusitis to more severe diseases including pneumonia, septicemia and meningitis. There is a need for enhanced vaccines as a result of its epidemic outbreak and the lack of potential medications. In this study, epitope-based peptide vaccine components based on the Choline-binding protein A and Pneumococcal surface protein A of Streptococcus pneumoniae were developed using the reverse vaccinology method. These proteins were examined for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes using immunoinformatics tools. Common epitopes predicted by various methods were chosen and evaluated for immunogenicity score, toxicity, antigenicity, and allergenicity assessment. Two potent CTL epitopes in Choline binding protein A were identified as TENEGATQV and TKKRHTITV and one epitope in Pneumococcal surface protein A of Streptococcus pneumonia as KLQYEISTL. These predicted epitopes were conserved across different stains sequences. These discovered epitopes were expected to have a high potential for eliciting an immune response in the development of a Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine components. Although, more experimental validation is required for final confirmation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron and zinc malnutrition is a global humanitarian concern that mostly affects newborns, children, and women in low- and middle-income countries where plant-based diets are regularly consumed. This kind of malnutrition has the potential to result in a number of immediate and long-term implications, including stunted growth, an elevated risk of infectious diseases, and poor development, all of which may ultimately cause children to not develop to the fullest extent possible. A determination of the contributions from genotype, environment, and genotype by environment interactions is necessary for the production of nutrient-dense lentil varieties that offer greater availability of iron and zinc with a high level of trait stability. Understanding the genotype and environmental parameters that affect G x E (Genotype x Environment) interactions is essential for plant breeding. We used GGE(Genotype, Genotype x Environment interactions) and AMMI (Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction) models to study genetic stability and GE(Genotype x Environment interactions) for grain Fe, Zn, Al, and anti-nutritional factors like phytic acid content in sixteen commercially produced lentil cultivars over several different six geographical locations across India. Significant genetic variability was evident in the Fe and Zn levels of different genotypes of lentils. The amounts of grain iron, zinc, and phytic acid varied from 114.10 to 49.90 mg/kg, 74.62 to 21.90 mg/kg, and 0.76 to 2.84 g/100g (dw) respectively. The environment and GE (Genotype x Environment interactions) had an impact on the concentration of grain Fe, Zn, and phytic acid (PA). Heritability estimations ranged from low to high (53.18% to 99.48%). The study indicated strong correlation between the contents of Fe and Zn, a strategy for simultaneously increasing Fe and Zn in lentils may be recommended. In addition, our research revealed that the stable and ideal lentil varieties L4076 (Pusa Shivalik) for Fe concentration and L4717 (Pusa Ageti) for Zn content, which have lower phytic acid contents, will not only play an essential role as stable donors in the lentil bio-fortification but will also enable the expansion of the growing area of bio-fortified crops for the security of health and nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of phosphorus-efficient crop cultivars boosts productivity while lowering eutrophication in the environment. It is feasible to improve the efficiency of phosphorus (P) absorption in lentils by enhancing phosphorus absorption through root architectural traits. The root architectural traits of 110 diverse lentil genotypes of Indian and Mediterranean origin were assessed, and the relationships between traits were investigated. In a hydroponics experiment, the lentil lines were examined at the seedling stage under two conditions: adequate P supply and deficient P supply. The Pearson correlation coefficients between root architectural traits and genetic diversity among lentil lines were assessed. To estimate variance components, a model (fixed factor) was used. In this experiment, both phosphorus (P) and genotype were fixed variables. Our lentil lines showed significant genetic variability and considerable genetic diversity for all traits under both treatments. The TRL (total root length) and PRL (primary root length) showed strong positive associations with all other characteristics excluding root average diameter (RAD) in both P treatments. In both P treatments, the RAD revealed a negative significant association with Total Root Tips (TRT), as well as total root volume (TRV) and total root forks (TRF) in the deficit conditions of P. Total root volume (TRV), total surface area (TSA), and total root tips had higher coefficient variance values. The first two principal components represented 67.88% and 66.19% of the overall variance in the adequate and deficit P treatments respectively. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H') revealed that RAD, PRL, and TSA had more variability than TRT and TRF under both treatments. According to the Comprehensive Phosphorus Efficiency Measure (CPEM), the best five highly efficient genotypes are PLL 18-09, PLS 18-01, PLL 18-25, PLS 18-23, and PLL 18-07, while IG112131, P560206, IG334, L11-231, and PLS18-67 are highly inefficient genotypes. The above contrasting diverse lentil genotypes can be utilized to produce P-efficient lentil cultivars. The lentil germplasm with potentially favorable root traits can be suggested to evaluated for other abiotic stress to use them in crop improvement programme. The scientific breakthroughs in root trait phenotyping have improved the chances of establishing trait-allele relationships. As a result, genotype-to-phenotype connections can be predicted and verified with exceptional accuracy, making it easier to find and incorporate favourable nutrition-related genes/QTLs in to breeding programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-menopause means "before menopause" and refers to the time during which the women's body makes the natural transition to menopause, marking the end of the reproductive years. Pre-menopause is also called the menopausal transition. Women start pre-menopause at different ages. They may notice signs of progression toward menopause, such as menstrual irregularity, sometime in their 40s. But some women notice changes as early as their mid-30s. The level of oestrogen the main female hormone in the body rises and falls unevenly during pre-menopause. The menstrual cycles may lengthen or shorten, and you may begin having menstrual cycles in which the ovaries don't release an egg (ovulate). They may also experience menopause-like symptoms, such as hot flashes, sleep problems and vaginal dryness. Treatments are available to help ease these symptoms. Once they have gone through 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period they have officially reached menopause, and the pre-menopause period is overAim of the study-"An exploratory study to assess the knowledge regarding premenopausal changes among women in selected areas of Pune city". The objective of this study was To assess the knowledge regarding the pre-menopausal changes among women. To associate the research findings with selected demographic variables. Material and methods:-The research approach adopted was the quantitative approach.non experimental descriptive survey method was used to conduct the study to check the knowledge regarding pre-menopausal changes among women studied in selected areas of Pune city data was collected using self structured questionnaires .150 women were chosen for study, non probability sampling technique was used. The result was analyzed using frequency percentage and chi -square. Result-In this study, the following results were found. Among the 150 premenopausal women majority i.e., 78% had average knowledge, 19.33% had poor knowledge and 2.6% had good knowledge regarding the premenopausal changes. Conclusion:-The goal of this study was to see knowledge regarding the premenopausal changes among women. As a result of the study's findings, it was concluded that majority of women having average knowledge regarding the pre-menopausal changes in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]