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Trichophyton erinacei is a main cause of dermatophytosis in hedgehogs and is increasingly reported from human infections worldwide. This pathogen was originally described in the European hedgehog ( Erinaceus europaeus) but is also frequently found in the African four-toed hedgehog ( Atelerix albiventris), a popular pet animal worldwide. Little is known about the taxonomy and population genetics of this pathogen despite its increasing importance in clinical practice. Notably, whether there are different populations or even cryptic species associated with different hosts or geographic regions is not known. To answer these questions, we collected 161 isolates, performed phylogenetic and population-genetic analyses, determined mating-type, and characterised morphology and physiology. Multigene phylogeny and microsatellite analysis supported T. erinacei as a monophyletic species, in contrast to highly incongruent single-gene phylogenies. Two main subpopulations, one specific mainly to Atelerix and second to Erinaceus hosts, were identified inside T. erinacei, and slight differences in the size of microconidia and antifungal susceptibilities were observed among them. Although the process of speciation into two lineages is ongoing in T. erinacei, there is still gene flow between these populations. Thus, we present T. erinacei as a single species, with notable intraspecies variability in genotype and phenotype. The data from wild hedgehogs indicated that sexual reproduction in T. erinacei and de novo infection of hedgehogs from soil are probably rare events and that clonal horizontal spread strongly dominates. The molecular typing approach used in this study represents a suitable tool for further epidemiological surveillance of this emerging pathogen in both animals and humans. The results of this study also highlighted the need to use a multigene phylogeny ideally in combination with other independent molecular markers to understand the species boundaries of dermatophytes.

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Fusarium chuoi R. Hill, Gaya, D.T. Vu, Sand.-Den. & Crous, sp. nov. Etymology. From chu���i, Vietnamese vernacular name for Musa spp., from which the ex-type strain was isolated. Classification ��� Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes. On SNA and CLA, sporulation abundant from aerial conidiophores and sporodochia. Aerial conidiophores erect or prostrate, copiously branching laterally and sympodially, giving rise to macro-, and rarely, microconidia; aerial conidiogenous cells mono- and polyphialidic, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, proliferating sympodially, 6.5���40.5 �� 2.5���4 ��m, with apical flared collarette and periclinal thickening; aerial conidia of two types: microconidia often produced on prostrate conidiophores, rarely on aerial mycelium, aggregating in false heads, ellipsoidal, subcylindrical to slightly falcate, 0 ���1-septate, 8���15 �� 2���29.5 ��m; macroconidia fusiform to falcate, straight to apically dorsiventrally curved, apex curved to pointed, base obtuse to papillate, 1���3-septate, smooth- and thin-walled; 1-septate conidia: (14���)18���27.5(���29.5) �� (2.5���)3���4 ��m (av. 22.8 �� 3.2 ��m); 2-septate conidia: 26���28.5 �� 3���4 ��m (av. 27.4 �� 3.6 ��m); 3-septate conidia: (28���)31.5���43(���50.5) �� 3���4 ��m (av. 37.3 �� 3.5 ��m). Sporodochia saffron, luteous to ochreous coloured (Rayner 1970), formed abundantly on the agar surface and carnation leaves under nuv. Conidiophores in sporodochia, densely and irregularly branched, bearing apical whorls of 2 ��� 4 monophialides; sporodochial monophialides subcylindrical, 10���26 �� 2.5���4.5 ��m, smooth- and thin-walled, with a distinct apical collarette. Sporodochial conidia (macroconidia) falcate, almost straight to gently curved, tapering at both ends, apex curved to blunt, base poorly- to well-developed foot-shaped, 1���6-septate, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled; 1-septate conidia: (14.5���)15���20.5(���24) �� 3���4.5 ��m (av. 17.9 �� 3.9 ��m); 2-septate conidia: 21.5���32 �� 3���4.5 ��m (av. 26.4 �� 3.5 ��m); 3-septate conidia: (33���)43���61(���71.5) �� (3���)4���5 ��m (av. 51.8 �� 4.2 ��m); 4-septate conidia: (50.5���)55���69(���74.5) �� 3.5���5 ��m (av. 62.3 �� 4.2 ��m); 5-septate conidia: 54 �� 4.5 ��m (rare); 6-septate conidia: (49.5���)56.5���71(���73) �� (3.5���)4���4.5(���5) ��m (av. 63.8 �� 4.3 ��m). Chlamydospores not observed. Culture characteristics ��� Colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and oatmeal agar (OA) growing in the dark at 24 �� C covering and entire 9 cm Petri dish in 7 d. Colony surface peach to vinaceous, flat, velvety to felty with abundant floccose aerial mycelium forming concentric rings; colony margins undulate. Reverse flesh to salmon with diffuse coral to brick pigment throughout the medium. Typus. VIETNAM, H�� Tĩnh Province, H����ng S��n District,S��n Kim commune, N18��25'37.38" E105��12'53.95", inside seed of Musa itinerans (Musaceae), 9 Nov. 2014, D.M. Thu, L.T. Phong & T.T. Duong, isol. R. Hill (holotype CBS H-24901,culture ex-type CBS 148464; ITS, LSU, cmdA, rpb1, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 sequences GenBank OK586454, OK586452, OK626304, OK626306, OK626302, OK626308 and OK626310, MycoBank MB 841865). Colour illustrations. Flowers, fruits, leaves and seeds of Musa itinerans (background photo by D. T. Vu); from top to bottom and left to right: colony on PDA after 14 d at 24 �� C in darkness (left = obverse,right = reverse), sporodochia formed on CLA,aerial conidiophore,aerial conidiogenous cells,aerial conidia, sporodochial conidia. Scale bars: black = 20 ��m, white = 10 ��m. Additional material examined. VIETNAM, Ngh��� An Province, Con Cu��ng District, Ch��u Kh�� commune, N19��1'48.73" E104��43'31.97", inside seed of M. itinerans, 18 Nov. 2014, L.T. Phong, V.V. Tung & T.T. Duong, isol. R. Hill (culture CBS 148465; ITS, LSU, cmdA, rpb1, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 sequences GenBank OK586455, OK586453, OK626305, OK626307, OK626303, OK626309 and OK626311). Notes ��� Fusarium chuoi resides in the Asian clade of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC: O���Donnell et al. 1998, Yilmaz et al. 2021, Crous et al. 2021b). Based on nucleotide searches using the Fusarium Pairwise ID engine on the Fusarioid-ID database (www.fusarium.org, Crous et al. 2021) the closest hit using the ITS sequence was Fusarium siculi (strain CBS 142422; identities = 449/450 (99 %), no gaps). The closest hit using the LSU sequence was F. siculi (strain CBS 142422; identities = 804/805 (99 %), no gaps). Closest hit using the cmdA sequence was Fusarium fractiflexum (strain NRRL 28852; identities = 426/434 (98 %), no gaps). Closest hit using the rpb1 sequence was F. fujikuroi (strain NRRL 13566; identities = 687/702 (98 %), no gaps). Closest hit using the rpb2 sequence was Fusarium globosum (strain CBS 428.97; identities = 856/867 (98 %), no gaps). Closest hit using the tef1 sequence was F. fractiflexum (strain NRRL 28852; identities = 619/643 (96 %), 2 gaps (0.3 %)). The phylogenetic results, however, showed that F. chuoi is not directly related to any of the previously described species of FFSC (see Suppl. material FP1353), clustering as the second basal-most species of that clade after F. sacchari. Asian Fusarium spp. in the FFSC are characterised by mono-and polyphialides producing oval to ellipsoid, rarely pyriform to globose (i.e., F. annulatum, F. fujikuroi and F. globosum) microconidia organized in chains or false heads; 3���5-septate sporodochial conidia and lacking chlamydospores. The elaborate, profusely branched aerial conidiophores of F. chuoi are comparable to those of F. concentricum, F. lumajangense, F. mangiferae and F. sacchari, all the latter species producing oval, ellipsoidal to allantoid microconidia on false heads.Aerial conidiophores of F. chuoi, however, mostly produce macroconidia, while microconidia grouped on false heads are restricted to short, mostly unbranched and prostrate conidiophores formed on the surface on the culture media. Several Asian species of the FFSC have been reported from Musa spp. i.e., F. annulatum, F. concentricum, F. fujikuroi, F. lumajangense and F. sacchari (Leslie & Summerell 2006, Maryani et al. 2019, Farr & Rossman 2021). The two strains representing F. chuoi were isolated as endophytes from asymptomatic seeds of wild banana (Musa itinerans), which had been collected predispersal and stored in the Millennium Seed Bank for ~2.5 years at -20 �� C prior to isolation. Supplementary material FP1353 Phylogenetic tree., Published as part of Crous, P. W., Osieck, E. R., Jurjevi, ��, Boers, J., Van Iperen, A. L., Starink-Willemse, M., Dima, B., Balashov, S., Bulgakov, T. S., Johnston, P. R., Morozova, O. V., Pinruan, U., Sommai, S., Alvarado, P., Decock, C. A., Lebel, T., McMullan-Fisher, S., Moreno, G., Shivas, R. G., Zhao, L., Abdollahzadeh, J., Abrinbana, M., Ageev, D. V., Akhmetova, G., Alexandrova, A. V., Alt��s, A., Amaral, A. G. G., Angelini, C., Anton��n, V., Arenas, F., Asselman, P., Badali, F., Baghela, A., Ba��ares, A., Barreto, R. W., Baseia, I. G., Bellanger, J. - M., Berraf-Tebbal, A., Biketova, A. Yu., Bukharova, N. V., Burgess, T. I., Cabero, J., C��mara, M. P. S., Cano-Lira, J. F., Ceryngier, P., Ch��vez, R., Cowan, D. A., de Lima, A. F., Oliveira, R. L., Denman, S., Dang, Q. N., Dovana, F., Duarte, I. G., Eichmeier, A., Erhard, A., Esteve-Ravent��s, F., Fellin, A., Ferisin, G., Ferreira, R. J., Ferrer, A., Finy, P., Gaya, E., Geering, A. D. W., Gil-Dur��n, C., Gl��ssnerov��, K., Glushakova, A. M., Gramaje, D., Guard, F. E., Guarnizo, A. L., Haelewaters, D., Halling, R. E., Hill, R., Hirooka, Y., Hubka, V., Iliushin, V. A., Ivanova, D. D., Ivanushkina, N. E., Jangsantear, P., Justo, A., Kachalkin, A. V., Kato, S., Khamsuntorn, P., Kirtsideli, I. Y., Knapp, D. G., Kochkina, G. A., Koukol, O., Kov��cs, G. M., Kruse, J., Kumar, T. K. A., Ku��an, I., L��ss��e, T., Larsson, E., Lebeuf, R., Levic��n, G., Loizides, M., Marinho, P., Luangsa-ard, J. J., Lukina, E. G., Maga��a-Due��as, V., Maggs-K��lling, G., Malysheva, E. F., Malysheva, V. F., Mart��n, B., Mart��n, M. P., Mato��ec, N., McTaggart, A. R., Mehrabi-Koushki, M., Me��i��, A., Miller, A. N., Mironova, P., Moreau, P. - A., Morte, A., M��ller, K., Nagy, L. G., Nanu, S., Navarro-R��denas, A., Nel, W. J., Nguyen, T. H., N��brega, T. F., Noordeloos, M. E., Olariaga, I., Overton, B. E., Ozerskaya, S. M., Palani, P., Pancorbo, F., Papp, V., Paw��owska, J., Pham, T. Q., Phosri, C., Popov, E. S., Portugal, A., Po��ta, A., Reschke, K., Reul, M., Ricci, G. M., Rodr��guez, A., Romanowski, J., Ruchikachorn, N., Saar, I., Safi, A., Sakolrak, B., Salzmann, F., Sandoval-Denis, M., Sangwichein, E., Sanhueza, L., Sato, T., Sastoque, A., Senn-Irlet, B., Shibata, A., Siepe, K., Somrithipol, S., Spetik, M., Sridhar, P., Stchigel, A. M., Stuskova, K., Suwannasai, N., Tan, Y. P., Thangavel, R., Tiago, I., Tiwari, S., Tkal��ec, Z., Tomashevskaya, M. A., Tonegawa, C., Tran, H. X., Tran, N. T., Trov��o, J., Trubitsyn, V. E., Van Wyk, J., Vieira, W. A. S., Vila, J., Visagie, C. M., Vizzini, A., Volobuev, S. V., Vu, D. T., Wangsawat, N., Yaguchi, T., Ercole, E., Ferreira, B. W., de Souza, A. P., Vieira, B. S. & Groenewald, J. Z., 2021, Fusarium chuoi R. Hill, Gaya, D. T. Vu, Sand. - Den. & Crous, R. Hill, Gaya, D. T. Vu, Sand. - Den. & Crous sp. nov., pp. 310-311 in Fungal Planet 47 (1) on page 311, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5856199, {"references":["Rayner RW. 1970. A Mycological Colour Chart. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew and British Mycological Society.","O'Donnell K, Cigelnik E, Nirenberg H. 1998. Molecular systematics and phylogeography of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. Mycologia 90: 465 - 493.","Yilmaz N, Sandoval-Denis M, Lombard L, et al. 2021. Redefining species limits in the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex. Persoonia 46: 129 - 162.","Crous PW, Lombard L, Sandoval-Denis M, et al. 2021 b. Fusarium: more than a node or a foot-shaped basal cell. Studies in Mycology 98: 100116.","Crous PW, Cowan DA, Maggs-Kolling G, et al. 2021 a. Fungal Planet descrip- tion sheets: 1182 - 1283. Persoonia 46: 313 - 528.","Leslie JF, Summerell BA. 2006. The Fusarium laboratory manual. Blackwell Publishing, Ames.","Maryani N, Sandoval-Denis M, Lombard L, et al. 2019. New endemic Fusarium species hitch-hiking with pathogenic Fusarium strains causing Panama disease in small-holder banana plots in Indonesia. Persoonia 43: 48 - 69."]}

Since the last revision in 2015, the taxonomy of section Flavipedes evolved rapidly along with the availability of new species delimitation techniques. This study aims to re-evaluate the species boundaries of section Flavipedes members using modern delimitation methods applied to an extended set of strains (n = 90) collected from various environments. The analysis used DNA sequences of three house-keeping genes (benA, CaM, RPB2) and consisted of two steps: application of several single-locus (GMYC, bGMYC, PTP, bPTP) and multi-locus (STACEY) species delimitation methods to sort the isolates into putative species, which were subsequently validated using DELINEATE software that was applied for the first time in fungal taxonomy. As a result, four new species are introduced, i.e. A. alboluteus, A. alboviridis, A. inusitatus and A. lanuginosus, and A. capensis is synonymized with A. iizukae. Phenotypic analyses were performed for the new species and their relatives, and the results showed that the growth parameters at different temperatures and colonies characteristics were useful for differentiation of these taxa. The revised section harbors 18 species, most of them are known from soil. However, the most common species from the section are ecologically diverse, occurring in the indoor environment (six species), clinical samples (five species), food and feed (four species), droppings (four species) and other less common substrates/environments. Due to the occurrence of section Flavipedes species in the clinical material/hospital environment, we also evaluated the susceptibility of 67 strains to six antifungals (amphotericin B, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, isavuconazole, terbinafine) using the reference EUCAST method. These results showed some potentially clinically relevant differences in susceptibility between species. For example, MICs higher than those observed for A. fumigatus wild-type were found for both triazoles and amphotericin B for A. ardalensis, A. iizukae, and A. spelaeus whereas A. lanuginosus, A. luppiae, A. movilensis, A. neoflavipes, A. olivimuriae and A. suttoniae were comparable to or more susceptible as A. fumigatus. Finally, terbinafine was in vitro active against all species except A. alboviridis.

75th annual meeting of the Japanese Society of Microscopy, June 17–19, 2019, Nagoya, Japan

Background: Little information from prospective clinical trials is available on the influences of surgical approaches on postoperative body compositions and nutritional status. We designed a prospective non-randomized trial to compare postoperative chronological changes in body composition and nutritional status between laparoscopic and open distal gastrectomy for stage I gastric cancer (GC). Methods: Body compositions and nutritional indicators in blood tests were measured at the baseline and at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th postoperative months (POM). The primary end point was the decrease relative to the baseline in the body muscle mass at POM 6. Results: Ninety-six patients for the laparoscopic group and 52 for the open group were eligible for data analysis. No significant differences were found in any baseline demographics, body compositions, and nutritional indicators between the groups. The changes of body muscle mass at POM 6 were similar in both groups. Overall, no significant differences between the groups were observed in any of the body composition and nutritional indicators during the first year after surgery. Conclusions: Postoperative body compositions and nutritional status were not affected by surgical approaches during the first 12 months after surgery in patients who underwent distal gastrectomy for stage I GC.