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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in older age. Pathophysiological changes begin in the brains of affected individuals many years before any clinical signs are observed. Although brain imaging and neurophysiological analyzes are useful to reveal anatomical and functional changes in patients whose diagnosis of AD is considered based on clinical examination, their contribution to the diagnosis is quite limited, particularly in the early stages of the disease. Some biological markers are important as laboratory support in the early diagnosis of AD. Biomarkers are objectively measurable and evaluable indicators that serve to identify normal biological processes, pathological processes, and therapeutic response rates. Biomarkers have the potential to predict the likelihood of disease, assist in early diagnosis, and contribute to monitoring treatment effectiveness. This article aimed to provide information about the use of proximity extension assay technology in biomarker studies in AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurodegenerative diseases impact the structure and operation of the nervous system, causing progressive and irreparable harm. Efforts for distinguishing neurodegenerative diseases in their early stages are continuing. Despite several biomarkers being identified, there is always search for more accurate and abundant ones. Additionally, it can be difficult to pinpoint the precise neurodegenerative disorder affecting a patient as the symptoms of these conditions frequently overlap. Numerous studies have shown that pathological changes occur years before clinical signs appear. Therefore, it is crucial to discover blood‐based biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases for easier and earlier diagnosis. Proximity extension assay is a unique proteomics method that uses antibodies linked to oligonucleotides for quantifying proteins with real‐time PCR. Proximity extension assay can identify even low‐quantity proteins using a small volume of specimens with increased sensitivity compared to conventional methods. In this article, we reviewed the employment of proximity extension assay technology to detect biomarkers or protein profiles for several neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The retina is affected by Parkinson's disease (PD)., Purpose: We aimed to assess the anatomical and vascular deterioration of the retina in PD., Methods: Sixty-six patients with PD and 66 healthy volunteers were evaluated in this study. Choriocapillaris vessel density (CCVD), superficial vascular density (SVD), deep vascular densities (DVD), central macular thickness (CMT), retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), ganglionic cell layer (GCL), and choroidal thickness (CT) were assessed., Results: RNFL, GCL, CMT, and CT were thinner than in HC, and also the differences between the groups were statistically significant ( P < .05). SVD and DVD were not statistically different between the groups ( P > .05). There was a decrease in vascular density in all quadrants of the choriocapillary layer. The decrease in vascular density was statistically significant in the nasal, inferior and central quadrants ( P < .05)., Conclusion: These results supported vascular thinning in the choroidal layer. Also showed that vascular and neural layers were affected together. It could help clinicians in the follow-up of Parkinson's patients., Competing Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2024.)