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Tundish-to-mold shrouds, which include the submerged-entry nozzle (SEN), monotubes and submerged-entry shrouds, play a crucial role in transferring liquid steel to the mold. Most products are designed to work well within an ideal operating window. When operating under wide mold widths and slow casting speeds, the steel streams exiting the nozzle have low momentum and do not reach the narrow faces effectively. This can lead to suboptimal flow and temperature distribution within the mold. Sticker alarms were experienced at the Cleveland-Cliffs Burns Harbor caster under certain conditions. A comprehensive study was undertaken to evaluate the flow under these conditions using both computational and physical modeling techniques. The effect of several design features of the SEN on the flow in the SEN and eventually the mold is investigated and presented. Implementation of design features to achieve better flow distribution in the mold and reducing the potential for stickers are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the use of enhanced digital twin tools in steelmaking to create a combination of modular and specialized interfaces for a pilot process and improving on some existing development. Topics discussed include parameters to control and monitor the continuous casting process to ensure a safe consistent, and cost-effective product, array of strain gauges, linear variable displacement transformers (LVDTs) and data-loading methods and user options for loading data.