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Objective: To investigate the impact of the number of drugs on rehabilitation outcomes for patients with acute traumatic brain injury. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Hospital‐based database created by the Japan Medical Data Center. Participants: Patients with acute traumatic brain injury admitted between April 2014 and November 2017. Methods: Analysis of relationships among 1‐5 and ≥ 6 drugs as well as clinical outcomes in 2603 patients. Main Outcome Measurements: The primary outcome was defined as the Barthel index efficiency, and the secondary outcome was Barthel index gain and length of hospital stay. Results: Median Barthel index score on admission was 40. Barthel index efficiency and Barthel index gain were significantly higher in the group that had taken 1‐5 drugs than in the group that had taken ≥6 drugs on admission (median: 1.19 vs 0.50, 20.0 vs 10.0). Also, the group that had taken 1‐5 drugs had a significantly shorter length of hospital stay than in the group that had taken ≥6 drugs on admission (median 11.0 vs 14.0). Moreover, multiple linear regression analysis showed that having taken ≥6 drugs on admission was independently associated with Barthel index efficiency, Barthel index gain, and length of stay. Conclusions: Taking≥6 drugs for acute traumatic brain injury was associated with lower Barthel index efficiency, lower Barthel index gain, and longer length of stay than taking 1‐5 drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the fusion of mtDNA-less ([Rho].sup.0]) cells of Mus musculus domesticus with platelets from different species, mtDNA repopulated cybrids were obtained for finding the mtDNA species that could induce mitochondrial abnormalities. Expression of mitochondrial dysfunction might be expected in these cybrids due to incompatibility between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes from different species. The results showed that mouse [Rho].sup.0] cells could receive mtDNA from a different mouse species, M. spretus, or even mtDNA from the rat, Rattus norvegicus, and that the introduced rat mtDNA, but not M. spretus mtDNA, caused mitochondrial dysfunction, even though rat mtDNA could restore normal mitochondrial translation in the cybrids. Considering that mitochondrial respiratory complexes consist of nuclear DNA- and mtDNA-coded polypeptides, these observations suggest that the nuclear and mitochondrial interactions required for replication, transcription, and translation of introduced rat mtDNA must be less stringently controlled than those required for formation of normal respiratory complexes. As no procedure for introduction of mutagenized mouse mtDNA into living cells has yet been established, these findings provide important insights into generating mtDNA-knockout mice.

Objective: To investigate the impact of the number of drugs on rehabilitation outcomes for patients with acute traumatic brain injury., Design: Retrospective cohort study., Setting: Hospital-based database created by the Japan Medical Data Center., Participants: Patients with acute traumatic brain injury admitted between April 2014 and November 2017., Methods: Analysis of relationships among 1-5 and ≥ 6 drugs as well as clinical outcomes in 2603 patients., Main Outcome Measurements: The primary outcome was defined as the Barthel index efficiency, and the secondary outcome was Barthel index gain and length of hospital stay., Results: Median Barthel index score on admission was 40. Barthel index efficiency and Barthel index gain were significantly higher in the group that had taken 1-5 drugs than in the group that had taken ≥6 drugs on admission (median: 1.19 vs 0.50, 20.0 vs 10.0). Also, the group that had taken 1-5 drugs had a significantly shorter length of hospital stay than in the group that had taken ≥6 drugs on admission (median 11.0 vs 14.0). Moreover, multiple linear regression analysis showed that having taken ≥6 drugs on admission was independently associated with Barthel index efficiency, Barthel index gain, and length of stay., Conclusions: Taking≥6 drugs for acute traumatic brain injury was associated with lower Barthel index efficiency, lower Barthel index gain, and longer length of stay than taking 1-5 drugs., (© 2020 American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.)