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Recently, large foundation models, including large language models (LLMs) and large vision-language models (LVLMs), have become essential tools in critical fields such as law, finance, and healthcare. As these models increasingly integrate into our daily life, it is necessary to conduct moral evaluation to ensure that their outputs align with human values and remain within moral boundaries. Previous works primarily focus on LLMs, proposing moral datasets and benchmarks limited to text modality. However, given the rapid development of LVLMs, there is still a lack of multimodal moral evaluation methods. To bridge this gap, we introduce M$^3$oralBench, the first MultiModal Moral Benchmark for LVLMs. M$^3$oralBench expands the everyday moral scenarios in Moral Foundations Vignettes (MFVs) and employs the text-to-image diffusion model, SD3.0, to create corresponding scenario images. It conducts moral evaluation across six moral foundations of Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) and encompasses tasks in moral judgement, moral classification, and moral response, providing a comprehensive assessment of model performance in multimodal moral understanding and reasoning. Extensive experiments on 10 popular open-source and closed-source LVLMs demonstrate that M$^3$oralBench is a challenging benchmark, exposing notable moral limitations in current models. Our benchmark is publicly available.

Recently, topological Dirac-vortex modes in Kekul\'e-distorted photonic lattices have attracted broad interest and exhibited promising applications in robust photonic devices such as topological cavities, lasers, and fibers. However, due to the vectorial nature of electromagnetic waves that results in complicated band dispersions and fails the tight-binding model predictions, it is challenging to construct three-dimensional (3D) topological photonic structures with Kekul\'e distortion and the photonic topological Dirac-vortex modes have thus far been limited to two-dimensional (2D) systems. Here, by directly mapping a 3D Kekul\'e-distorted tight-binding model in a 3D tight-binding-like photonic crystal exhibiting scalar-wave-like band structures, we theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate topological Dirac-vortex modes in a 3D photonic topological insulator for the first time. Using microwave near-field measurements, we directly observe robust photonic topological Dirac-vortex modes bound to and propagate along a one-dimensional (1D) Dirac-vortex line defect, matching well with the tight-binding and simulation results. Our work offers an ideal platform to map tight-binding models in 3D topological photonic crystals directly and opens a new avenue for exploiting topological lattice defects to manipulate light in 3D space.

We report an experimental realization of a new type of topology-controlled photonic cavities in valley photonic crystals by adopting judiciously oriented mirrors to localize the valley-polarized edge states along their propagation path. By using microwave frequency- and time-domain measurements, we directly observe the strong confinement of electromagnetic energy at the mirror surface due to the extended time delay required for the valley index flipping. Moreover, we experimentally demonstrate that both the degree of energy localization and quality factors of the topology-controlled photonic cavities are determined by the valley-flipping time which is controlled by the topology of the mirror. These results extend and complement the current design paradigm of topological photonic cavities.

Currently many benchmarks have been proposed to evaluate the perception ability of the Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs). However, most benchmarks conduct questions by selecting images from existing datasets, resulting in the potential data leakage. Besides, these benchmarks merely focus on evaluating LVLMs on the realistic style images and clean scenarios, leaving the multi-stylized images and noisy scenarios unexplored. In response to these challenges, we propose a dynamic and scalable benchmark named Dysca for evaluating LVLMs by leveraging synthesis images. Specifically, we leverage Stable Diffusion and design a rule-based method to dynamically generate novel images, questions and the corresponding answers. We consider 51 kinds of image styles and evaluate the perception capability in 20 subtasks. Moreover, we conduct evaluations under 4 scenarios (i.e., Clean, Corruption, Print Attacking and Adversarial Attacking) and 3 question types (i.e., Multi-choices, True-or-false and Free-form). Thanks to the generative paradigm, Dysca serves as a scalable benchmark for easily adding new subtasks and scenarios. A total of 24 advanced open-source LVLMs and 2 close-source LVLMs are evaluated on Dysca, revealing the drawbacks of current LVLMs. The benchmark is released at https://github.com/Robin-WZQ/Dysca., Comment: Accepted by ICLR2025

Despite the rapid progress and outstanding performance of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) in recent years, LVLMs have been plagued by the issue of hallucination, i.e., LVLMs tend to generate responses that are inconsistent with the corresponding visual inputs. To evaluate the degree of hallucination in LVLMs, previous works have proposed a series of benchmarks featuring different types of tasks and evaluation metrics. However, we find that the quality of the existing hallucination benchmarks varies, with some suffering from problems, e.g., inconsistent evaluation results under repeated tests, and misalignment with human evaluation. To this end, we propose a Hallucination benchmark Quality Measurement framework (HQM), which leverages various indicators to assess the reliability and validity of existing hallucination benchmarks separately. Specifically, for reliability we explore test-retest reliability and parallel-forms reliability, while for validity we examine criterion validity and coverage of hallucination types. Furthermore, based on the results of our quality measurement, we construct a High-Quality Hallucination Benchmark (HQH) for LVLMs, which demonstrates superior reliability and validity under our HQM framework. We conduct an extensive evaluation of over 10 representative LVLMs, including GPT-4o and Gemini-1.5-Pro, to provide an in-depth analysis of the hallucination issues in existing models. Our benchmark is publicly available at https://github.com/HQHBench/HQHBench.

The discovery of photonic higher-order topological insulators (HOTIs) has significantly expanded our understanding of band topology and provided unprecedented lower-dimensional topological boundary states for robust photonic devices. However, due to the vectorial and leaky nature of electromagnetic waves, it is challenging to discover three-dimensional (3D) topological photonic systems and photonic HOTIs have so far still been limited to two dimensions (2D). Here, we report on the first experimental realization of a 3D Wannier-type photonic HOTI in a tight-binding-like metal-cage photonic crystal, whose band structure matches well with that of a 3D tight-binding model due to the confined Mie resonances. By microwave near-field measurements, we directly observe coexisting topological surface, hinge, and corner states in a single 3D photonic HOTI, as predicted by the tight-binding model and simulation results. Moreover, we demonstrate that all-order topological boundary states are self-guided even in the light cone continuum and can be exposed to air without ancillary cladding, making them well-suited for practical applications. Our work thus opens routes to the multi-dimensional robust manipulation of electromagnetic waves at the outer surfaces of 3D cladding-free photonic bandgap materials and may find novel applications in 3D topological integrated photonics devices., Comment: 23 pages,4 figures

Topological polaritons characterized by light-matter interactions have become a pivotal platform in exploring new topological phases of matter. Recent theoretical advances unveiled a novel mechanism for tuning topological phases of polaritons by modifying the surrounding photonic environment (light-matter interactions) without altering the lattice structure. Here, by embedding a dimerized chain of microwave helical resonators (electric dipole emitters) in a metallic cavity waveguide, we report the pioneering observation of tunable topological phases of polaritons by varying the cavity width which governs the surrounding photonic environment and the strength of light-matter interactions. Moreover, we experimentally identified a new type of topological phase transition which includes three non-coincident critical points in the parameter space: the closure of the polaritonic bandgap, the transition of the Zak phase, and the hybridization of the topological edge states with the bulk states. These results reveal some remarkable and uncharted properties of topological matter when strongly coupled to light and provide an innovative design principle for tunable topological photonic devices., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

Emergent collective modes in lattices give birth to many intriguing physical phenomena in condensed matter physics. Among these collective modes, large-area modes typically feature small-level spacings, while a mode with stable frequency tends to be spatially tightly confined. Here, we theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate a spectral-isolated photonic topological corner mode with a tunable mode area and stable frequency in a two-dimensional photonic crystal. This mode emerges from hybridizing the large-area homogeneous mode and in-gap topological corner modes. Remarkably, this large-area homogeneous mode possesses unique chirality and has a tunable mode area under the change of the mass term of the inner topological non-trivial lattice. We experimentally observe such topological large-area corner modes(TLCM) in a 2D photonic system and demonstrate the robustness by introducing disorders in the structure. Our findings have propelled the forefront of higher-order topology research, transitioning it from single-lattice systems to multi-lattice systems. They may support promising potential applications, particularly in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

The Bloch band theory and Brillouin zone (BZ) that characterize wave behaviors in periodic mediums are two cornerstones of contemporary physics ranging from condensed matter to topological physics. Recent theoretical breakthrough revealed that, under the projective symmetry algebra enforced by artificial gauge fields, the usual two-dimensional (2D) BZ (orientable Brillouin two-torus) can be fundamentally modified to a non-orientable Brillouin Klein bottle with radically distinct topology and novel topological phases. However, the physical consequence of artificial gauge fields on the more general three-dimensional (3D) BZ (orientable Brillouin three-torus) was so far missing. Here, we report the first theoretical discovery and experimental observation of non-orientable Brillouin Klein space and orientable Brillouin half-turn space in a 3D acoustic crystal with artificial gauge fields. We experimentally identify peculiar 3D momentum-space non-symmorphic screw rotation and glide reflection symmetries in the measured band structures. Moreover, we demonstrate a novel 3D Klein bottle insulator featuring a nonzero Z_2 topological invariant and self-collimated topological surface states at two opposite surfaces related by a nonlocal twist, radically distinct from all previous topological insulators. Our discovery not only fundamentally modifies the 3D Bloch band theory and 3D BZ, but also opens the door towards a wealth of previously overlooked momentum-space topologies and unexplored topological physics with gauge symmetry beyond the existing paradigms.

The celebrated anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence1-3, also known as the gravity/gauge duality, posits a dual relationship between the quantum gravity in an AdS spacetime and the CFT defined on its lower-dimensional boundary. This correspondence not only offers profound insights into the enigmatic nature of quantum gravity but also shows mighty power in addressing strongly-correlated systems. However, despite its importance in contemporary physics, the AdS/CFT correspondence remains a conjecture, and further experimental investigation is highly sought after. Here, we present the first experimental exploration of this conjecture by testing its core corollary: the leading-order effects of a strongly-coupled CFT can be exactly described by a weakly-coupled classical field in a higher-dimensional AdS spacetime. Through measuring the bulk entanglement entropy (BEE) and boundary-boundary correlation function (BBCF) of scalar fields in both conventional type-I and previously overlooked type-II hyperbolic lattices, serving as the discretized regularizations of spatial geometries of pure AdS2+1 spacetime and AdS2+1 black hole, respectively, we experimentally confirm that BEE exhibits a logarithmic scaling with the subsystem size, following the Ryu-Takayanagi (RT) formula, while BBCF showcases an exponential law dependence on the boundary separation, the scaling dimension of which conforms to the Klebanov-Witten (KW) relation, both of which align remarkably well with the established CFT outcomes. This heuristic experimental effort opens a new avenue for in-depth investigations on the gravity/gauge duality and extensive exploration of quantum-gravity-inspired phenomena in classical systems.

For the classification of topological phases of matter, an important consideration is whether a system is spinless or spinful, as these two classes have distinct symmetry algebra that gives rise to fundamentally different topological phases. However, only recently has it been realized theoretically that in the presence of gauge symmetry, the algebraic structure of symmetries can be projectively represented, which possibly enables the switch between spinless and spinful topological phases. Here, we report the first experimental demonstration of this idea by realizing spinful topological phases in "spinless" acoustic crystals with projective space-time inversion symmetry. In particular, we realize a DIII-class one-dimensional topologically gapped phase characterized by a 2Z winding number, which features Kramers degenerate bands and Kramers pair of topological boundary modes. Our work thus overcomes a fundamental constraint on topological phases by spin classes., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

Hyperentangled Bell states analysis (HBSA) is an essential building block for certain hyper-parallel quantum information processing. We propose a complete and deterministic HBSA scheme encoded in spatial and polarization degrees of freedom (DOFs) of two-photon system assisted by a fixed frequency-based entanglement and a time interval DOF. The parity information the spatial-based and polarization-based hyper-entanglement can be distinguished by the distinct time intervals of the photon pairs, and the phase information can be distinguished by the detection signature. Compared with previous schemes, the number of the auxiliary entanglements is reduced from two to one by introducing time interval DOF. Moreover, the additional frequency and time interval DOFs suffer less from the collective channel noise., Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure, and 1 table

Dirac cones (DCs) play a pivotal role in various unique phenomena ranging from massless electrons in graphene to robust surface states in topological insulators (TIs). Recent studies have theoretically revealed a full Dirac hierarchy comprising an eightfold bulk DC, a fourfold surface DC, and a twofold hinge DC, associated with a hierarchy of topological phases including first-order to third-order three-dimensional (3D) topological insulators, using the same 3D base lattice. Here, we report the first experimental observation of the Dirac hierarchy in 3D acoustic TIs. Using acoustic measurements, we unambiguously reveal that lifting of multifold DCs in each hierarchy can induce two-dimensional (2D) topological surface states with a fourfold DC in a first-order 3D TI, one-dimensional (1D) topological hinge states with a twofold DC in a second-order 3D TI, and zero-dimensional (0D) topological corner states in a third-order 3D TI. Our work not only expands the fundamental research scope of Dirac physics, but also opens up a new route for multidimensional robust wave manipulation.

Hyperentangled states can outperform their classical counterparts on solving certain tasks. Here we present a simplified scheme for completely distinguishing two-photon hyperentangled Bell states in polarization, spatial, and time-bin degrees of freedom (DOFs). Unity fidelity can be achieved in principle without strong couple limitation between photon and quantum dot (QD), and the incomplete and imperfect QD-cavity interactions are prevented by single-photon detectors. In addition, auxiliary photons or DOFs are not required in our scheme. The necessary linear optical elements are fewer than the parity-check-based one., Comment: 3 figures, 1 table

Roton dispersion relations, displaying a pronounced "roton" minimum at finite momentum, were firstly predicted by Landau and have been extensively explored in correlated quantum systems at low temperatures. Recently, the roton-like dispersion relations were theoretically extended to classical acoustics, which, however, have remained elusive in reality. Here, we report the experimental observation of roton-like dispersions in acoustic metamaterials with beyond-nearest-neighbour interactions at ambient temperatures. The resulting metamaterial supports multiple coexisting modes with different wavevectors and group velocities at the same frequency and broadband backward waves, analogous to the "return flow" termed by Feynman in the context of rotons. Moreover, by increasing the order of long-range interaction, we observe multiple rotons on a single dispersion band, which have never appeared in Landau's prediction or any other condensed matter study. The realization of roton-like dispersions in metamaterials could pave the way to explore novel physics and applications on quantum-inspired phenomena in classical systems.

Many new possibilities to observe and use novel physical effects are discovered at so called exceptional points (EPs). This is done by using parity-time (PT) -symmetric non-Hermitian systems and balancing gains and losses. When combined with EP-physics, recently, metasurfaces have shown greater abilities for wave manipulation than conventional metasurface systems. However, the solving process for EPs usually requires the transfer matrix method (TMM) or a parametric sweep, which are both complex and time-consuming. In this Letter, we develop a simple theoretical model, which is based on acoustic equivalent-circuit theory and can find the analytic solutions for EPs directly. As a proof of concept, PT-symmetric acoustic metasurfaces are studied to test the theoretical model, which enables unidirectional antireflection effects at EPs. In addition, finite element method (FEM) simulations are performed to study these EP solutions using the theoretical model for different mediums, wavelengths, angles of incidence, and gain-loss ratios. Our work offers a simple and powerful theoretical tool for designing PT-symmetric metasurfaces at EPs and may also be used for other classical wave systems.

The multifrequency quantum valley Hall effect (QVHE) with a large valley Chern number has been realized to significantly improve the transmission capacity of topological waveguides and increase the mode density of topological waveguides. However, multifrequency and multimode QVHEs have not been realized simultaneously. In this work, using tight-binding model calculations and numerical simulations, a valley photonic crystal (VPC) consisting of a Stampfli-triangle photonic crystal is constructed, and its multiple degeneracies in the low-frequency and high-frequency bands split simultaneously to realize the QVHE with multiple topological edge states (TESs). The multifrequency and multimode topological transmission with two low-frequency modes and four high-frequency modes is realized by means of simulations and experiments through a Z-shaped waveguide constructed using two VPCs with opposite valley Chern numbers to prove the realization of a large valley Chern number in the two frequency bands. The two low-frequency modes are successfully distinguished with position-dependent selective excitations, which experimentally demonstrates the occurrence of a large valley Chern number. A frequency-dependent multimode beam splitter is theoretically proposed for high-performance integrated photonic device applications. These results provide new ideas for high-efficiency and high-capacity optical transmission and communication devices and their integration; furthermore, they broaden the application range of TESs.

Topological corner state (TCS) and topological edge state (TES) have provided new approaches to control the propagation of light. The construction of topological coupled cavity-waveguide system (TCCWS) based on TCS and TES is worth looking forward to, due to its research prospects in realizing high-performance micro-nano integrated photonic devices. In this Letter, TCCWS is proposed in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal (PC), which possesses strong optical localization, high quality factor and excellent robustness compared with the conventional coupled cavity-waveguide system (CCCWS). This work will provide the possibility to design high-performance logic gates, lasers, filters and other micro-nano integrated photonics devices and expand their applications.

Topological photonics have led to the robust optical behavior of the device, which has solved the problem of the influence of manufacturing defects and perturbations on the device performance. Meanwhile, temporal coupled-mode theory (t-CMT) has been developed and applied widely. However, the t-CMT of cascaded coupling cavities (CCC) system and its corresponding high-order filter has yet to be established. Here the t-CMT of CCC system is established based on the existing t-CMT. By combining the CCC with the topological waveguides, a versatile design scheme of the high-order nonreciprocal add-drop filter (HONAF) is proposed. The relationship between coupling effect of cavities and transmission and filtering performance of HONAF is analyzed quantitatively, then a method to improve the transmission efficiency and quality factor of the filter is given. Based on the combination of gyromagnetic photonic crystals and decagonal Penrose-type photonic quasicrystals, a HONAF is proposed. The transmission and filtering performance of the HONAF are numerically analyzed, which verifies the consistency between the theoretical prediction and the numerical simulation. The t-CMT of CCC system established can be widely used in the coupled resonator optical waveguides and their related systems. The designed HONAF can also be applied and compatible to microwave communication system.

Hyperparallel quantum information processing outperforms its traditional parallel one in terms of channel capacity, low loss rate, and processing speed. We present a way for implementing a robust hyper-parallel optical controlled-phase-flip gate through microcavities. The gate acts on polarization and spatial degrees of freedom (DOFs) simultaneously, and the incomplete and undesired interactions between photons and quantum dots are prevented. Interestingly, the unity fidelity of the gate can be achieved in principle, and the success of the gate is heralded by the single-photon detectors., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures

In this paper, the photonic quantum spin Hall effect (PQSHE) is realized in dielectric two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb lattice photonic crystal (PC) by stretching and shrinking the honeycomb unit cell. Combining two honeycomb lattice PCs with a common photonic band gap (PBG) but different band topologies can generate a topologically protected edge state at the combined junction. The topological edge states and their unidirectional transmission as the scatterers with triangular, pentagonal, and heptagonal shapes are researched. Meanwhile, the unidirectional transmission in an inverted {\Omega}-shaped waveguide with large bending angle is realized, and verifies the characteristics of the topological protection by adding different kind of defects. Moreover, the frequency varies significantly when changing the scatterers shape, which shows that the PC with various scatterers shape can tune the frequency range of the topological edge state significantly. In other words, it can adjust the frequency of unidirectional transmission and increase the adjustability of the topological edge state.

Interface states in photonic crystals (PCs) have attracted attention for the special properties, such as high transmission efficiency in bend waveguides, and their generation related to the topological phase. Previous works on interface states in PCs were mainly based on the square lattice, the honeycomb lattice or the triangular lattice, but with different materials, shapes, or sizes of rods resulting in the complicated structure. In this paper, an interface is constructed by two 2D PCs with different rectangular lattices, but the same materials, shapes, and sizes of dielectric rods, which generates interface states. The interface states are analyzed with respect to Zak phases and surface impedances. The retainability of the interface states in rectangular lattice PCs is investigated by studying the relationship between the length-width ratio of the rectangular lattice and the Zak phase. It is found that, when the interface states are generated by changing the length-width ratio of the rectangular lattice, the retainability of the interface states is related to the positions of the photonic bandgaps or the Zak phases of the bands. A more detailed examination indicates that these conclusions are applicable to the rectangular lattice PCs with other materials, shapes, and sizes of dielectric rods. These results can lead to new ways to generate interface states easily, with only one kind of dielectric rod. In addition, these outcomes may contribute to the understanding of the relationship between the geometry and the interface state.