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To compare the predictive value of mortality between left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) defined by Chinese thresholds and defined by international guidelines in hypertension individuals and investigate better indexation methods for LVH in Chinese population. We included 2454 community hypertensive patients with Left ventricular mass (LVM) and relative wall thickness. LVM was indexed to body surface area (BSA), height27 and height 17. The outcomes were all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality. Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore the association between LVH and the outcomes. C‐statistics and time‐dependent receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the value of those indicators. During a median follow‐up of 49 months (interquartile range 2–54 months), 174 participants (7.1%) died from any cause (n = 174), with 71 died of cardiovascular disease. LVM/BSA defined by the Chinese thresholds was significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality (HR: 1.63; 95%CI: 1.00‐2.64). LVM/BSA was significantly associated with all‐cause mortality using Chinese thresholds (HR: 1.56; 95%CI: 1.14‐2.14) and using Guideline thresholds (HR: 1.52; 95%CI: 1.08‐2.15). LVM/Height1.7 was significantly associated with all‐cause mortality using Chinese thresholds (HR: 1.60; 95%CI: 1.17‐2.20) and using Guideline thresholds (HR: 1.54; 95%CI: 1.04‐2.27). LVM/Height2.7 was not significantly associated with all‐cause mortality. C‐statistics indicated that LVM/BSA and LVM/Height1.7 by Chinese thresholds had better predictive ability for mortality. Time‐ROC indicated that only LVM/Height1.7 defined by Chinese threshold had incremental value for predicting mortality. We found that in community hypertensive populations, race‐specific thresholds should be used to classify LV hypertrophy related to mortality risk stratification. LVM/BSA and LVM/Height1.7 are acceptable normalization method in Chinese hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solubilities of succinic acid, glutaric acid and adipic acid in propionic acid + water solvent mixtures at 304.25–354.65 K, and in propionic acid + ε-caprolactone + water solvent mixtures at 297.65–351.25 K were determined by the synthetic method at atmospheric pressure. The experimental data in propionic acid + water solvent mixtures were correlated by the modified Apelblat equation and modified nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) activity coefficient model. The results showed that the calculated solubility data by the modified NRTL models had a better agreement with the experimental data, and the value of average relative deviation was 1.923%. And the solubilities of succinic acid, glutaric acid and adipic acid in ternary propionic acid + ε-caprolactone + water solvent mixtures predicted by the modified NRTL model agree with the experimentally determined results satisfactorily, which showed that the modified NRTL model would be suitable model for predicting the solubilities of succinic acid, glutaric acid and adipic acid in propionic acid + ε-caprolactone + water. Furthermore, the thermodynamic functions including dissolution enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy were obtained from the solubility data by using the van't Hoff equation. • The solubilities of adipic acid, glutaric acid and succinic acid were measured. • The determined solubilities were correlated by two thermodynamic models. • Thermodynamic properties of adipic acid, glutaric acid and succinic acid were calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract By dynamic laser method, the solubilities of succinic acid, glutaric acid and adipic acid in propionic acid + ε-caprolactone mixtures and propionic acid + cyclohexanone mixtures were determined under atmospheric pressure. The experimental temperature ranged from 283.95 to 340.45 K, and the mass fraction of propionic acid in the solvent mixtures ranged from 0.00 to 1.00 respectively. It was found that when the solvent composition is constant, the solubilities of succinic acid, glutaric acid and adipic acid would increases with the increase of the temperature. What is more, at constant temperature, with the mass fraction of propionic acid in mixtures increasing, the solubilities of glutaric acid and adipic acid increase gradually, on the contrary, the solubility of succinic acid decrease gradually. The experimental data were correlated by the modified Apelblat equation and the modified nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) activity coefficient models. The maximum value of average relative deviation was 3.015%, which shows the values of the solubility calculated showed good agreement with the experimental observations. Furthermore, the thermodynamic functions including dissolution enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy were obtained from the solubility data by using the van't Hoff equation. Graphical abstract By dynamic laser method, the solubilities of succinic acid, glutaric acid and adipic acid in propionic acid + ε-caprolactone mixtures and propionic acid + cyclohexanone mixtures were determined under atmospheric pressure. The experimental temperature ranged from 283.95 to 340.45 K, and the mass fraction of propionic acid in the solvent mixtures ranged from 0.00 to 1.00 respectively. It was found that when the solvent composition is constant, the solubilities of succinic acid, glutaric acid and adipic acid would increases with the increase of the temperature. What is more, at constant temperature, with the mass fraction of propionic acid in mixtures increasing, the solubilities of glutaric acid and adipic acid increase gradually, on the contrary, the solubility of succinic acid decrease gradually. The experimental data were correlated by the modified Apelblat equation and the modified nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) activity coefficient models. The maximum value of average relative deviation was 3.015%, which shows the values of the solubility calculated showed good agreement with the experimental observations. Furthermore, the thermodynamic functions including dissolution enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy were obtained from the solubility data by using the van't Hoff equation. Unlabelled Image Highlights • The solubilities of adipic acid, glutaric acid and succinic acid were measured. • The determined solubilities were correlated by two thermodynamic models. • Thermodynamic properties of adipic acid, glutaric acid and succinic acid were calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents a modern and noninvasive therapeutic approach, however, it relies on the development of photosensitizers. Here five new benzo[ c,d ]indole rhodamine complex merocyanines (BIRCM) D1 - D5 , displaying low dark toxicity and significant photo toxicity, were synthesized as PDT photosensitizers, and characterized by 1 H NMR, IR, UV–Vis and HRMS. The investigation of their absorption spectra in different solvents showed that the absorption maxima and molar extinction coefficient were in the region 507–679 nm and 0.21 × 10 4 –1.27 × 10 5 L · mol −1 cm −1 , respectively. The evaluation of PDT activity showed that only irradiation could not kill SMMC-7721 cells, and the cell survival rate and inhibition rate at the application dose and duration was 92%–87% and 78%–49%, respectively. Especially, using D2 , absorbed in the red zone, as photosensitizer for PDT analyzed its effect on SMMC-7721 cells survival, it could be found that the cell survival rate was 92% without irradiating and the cell inhibited rate was 78% under irradiating at concentrations of 2.5 × 10 −6 mol/L, displaying low dark toxicity and high photo toxicity, which was valuable for PDT of some microvascular diseases or other superficial diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the solid-liquid equilibrium (SLE) data of succinic acid (SA) and glutaric acid (GA) and adipic acid (AA) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) and sulfolane were determined by using the method of dynamic laser at atmospheric pressure. The experimental SLE data indicates that within the temperature range studied (286.25–358.75 K), the solubilities of SA, GA and AA in above five solvents is proportional to the temperature. Meanwhile, three thermodynamic models (Apelblat model, λh model, the modified nonrandom two liquid (NRTL) activity coefficient model) were used to correlate the experimental data, the results show that the correlated data is generally consistent with the experimental data. The result of Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) analysis filter out the best model for every system. In addition, the thermodynamic functions (dissolution enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs energy) were obtained from the SLE data by calculating the van't Hoff equation. • The solubilities of adipic acid, glutaric acid and succinic acid were measured. • The determined solubilities were correlated by three thermodynamic models. • Dissolution thermodynamic properties were calculated and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Malnutrition during a critical window of development in a fetus or infant can result in abnormal cardiac remodeling and function. It is uncertain whether the contribution of these effects continues to impact the cardiac remodeling and function of adults over the course of several decades of growth. Our study examined the impact of early Chinese famine exposure on cardiac remodeling, left ventricular (LV) diastolic function, and LV systolic function in adults. Methods: Participants at high risk of cardiovascular disease from the China Patient-Centered Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events Million Persons Project (PEACE MPP) were enrolled. The famine in China lasted from 1959 to 1962. A total of three groups were formed based on the participants' birth dates: pre-famine group, famine exposure group, and post-famine group. Logistic regression and linear mixed models were used to explore the association between famine exposure and cardiac remodeling, LV diastolic function and LV systolic function in adults. Results: The study included 2,758 participants, the mean age was 57.05 years, 62.8% were female, 26.4% had LV hypertrophy (LVH), 59.6% had LV diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), and 10.5% had reduced global longitudinal strain (GLS). Compared to post-famine exposure, participants had independently increased risk of LVH in the famine exposure group (OR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.60–2.56) and pre-famine exposure (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.06–1.76). Compared to post-famine exposure, the risk of LVDD remarkably increased in the famine exposure group (OR: 3.04, 95% CI: 2.49–3.71) and pre-famine exposure group (OR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.52–2.31). Famine exposure had no significant impact on GLS but was associated with a significant increase in LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD). Significant interactions were observed between the effects of famine exposure and other clinical/sociodemographic variables (gender, systolic blood pressure [SBP] ≥140 mm Hg or not, high school or above or not, and annual income <50,000 RMB or not) on these outcomes. Conclusion: Exposure to famine, particularly during fetal and infant stages, increases the risk of LVH and LVDD in adults. However, the LV systolic function remains preserved. These impacts are more pronounced in females, individuals with SBP ≥140 mm Hg, those with low income, or those with high educational status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to explore the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) and systolic dysfunction (LVSD), defined by impaired global longitudinal strain (GLS), and assess additive and multiplicative interactions among age, sex, obesity, and MetS regarding LVDD and LVSD. Methods: We prospectively recruited 5503 participants from the China PEACE (Patient‐Centered Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events) Million Persons Project with complete echocardiography exam. Multivariable logistic models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios to evaluate both additive and multiplicative interactions. Results: The mean age was 56.59 years; 59.4% were women, 46.7% had MetS, 26.6% had left ventricular hypertrophy, 46.3% had LVDD, and 12.50% had impaired GLS. Compared to the non‐MetS, the odds ratio (OR) of LVDD and impaired GLS in MetS were 1.40 (1.20–1.64) and 1.26 (1.03–1.54), respectively. For LVDD, relative excess risk due to additive interaction (RERI) for women and MetS, elderly and MetS, obesity and MetS were 0.76 (0.02–1.50), 35.65 (17.51–53.79), and 2.14 (0.66–3.62), respectively, thus suggesting additive interactions. For impaired GLS, RERI for obesity and MetS was 3.37 (0.50–6.24), thus suggesting additive interactions. Conclusions: The MetS is independently associated with LVDD and impaired GLS. From the public health implications, prevention of MetS in women, elderly, and obese individuals might result in a greater reduction of LVDD and LVSD risk in cardiovascular high‐risk population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract In this study, the solubility of dibenzothiophene (DBT) in N,N-dimethylformamide, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol, n -propanol, n -octane, diethylene glycol, decahydronaphthalene, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide and acetone, were measured by using the method of dynamic laser at atmospheric pressure. The experimental temperature ranged from 282.75 to 341.15 K. The measured data showed that within the temperature range studied, the solubility of DBT increased with increasing temperature. The experimental data were correlated by the Apelblat model, λh model and the modified nonrandom two liquid (NRTL) activity coefficient model, and the calculated solubility agree satisfactorily with the measured results. The result of Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) analysis showed that the Apelblat model was the best model to correlate the solubility of DBT in diethylene glycol, n -octane, sulfolane and decahydronaphthalene, the λh model was the best model to correlate the solubility of DBT in 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol and the modified NRTL model was the best model to correlate the solubility of DBT in N,N-dimethylformamide, acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide and n -propanol. Furthermore, the thermodynamic functions including dissolution enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy were obtained from the solubility data by using the van't Hoff equation. Highlights • The solubility of dibenzothiophene in nine pure solvents were determined. • The determined solubility data were correlated by three thermodynamic models. • Thermodynamic properties of dibenzothiophene were calculated and discussed. Abstract In this study, the solubility of dibenzothiophene (DBT) in N,N-dimethylformamide, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol, n -propanol, n -octane, diethylene glycol, decahydronaphthalene, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide and acetone, were measured by using the method of dynamic laser at atmospheric pressure. The experimental temperature ranged from 282.75 K to 341.15 K. The results show that within the temperature range studied, the solubility of DBT increased with increasing temperature. The experimental data were correlated by the Apelblat model, λh model and the modified non-random two liquid (NRTL) activity coefficient model, and the calculated solubility agree satisfactorily with the measured results. The result of Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) analysis showed that the Apelblat model was the best model to correlate the solubility of DBT in diethylene glycol, n -octane, sulfolane and decahydronaphthalene, the λh model was the best model to correlate the solubility of DBT in 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol and the modified NRTL model was the best model to correlate the solubility of DBT in N,N-dimethylformamide, acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide and n -propanol. Furthermore, the thermodynamic functions including dissolution enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy were obtained from the solubility data by using the van't Hoff equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogenous flame retardants (NFRs) have aroused worldwide public concern as their nephrotoxic effect. However, knowledge regarding the pathogenesis mechanism of their exposure to induce kidney injury remains largely unknown. In this study, eight NFRs, four oxidative stress biomarkers (OSBs), and one kidney injury biomarker, namely neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), were measured in urine specimens collected from residents living around e-waste disassembly and reference areas, representing two exposure scenarios. Significant higher concentrations of Σ 8 NFR (median: 70.6 vs. 33.8 μg/g Cre) and five biomarkers (124 vs. 97.4 μg/g Cre) were found in urines of populations living in e-waste site compared to those in the reference site (p < 0.05). Primary NFRs exhibited significant positive associations with OSBs and NGAL regardless of the population examined, implying that chronic NFRs exposure could induce oxidative stress and kidney damage. By using structure equation model, we found that oxidative stress, particularly DNA and RNA oxidation mediated 16.1% of the total effect of NFRs on NGAL in e-waste related people, but not on the general population. Overall, this study suggests long-term chronic exposure to NFRs can induce oxidative stress and renal injury in humans but the pathogenesis mode may be scenario-specific. [Display omitted] • Residents from e-waste site had significant higher urinary NFR and biomarker levels. • Cyanuric acid was the major compound in urines from e-waste and reference areas. • Urinary NFR levels were positively associated with those of kidney injury biomarker. • Oxidative stress may be involved in renal injury in people residing in e-waste site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cropland area has long been used as a key indicator of food security. However, grain yield is not solely controlled by the area of the cropland. Therefore, we proposed a new indicator to assess food security. Results show that from 1992 to 2004, the global cropland area increased by 840 200 km2 (99.4%), but the grain yield increased only by 310 million t (29.1%); and from 2004 to 2015, the cropland area decreased by 39 000 km2 (4.64%), but the grain yield increased by 370 million t (70.84%). This result showed that grain yield was not linearly correlated with cropland area, and delimiting the threshold of cropland protection may not guarantee food security. Combined with further correlation analysis, we found that the increase in the global grain yield was more closely related to the harvested area (R2 = 0.94), which indicated that the harvested area is a more scientific and accurate indicator than cropland area in terms of guaranteeing food security. Therefore, if governments want to ensure the food security, they should choose a new and more accurate indicator: harvested area rather than cropland area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three novel spiro N -oxidized pyrrolidone-appended hemicyanine derivatives have been synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV–Vis and HRMS. The molecular structures of spirocyclic dye 2a and its opening-ring product 2aa have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The UV–vis spectra show significant solvatochromic behavior of three spirocyclic derivatives, especially in acidic and alkaline solvents. Spirocyclic dye 2a displays an excellent pH dependent behavior and responds linearly to extreme acidic conditions in the pH ranges of 1-4. The absorption spectra studies on opening-ring reaction reveal that acid and heat dual stimulation can induce opening-ring of 2a , which exhibits temperature-responsive linear in the range of 25–45 °C, behaving a colorimetric thermometer sensing. These properties provide the possibility for 2a-c to be used as stimulating response molecule switch. Three novel spirocyclic dyes 2a-c are synthesized. They behave lower pH-sensing and colormetric temperature sensing, and are the potential stimulating response molecule switch. Image 1 • Three novel spirocyclic dyes 2a - c are synthesized. • These dyes behave the properties of acid and heat double response molecular switch. • Dye 2a displays a respond linearly to extreme acidic conditions in the pH = 1–4. • The UV–vis spectra of 2a exhibit temperature respond linear in the range of 25–45 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]