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Objective To understand the relationship between isozyme activities and diterpene lactone biosynthesis of Andrographis paniculata. Methods Plants were collected during ontogeny from seeding to seed maturity, and separated into leaves and stems for determination. Morphological and yield parameters were used to describe plant growing states. Isozyme changes were tested by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. HPLC was used to develop the fingerprints as well as to determine the diterpene lactone content. Results Significant increases were observed in the activities of isozymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), around the early stage of bud in leaves, and the activities of these four kinds of isozymes increased gradually as time progressed in stems. The content changes of diterpene lactones in leaves and stem were various. In the leaves, andrographolide (1) was recorded the highest [(23.63 ± 1.06) mg/g] at the early stage of bud, whereas deoxyandrographolide (2) was the lowest [(6.78 ± 0.27) mg/g] at this period and it reached the highest level at the seeding stage [(26.05 ± 1.04) mg/g]. Dehydroandrographolide (3) and neoandrographolide (4) fluctuated during growing stages. Meanwhile, the HPLC fingerprint showed that the content changes of two unknown compounds were related to that of dehydroandrographolide in leaves. In stems, andrographolide had increased gradually until the bud stage [(8.26 ± 0.33) mg/g], and other three diterpene lactones showed a trend of fluctuation. The yield of total diterpene lactones in aerial part reached the highest at the first flowering stage (806.71 mg/plant). Conclusion These results lay the foundation for the future research on the relationship of isozymes and diterpene lactones, and for determining the most favorable time for harvesting A. paniculata.

In order to solve the limitation of the research about enterprise evolution modeling and simulation, the idea of applying complex adaptive system theory and agent-based computational finance method to the enterprise research was proposed. Secondly, an applied model of Agent-based enterprise evolution was built. Finally, the simulation program of enterprise evolution based on swarm was built, which simulate the dynamic competitive behavior and evolvement of enterprise, the result of the simulation was analyzed.

In order to improve the quality of blind image restoration, we propose an algorithm which combines Non-negativity and Support constraint Recursive Inverse Filtering (NAS-RIF) and adaptive total variation regularization. In the proposed algorithm, the total variation regularization constraint term is added in the NAS-RIF algorithm cost function. The majorization-minimization approach and conjugate gradient iterative algorithm are adopted to improve the convergence speed. We do the simulation experiments for the blurred classic test image which is added additive random noise. Experimental results show that the restoration effect of our algorithm is better than the spatially adaptive Tikhonov regularization method and the NAS-RIF spatially adaptive regularization algorithm, while the value of improvement of signal to noise ratio (ISNR) has improved.

A machine vision system is developed to detect the cable surface damage of cable-stayed bridge. In the system, four cameras are employed to acquire images around the cable surface. So the same one defect may be split into several images. Image mosaic had to be done to obtain a complete defect image for further process. The feature of cable surface image is simple and its illumination is heterogeneous. So the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) feature matching algorithm is suitable for the image mosaic. Firstly, cable surface images should be preprocessed. Secondly, the SIFT algorithm achieves the detection, extraction, description and matching of feature points for defect images. Finally, image fusion is implemented to acquire the integrated image and a complete defect will be showed in the image. Experimental results show that using SIFT for the cable defect image mosaic has good effect on improving the detection accuracy and integrity for cable surface defects.

In accordance with the limitation of the simulation research on a class of complex adaptive system, attempts to break traditional mathematical modeling framework and substitute new research methods for the latest achievements of complexity science and the interdisciplinary approach in the paper. Try to apply complex adaptive system theory to the simulation research on a class of complex adaptive system by establishing new research method and system. The computer-based model is able to observe and forecast the system behavior, and reflects combination complexity during the evolution. The research provides investors a reference for decision-making, at the same time, has a certain referential significance for the study of similar complex systems in terms of researchers.

The complete chloroplast genome of Andrographis paniculata, an important medicinal plant with great economic value, has been studied in this article. The genome size is 150,249 bp in length, with 38.3% GC content. A pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 25,300 bp) are separated by a large single copy region (LSC, 82,459 bp) and a small single-copy region (SSC, 17,190 bp). The chloroplast genome contains 114 unique genes, 80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. In these genes, 15 genes contained 1 intron and 3 genes comprised of 2 introns.

Andrographis paniculata is a well-known medicinal plant having vast therapeutic potentials. Efficient use of saline land for promoting the cultivation of medicinal plants is valuable for pharmaceutical and economic benefits. Relatively little is known about the physiological and biochemical basis of salt tolerance in this plant. Here, we studied the growth, isoenzymes, malondialdehyde, proline and secondary metabolites of A. paniculata in response to different salt treatments with NaCl (0, 41.1, 92.4, 143.7 and 193.4 mM). The results indicated that growth traits were decreased and all the expression level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), cytochrome oxidase (CYT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and esterase (EST) isoenzyme in leaves and roots was enhanced with increasing salinity. Malondialdehyde was positively correlated to salt levels. Proline decreased at first and then dramatically increased at 193.4 mM. The content of key secondary metabolites was continuously increased under less than 143.7 mM NaCl concentrations. Results suggest that A. paniculata has relatively salt resistance by activating enzyme expressions both in roots and leaves, elicitation of secondary metabolites and osmoprotectant, but also reasonably regulating the allocation of resources. It is preferent to using resources for defense rather than for growth in A. paniculata and there is metabolic shift from growth to defense under salt conditions. Induction of isoenzyme activities and production of secondary metabolites are the primary defense strategies. Additionally, moderate salt treatment could promote the accumulation of bioactive phytocompounds, which is valuable for breeding plants with high quality. Thus, the cultivation of this medicinal herb in moderate saline areas could be considered as an agricultural option. Furthermore, our upshorts can provide a reference for screening better salt-tolerant cultivars of A. paniculata.