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The regeneration of bone defects is a major challenge for clinical orthopaedics. Herein, we designed and prepared a new type of bioactive material, using stingray skin collagen and oyster shell powder (OSP) as raw materials. A stingray skin collagen/oyster osteoinductive composite scaffold (Col-OSP) was prepared for the first time by genipin cross-linking, pore-forming and freeze-drying methods. These scaffolds were characterized by ATR-FTIR, SEM, compression, swelling, cell proliferation, cell adhesion, alkaline phosphatase activity, alizarin red staining and RT-PCR etc. The Col-OSP scaffold had an interconnected three-dimensional porous structure, and the mechanical properties of the Col-OSP composite scaffold were enhanced compared with Col, combining with the appropriate swelling rate and degradation rate, the scaffold was more in line with the requirements of bone tissue engineering scaffolds. The Col-OSP scaffold was non-toxic, promoted the proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells, and stimulated the osteogenesis-related genes expressions of osteocalcin (OCN), collagen type I (COL-I) and RUNX2 of MC3T3-E1 cells.

Solvothermal subcomponent self-assembly of 2-hydroxy-3-(pyridin-4-yl)benzaldehyde, chiral diaminocyclohexane, and Zn(ii) ions offered a pair of two-dimensional chiral metal–organic frameworks, which display circularly polarised luminescence.

Lepidopteran insects mainly rely on sex pheromones to complete sexual communications. Pheromone receptors (PRs) are expressed on the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) of the sensilla trichodea and play an essential role in sexual communication. Despite extensive investigations into the mechanisms of peripheral recognition of sex pheromones in Lepidoptera, knowledge about these mechanisms in L. sticticalis remains limited. In this study, five candidate LstiPRs were analyzed in a phylogenetic tree with those of other Lepidopteran insects. Electroantennography (EAG) assays showed that the major sex pheromone component E11-14:OAc elicited a stronger antennal response than other compounds in male moths. Moreover, two types of neurons in sensilla trichodea were classified by single sensillum recordings, of which the “a” neuron specifically responded to E11-14:OAc. Five candidate PRs were functionally assayed by the heterologous expression system of Xenopus oocytes, and LstiPR2 responded to the major sex pheromone E11-14:OAc. Our findings suggest that LstiPR2 is a PR sensitive to L. sticticalis’s major sex pheromone compound, E11-14:OAc. Furthermore, this study offers valuable insights into the sexual communication behavior of L. sticticalis, forming a foundation for further analysis of the species’ central nervous system.

Photodynamic therapy is used to treat a variety of cancers. In this paper, water-soluble porphyrin photosensitizers (H2P1[Formula: see text]H2P3) for photodynamic therapy were synthesized, containing three groups -CH3, -CN, and -CF3. Density functional theory is used to optimize the structure of H2P1-H2P3 and calculate the [Formula: see text]E value. The smaller the value of [Formula: see text]E, the more favorable the electron transfer and thus the higher activity of the porphyrin photosensitizers. Due to the electron-withdrawing groups of -CN and -CF3, H2P2 and H2P3 have lower [Formula: see text]E values, higher reactive oxygen species yields compared with H2P1. The H2P2 porphyrin photosensitizers showed positive photodynamic therapeutic activity against hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) and good compatibility with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by cellular anticancer activity assay. The anti-cancer mechanism of PSs was explained by living and dead cell staining experiment and intracellular reactive oxygen species experiment. PSs produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer cells under light irradiation, which induced cancer cell apoptosis.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease mainly characterized by movement disorders and other non-motor symptoms, including the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra parts. Abnormal α-synuclein aggregation in the brain is closely associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons. α-synuclein can propagate in the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery under pathological conditions. Many researches have focused on its aggregation and distribution in the CNS and explored its relationship with PD. But in recent years, the distribution of α-synuclein in peripheral tissues have been paid much attention. This review summarized the distribution of α-synuclein in the choroid plexus, blood, saliva, gastrointestine and other tissues, and discussed the potential mechanism of α-synuclein aggregation, providing a basis for the early diagnosis and intervention of PD.

When compared to industrially stable zeolites, the instability of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has been denounced by researchers. Boosting the stability of existing MOFs is highly important for practical applications. In this report, we develop a new strategy to prepare MOFs/poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) composites, which can highly improve the chemical, pressure, and photostabilities of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-8. Composite materials were prepared by a physical blending of ZIF-8 and PTFE emulsion with different ratios and annealing at 370 °C. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies reveal that the nanoparticles of ZIF-8 are coated by PTFE to form the composite materials. Upon mixing with 20 or 50 wt % PTFE, the ZIF-8/PTFE materials show a superhydrophobic property with water contact angles of around 156°. Pristine ZIF-8 is not stable in water with stirring under acidic, basic, and irradiation conditions, while the ZIF-8/PTFE materials are stable under the same conditions. The ZIF-8/PTFE materials can also maintain their crystalline structure after being compressed with a 10 MPa pressure, while pristine ZIF-8 changes to an amorphous solid after the same pressure treatment. Using water as a solvent, ZIF-8/PTFE can be used as a highly efficient and recyclable catalyst for Knoevenagel reaction at room temperature. The successful preparation of stable ZIF-8/PTFE composite materials provides a useful method to enhance the chemical, pressure, and photostabilities of MOFs.

The Sanchakou Cu deposit is located in the eastern section of the Dananhu magmatic arc in the Eastern Tianshan orogenic belt, northwest China. Sanchakou is hosted by quartz diorite and granodiorite intrusions. Chalcopyrite and bornite are the dominant ore minerals and occur as disseminations, patches, veins, and veinlets. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) U-Pb dating of zircons shows that the ore-bearing intrusions were emplaced at ca. 435–432 Ma, recording the early subduction of the Paleo-Tianshan oceanic plate. The enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs), depletion in high field strength elements (HFSEs), and moderate Mg# values, together with mantle-like bulk Sr-Nd and zircon Hf-O isotope signatures (δ18O = 4.0–5.3‰), suggest that they were generated from partial melting of metasomatized mantle materials by subducted slab fluids. In situ S and whole-rock Pb isotope results imply that the Sanchakou diorite magmas provided ore-forming components (S and metals), with additional minor metals (e.g., Cu and Pb) sourced from crustal components beneath the Dananhu arc. The redox state of diorite magmas ranges from initial high fO2 (>FMQ + 2, where FMQ is the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer) to relatively low fO2 (7 wt %), normal S (8–393 ppm), and systematically low Cl (38–1,100 ppm) contents. A constant and favorable elevated magma oxidation state appears critical for generating an economic porphyry Cu deposit. Additionally, Cl melt concentrations may be a key factor that controlled metal fertility of the deposits in the Eastern Tianshan, although the mineralization potential may also relate to depth of emplacement of the hydrothermal system. The anomalous presence of stellerite with chalcopyrite in late-stage veins indicates that original porphyry-style mineralization at Sanchakou underwent deformation-related modification after its formation.

Elevated activities of cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (cyFBPase) and sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase) are associated with higher yields in plants. In this study, the expression levels of the cyFBPase and SBPase genes were increased by overexpressing rape (Brassica napus) cDNA in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. The transgenic plants co-expressing cyFBPase and SBPase (TpFS), or expressing single cyFBPase (TpF) or SBPase (TpS) had 1.77-, 1.55-, 1.23-fold cyFBPase and 1.45-, 1.12-, 1.36-fold SBPase activities as compared to the wild-type (WT), respectively. Photosynthesis rates of TpF, TpS and TpFS increased 4, 20 and 25% compared with WT plants. The SBPase and cyFBPase positively regulated each other and functioned synergistically in transgenic tobacco plants. In addition, the sucrose contents of the three transgenic plants were higher than that of WT plants. The starch accumulation of the TpFS and TpS plants was improved by 53 and 37%, but slightly decreased in TpF plants. Moreover, the transgenic tobacco plants harbouring SBPase and/or cyFBPase genes showed improvements in their growth, biomass, dry weight, plant height, stem diameter, leaf size, flower number, and pod weight. In conclusion, co-expression of SBPase and cyFBPase may pave a new way for improving crop yield in agricultural applications.

Purpose We aimed to explore the relationship between the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using NHANES from 1999 to 2018. Methods We collected data from the NHANES database from 1999 to 2018. The SII is calculated from the counts of lymphocytes (LC), neutrophils (NC), and platelets (PC). The RA patients were derived from questionnaire data. We used weighted multivariate regression analysis and subgroup analysis to explore the relationship between SII and RA. Furthermore, the restricted cubic splines were used to explore the non-linear relationships. Result Our study included a total of 37,604 patients, of which 2642 (7.03%) had rheumatoid arthritis. After adjusting for all covariates, the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that high SII (In-transform) levels were associated with an increased likelihood of rheumatoid arthritis (OR=1.167, 95% CI=1.025–1.328, P=0.020). The interaction test revealed no significant effect on this connection. In the restricted cubic spline regression model, the relationship between ln-SII and RA was non-linear. The cutoff value of SII for RA was 578.25. The risk of rheumatoid arthritis increases rapidly when SII exceeds the cutoff value. Conclusion In general, there is a positive correlation between SII and rheumatoid arthritis. Our study shows that SII is a novel, valuable, and convenient inflammatory marker that can be used to predict the risk of rheumatoid arthritis in US adults.

Crystalline solids that exhibit inherently low lattice thermal conductivity (κlat) have attracted a great deal of attention because they offer the only independent control for pursuing a high thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT). Herein, we report the successful preparation of CsCu4Q3 (Q = S (compound 1), Se (compound 2)) with the aid of a safe and facile boron-chalcogen method. The single-crystal diffraction data confirm the P4/mmm hierarchical structures built up by the mixed-valence [(Cu+)4(Q2-)2](Q-) double anti-CaF2 layer and the NaCl-type Cs+ sublattice involving multiple bonding interactions. The electron-poor compound CsCu4Q3 features Cu-Q antibonding states around EF that facilitates a high σ value of 3100 S/cm in 2 at 323 K. Significantly, the ultralow κlat value of 2, 0.20 W/m/K at 650 K (70% lower than that of Cu2Se), is mainly driven by the vibrational coupling of the rigid double anti-CaF2 layer and the soft NaCl-type sublattice. The hierarchical structure increases the bond multiplicity, which eventually leads to a large phonon anharmonicity, as evidenced by the effective scattering of the low-lying optical phonons to the heat-carrying acoustic phonons. Consequently, the acoustic phonon frequency in 2 drops sharply from 118 cm-1 (of Cu2Se) to 48 cm-1. In addition, the elastic properties indicate that the hierarchical structure largely inhibits the transverse phonon modes, leading to a sound velocity (1571 m/s) and a Debye temperature (189 K) lower than those of Cu2Se (2320 m/s; 292 K).

It has been implied that there is a possible relationship between cyclin‐dependent protein kinase inhibitors antisense RNA 1 (CDKN2B‐AS1) gene rs4977574 A/G polymorphism and coronary heart disease (CHD) susceptibility. However, as the research results are discrepant, no distinct consensus on this issue has been reached so far. In order to further elaborate the latent association of the CDKN2B‐AS1 gene rs4977574 A/G polymorphism and CHD, this present meta‐analysis was conducted. There were 40,979 subjects of 17 individual studies in the present meta‐analysis. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to determine the association strength. Considering the significant heterogeneity among the individual studies, the random‐effect models were used. In the current meta‐analysis, a significant association between CDKN2B‐AS1 gene rs4977574 A/G polymorphism and CHD was found under allelic (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.08–1.29, p = 4.83×10−4), recessive (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.11–1.67, p = 0.003), dominant (OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.58–0.86, p = 6.26×10−4), heterozygous (OR:1.210, 95% CI: 1.076–1.360, p = 0.001), homozygous (OR: 1.394, 95% CI: 1.163–1.671, p = 3.31×10−4) and additive (OR: 1.180, 95% CI: 1.075–1.295, p = 4.83×10−4) genetic models. A more significant association between them was found in the Asian population than that in the whole population under these genetic models (p 0.05). CDKN2B‐AS1 gene rs4977574 A/G polymorphism was associated with CHD susceptibility, especially in the Asian population. G allele of CDKN2B‐AS1 gene rs4977574 A/G polymorphism is the risk allele for CHD.

Background and aimsMacrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) gene rs755622 G/C polymorphism was suggested to be associated with CAD risk. However, due to the different results among the individual studies, no agreement has been reached till now. Therefore, the meta-analysis on the association of MIF gene rs755622 G/C polymorphism with CAD was performed.Methods and resultsThe association between them was evaluated by calculating the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The random-effects models were used because of the significant heterogeneity among them. In this meta-analysis, 8,488 subjects from 9 studies were included. The MIF gene rs755622 G/C polymorphism was significantly associated with CAD under the allelic (OR: 1.213, 95% CI: 1.039–1.417, P = 0.014), recessive (OR: 1.945, 95% CI: 1.214–3.115, P = 0.006), dominant (OR: 0.781, 95% CI: 0.617–0.989, P = 0.041), homozygous (OR: 2.057, 95% CI: 1.289–3.284, P = 0.003), and additive (OR: 1.327, 95% CI: 1.081–1.630, P = 0.007) genetic models.ConclusionMIF gene rs755622 G/C polymorphism was significantly related to CAD, especially in the Chinese population. Persons with the C allele of the MIF gene rs755622 G/C polymorphism might be susceptible to CAD.

CD19 chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell therapy has achieved remarkable results in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (r/r B-ALL). However, the cytokine release syndrome (CRS) was presented in most patients as common toxicity and severe CRS (sCRS) characterized by the sharp increase in interleukin-6 (IL-6) could be life-threatening. We conducted a phase II clinical trial of ssCAR-T-19 cells, anti-CD19 CAR-T cells with shRNA targeting IL-6, in 61 patients with r/r B-ALL. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT03275493. Fifty-two patients achieved CR while nine patients were considered NR. The median duration of response (DOR) and overall survival (OS) were not reached (>50 months). CRS developed in 81.97% of patients, including 54.10% with grades 1 to 2 (grade 1, 31.15%; grade 2, 22.95%) and 27.87% with grades 3 to 4 (grade 3, 26.23%; grade 4, 1.64%). sCRS occurs earlier than mild CRS (mCRS). A multivariable analysis of baseline characteristics identified high bone marrow disease burden and poor genetic risk before infusion as independent risk factors for sCRS. After infusion, patients with sCRS exhibited larger expansion of ssCAR-T-19 cells, higher peak levels of IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ, and suffered more severe hematological and non-hematological toxicities compared with those with mCRS.

Background and Purpose Previous studies have shown that TIGAR (TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator) protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via the improvement of the redox and energy homeostasis of neurons. TIGAR is found in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nucleus but its role in ER stress is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the ER and nuclear translocation of TIGAR during ER stress and the influences of the nuclear TIGAR in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced ER stress. Experimental Approach Mice were subjected to the middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion. Cultured neurons were treated with oxygen and glucose deprivation, tunicamycin or thapsigargin. Key Results The increases in ATF4 target genes and ER stress-induced neuronal apoptosis were reduced by overexpression of TIGAR. Furthermore, increases in the localization of TIGAR and ATF4 to the nucleus were observed after in vitro and in vivo cerebral ischemia/reperfusion or ER stress models. The nuclear TIGAR interacts with ATF4 and inhibits the transcription of downstream pro-apoptotic genes of ATF4, resulting in protection against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Intriguingly, the translocation of TIGAR to the ER and nucleus and inhibition of the transcription of ATF4 is depend on Q141/K145 of TIGAR instead of its phosphatase activity and mitochondrial localization domains. Conclusion and Implications These results suggest that TIGAR translocates to the ER and the nucleus to interact with ATF4 after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced ER stress via its Q141/K145. The study uncovered a novel neuroprotective mechanism of TIGAR through regulating ER stress via a ATF4-mediated signaling pathway.

A novel redox-active Schiff base polymer (SBPPPDA-PDA) was prepared by condensation of p-phenylenediamine with 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarbaldehyde. The structure of SBPPPDA-PDA was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm, and powder X-ray diffraction and electrochemical techniques. The results showed that SBPPPDA-PDA had two-dimensional lamellar structure. The electrochemical properties of SBPPPDA-PDA were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, showing several pairs of redox peaks and good catalytic ability toward oxygen reduction. On the basis of the redox-active activity of SBPPPDA-PDA, an electrochemical pH sensor was proposed based on SBPPPDA-PDA with a linear range from 2 to 9 for pH detection. With nitrogen-containing skeleton and porous structure, SBPPPDA-PDA could be used as support to load glucose oxidase (GOD). Thus, a novel ratiometric electrochemical glucose sensor was further constructed by immobilizing GOD on SBPPPDA-PDA modified electrode. The results revealed that the reduction peak of O2 decreased with the gradual addition of glucose, while the response peak of SBPPPDA-PDA at about 0.15 V almost remained. The sensor based on GOD/SBPPPDA-PDA/SPE showed a rapid response, a linear range from 22.5 μmol/L–5 mmol/L and a lower detection limit of 7.56 μmol/L for glucose.

Background and aims Previous studies have shown that there was a possible relationship between human Neuronal Differentiation 1 (NEUROD1) gene Ala45Thr polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) susceptibility. Nevertheless, no public opinion has been formed because of the conflicting results in the past studies. In order to illuminate the potential association of human NEUROD1 gene Ala45Thr polymorphism and T2DM, the present meta-analysis was conducted. Methods and results In the current meta-analysis, 7940 subjects from 14 individual studies were included. The fixed or random effects models were used to evaluate the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The current meta-analysis found a significant association between NEUROD1 gene Ala45Thr polymorphism and T2DM under allelic (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.04–1.41, P = 0.01), dominant (OR: 0.819, 95% CI: 0.734–0.913, P = 3.31 × 10−4), heterozygous (OR:1.199, 95% CI: 1.068–1.346, P = 0.002), and additive (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.09–1.62, P = 0.004) genetic models. Conclusions NEUROD1 gene Ala45Thr polymorphism was significantly related to T2DM, especially in the Asian population. More particularly, the Thr45 allele carriers of the NEUROD1 gene may be more susceptible to T2DM.

Juvenile hormone (JH) signalling plays an important role in regulation of reproductive diapause in insects. However, its underlying molecular mechanism has been unclear. Methoprene-tolerant (Met), as a universal JH receptor, is involved in JH action. To gain some insight into its function in the reproductive diapause of Galeruca daurica, a serious pest on the Inner Mongolia grasslands undergoing obligatory summer diapause at the adult stage, we cloned the complete open-reading frame (ORF) sequences of Met and other 7 JH signalling-related genes, including JH acid methyltransferase (JHAMT), JH esterase (JHE), JH epoxide hydrolase (JHEH), Krüppel homologue 1 (Kr-h1), vitellogenin (Vg), forkhead box O (FOXO) and fatty acid synthase 2 (FAS2), from this species. GdMet encoded a putative protein, which contained three domains typical of the bHLH-PAS family. Expression patterns of these eight genes were developmentally regulated during adult development. Topical application of JH analogue (JHA) methoprene into the 3-day-old and 5-day-old adults induced the expression of GdMet. Silencing GdMet by RNAi inhibited the expression of JHBP, JHE, Kr-h1 and Vg, whereas promoted the FAS2 expression, which enhanced lipid accumulation and fat body development, and finally induced the adults into diapause ahead. Combining with our previous results, we conclude that JH may regulate reproductive diapause through a conserved Met-dependent pathway in G. daurica.

Background. It has been suggested that the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene rs4762 (p.Thr174Met) polymorphism might be associated with myocardial infarction (MI) risk, but the study results are still debatable. Objective and Methods. In order to explore the relationship between AGT p.Thr174Met polymorphism and MI risk, the current meta-analysis involving 7657 subjects from 11 individual studies was conducted. Results. A significant association between AGT p.Thr174Met polymorphism and MI was found under recessive (OR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.35-3.77, P = 0.002 ), dominant (OR: 1.131, 95% CI: 1.016-1.260, P = 0.024 ), codominant (OR: 2.198, 95% CI: 1.334-3.621, P = 0.002 ), and additive (OR: 1.363, 95% CI: 1.132-1.641, P = 0.001 ) genetic models. In the Asian subgroup, significantly increased MI risk was found under all genetic models ( P < 0.05 ). No significant association between AGT p.Thr174Met polymorphism and MI was found under all genetic models in the Caucasian subgroup ( P > 0.05 ). Conclusions. AGT p.Thr174Met variant might increase MI risk, especially within the Asian population. The Met174 allele of AGT p.Thr174Met might confer the risk for MI.

Herein we report the synthesis of a microporous shp-topology metal–organic framework (JNU-200) with 12-connected high-nuclearity Co10-cluster and 4-connected carboxylate ligand, 4,4′,4′′,4′′′-(pyrazine-2,3,5,6-tetrayl)tetrabenzoate (BTTB). The redox potential of Co2+/Co3+ and the nitrogen-containing π-electron-rich BTTB render JNU-200 an ideal platform for iodine capture. Indeed, the adsorption capacity in iodine vapor can reach up to 1.08 g g−1, comparable to the best-performing MOF materials reported so far. Kinetic studies show that JNU-200 can capture most of the I2 from an iodine solution of 200 ppm within 48 h, corresponding to 99% removal efficiency, far exceeding many reported MOF materials. Single crystal X-ray diffraction was studied to reveal the structural changes of JNU-200 upon iodine adsorption and the precise location of the trapped iodine. Raman spectra analysis was performed to shed light on the host–guest interactions and the iodine adsorption mechanism. Furthermore, JNU-200 exhibits rapid and facile detection of histidine (His) with a luminescence turn-on response and a yellowish precipitate which was confirmed to be a mixture of cobalt complexes with His.

In this study, an environmentally benign electrochemical protocol for intramolecular oxidative amination is developed, which offers an efficient and sustainable route to access diverse fused tricyclic systems of pyrido[1,2-e]purine-2,4-dione derivatives with pharmacological interest, exhibiting broad scope and generality (>50 examples, yields up to 99%). This electrochemical strategy features good functional group tolerance and permits access to compounds that were previously not achievable under thermal conditions. The photoluminescence properties of the representative N9-fused tricyclic xanthines have also been investigated.

Galeruca daurica (Joannis) is an oligophagous pest in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China, which feed mainly on Allium spp. Odorant receptors (ORs) play an important role in the olfactory system in insects, and function together with olfactory co-receptor (ORco). In this study, 21 OR genes were identified from the transcriptome database of G. daurica adults, and named GdauOR1-20 and GdauORco. The expression profiles were examined by RT-qPCR and RNA interference (RNAi) and electroantennogram (EAG) experiments were conducted to further identify the olfactory functions of GdauOR4, GdauOR11, GdauOR15, and GdauORco. It was found that 15 GdauORs (OR1, OR3-6, OR8, OR11-13, OR15, OR17-20, and ORco) were mainly expressed in antennae, and the expression levels of GdauORs in adults were affected by age. When GdauOR4, GdauOR15, and GdauORco were silenced by RNAi, the electrophysiological responses to host plant volatiles were significantly decreased in G. daurica. This study lays a necessary foundation for clarifying the mechanism on finding host plants in G. daurica.

Purpose The controversies about the anatomical structure of the Denonvilliers’ fascia and the relationship with surrounding fasciae have sparked a heated discussion, especially about whether it contains multilayers. This study aimed to expound on the anatomical structure of the Denonvilliers’ fascia and its correlation with the peritoneum from the sagittal position and clarify the complex fasciae relationship. MethodsOur study was performed on 20 adult male pelvic specimens fixed in formalin, including 2 entire pelvic specimens and 18 semi-pelvic specimens. By dissecting the local adjacent organs and fasciae, the Denonvilliers’ fascia was observed and removed for histological examination. ResultsAlmost the Denonvilliers’ fascia was a single layer and tough fascia. In the sagittal position, the peritoneum constituting peritoneum reflection and the Denonvilliers’ fascia showed a “Y” shape. The Denonvilliers’ fascia was originated from the peritoneum reflection, continually ran on the ventral side of the seminal vesicles and prostate, terminated at the perineal body, and gradually both sides thinned to fuse with the urogenital fascia (UGF). In addition, the histology preliminarily manifested that the basal cell layers of the peritoneum and that of the Denonvilliers’ fascia were continuous, and they also showed a “Y” shape. Also, the basal cells of the two peritonea extended to the Denonvilliers’ fascia, showing a fused double-layer structure. Some tiny blood vessels or a network of them extended from the peritoneum to the Denonvillier’ fascia.ConclusionAs the extension of the peritoneum in the pelvic floor, the Denonvilliers’ fascia is a “Y”-shaped monolayer layer fascia in the sagittal position. Our study provides new support for the peritoneum fusion theory of it. Understanding the anatomical characteristics of the Denonvilliers’ fascia and its relationship with the UGF is a guiding significance for youth colorectal surgeons to conduct rectal cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND Leukaemias comprise a heterogenous group of haematological malignancies. In CONCORD-3, we analysed data for children (aged 0-14 years) and adults (aged 15-99 years) diagnosed with a haematological malignancy during 2000-14 in 61 countries. Here, we aimed to examine worldwide trends in survival from leukaemia, by age and morphology, in young patients (aged 0-24 years). METHODS We analysed data from 258 population-based cancer registries in 61 countries participating in CONCORD-3 that submitted data on patients diagnosed with leukaemia. We grouped patients by age as children (0-14 years), adolescents (15-19 years), and young adults (20-24 years). We categorised leukaemia subtypes according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC-3), updated with International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third edition (ICD-O-3) codes. We estimated 5-year net survival by age and morphology, with 95% CIs, using the non-parametric Pohar-Perme estimator. To control for background mortality, we used life tables by country or region, single year of age, single calendar year and sex, and, where possible, by race or ethnicity. All-age survival estimates were standardised to the marginal distribution of young people with leukaemia included in the analysis. FINDINGS 164 563 young people were included in this analysis: 121 328 (73·7%) children, 22 963 (14·0%) adolescents, and 20 272 (12·3%) young adults. In 2010-14, the most common subtypes were lymphoid leukaemia (28 205 [68·2%] patients) and acute myeloid leukaemia (7863 [19·0%] patients). Age-standardised 5-year net survival in children, adolescents, and young adults for all leukaemias combined during 2010-14 varied widely, ranging from 46% in Mexico to more than 85% in Canada, Cyprus, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, and Australia. Individuals with lymphoid leukaemia had better age-standardised survival (from 43% in Ecuador to ≥80% in parts of Europe, North America, Oceania, and Asia) than those with acute myeloid leukaemia (from 32% in Peru to ≥70% in most high-income countries in Europe, North America, and Oceania). Throughout 2000-14, survival from all leukaemias combined remained consistently higher for children than adolescents and young adults, and minimal improvement was seen for adolescents and young adults in most countries. INTERPRETATION This study offers the first worldwide picture of population-based survival from leukaemia in children, adolescents, and young adults. Adolescents and young adults diagnosed with leukaemia continue to have lower survival than children. Trends in survival from leukaemia for adolescents and young adults are important indicators of the quality of cancer management in this age group. FUNDING Children with Cancer UK, the Institut National du Cancer, La Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Swiss Re, Swiss Cancer Research foundation, Swiss Cancer League, Rossy Family Foundation, US National Cancer Institute, and the American Cancer Society.

Acute lung injury (ALI) caused by gas explosion is common, and warrants research on the underlying mechanisms. Specifically, the role of abnormalities of coagulation and fibrinolysis in this process has not been defined. It was hypothesized that the abnormal coagulation and fibrinolysis promoted ALI caused by gas explosion. Based on the presence of ALI, 74 cases of gas explosion injury were divided into the ALI and non‐ALI groups. The results of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB), and platelet count (PLT) were collected within 24 hours and compared between the groups. ALI models caused by gas explosion were established in Sprague Dawley rats, and injuries were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and histopathological scoring. Moreover, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected to examine thrombin‐antithrombin complex (TAT), tissue factor (TF), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) levels by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The patients in ALI group had shorter PT and longer APTT, raised concentration of FIB and decreased number of PLT, as compared to the non‐ALI group. In ALI rats, the HE staining revealed red blood cells in alveoli and interstitial thickening within 2 hours which peaked at 72 hours. The levels of TAT/TF in the BALF increased continually until the seventh day, while the PAI‐1 was raised after 24 hours and 7 days. The TFPI was elevated after 2 hours and 24 hours, and then decreased after 72 hours. Abnormalities in coagulation and fibrinolysis in lung tissues play a role in ALI caused by gas explosion.

Recently, virtual and remote labs (VRLs) have been developed to support students in conducting experiments in engineering and science education. However, little is known about the students’ intentions to continue using VRLs and their satisfaction with the experience. This study proposed an extended model embedded within the expectation confirmation model and two variables concerning flow experience (time distortion and focused attention) to predict Chinese university students’ satisfaction with and intention to continue using VRLs. A structural equation modelling technique based on covariance was conducted to evaluate survey questionnaire responses received from 238 students at a university located in central China. The results demonstrated that satisfaction was the most crucial determinant of the students’ intention to continue using VRLs, followed closely by perceived usefulness. Confirmation played an indirect role in predicting students’ intentions to continue using VRLs via satisfaction and perceived usefulness. Students’ flow experience while performing virtual experiments played a positive and direct role in confirming their expectations of VRLs.