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Recently, Morier-Genoud and Ovsienko introduced a $q$-analog of rational numbers. More precisely, for an irreducible fraction $\frac{r}s>0$, they constructed coprime polynomials ${\mathcal R}_{\frac{r}s}(q), {\mathcal S}_{\frac{r}s}(q) \in {\mathbb Z}[q]$ with ${\mathcal R}_{\frac{r}s}(1)=r, {\mathcal S}_{\frac{r}s}(1)=s$. Their theory has a rich background and many applications. By definition, if $r \equiv r' \pmod{s}$, then ${\mathcal S}_{\frac{r}s}(q)={\mathcal S}_{\frac{r'}s}(q)$. We show that $rr'=-1 \pmod{s}$ implies ${\mathcal S}_{\frac{r}s}(q)={\mathcal S}_{\frac{r'}s}(q)$, and it is conjectured that the converse holds if $s$ is prime (and $r \not \equiv r' \pmod{s}$). We also show that $s$ is a multiple of 3 (resp. 4) if and only if ${\mathcal S}_{\frac{r}s}(\zeta)=0$ for $\zeta=(-1+\sqrt{-3})/2$ (resp. $\zeta=i$). We give applications to the representation theory of quivers of type $A$ and the Jones polynomials of rational links., Comment: 33 pages. Comments welcome

For a partition $\lambda$ of $n$, the _Specht ideal_ $I_\lambda \subset K[x_1, \ldots, x_n]$ is the ideal generated by all Specht polynomials of shape $\lambda$. In their unpublished manuscript, Haiman and Woo showed that $I_\lambda$ is a radical ideal, and gave its universal Gr\"obner bases (recently, Murai et al. published a quick proof of this result). On the other hand, an old paper of Li and Li studied analogous ideals, while their ideals are not always radical. In the present paper, we introduce a class of ideals which generalizes both Specht ideals and _radical_ Li-Li ideals, and study their radicalness and Gr\"obner bases., Comment: Exposition revised, especially, Introduction extended and Lemma 3.10 added. 17 pages. Comments welcome

Let $K$ be a field with ${\rm char}(K)=0$. For a partition $\lambda$ of $n \in {\mathbb N}$, let $I^{\rm Sp}_\lambda$ be the ideal of $R=K[x_1,\ldots,x_n]$ generated by all Specht polynomials of shape $\lambda$. These ideals have been studied from several points of view (and under several names). Using advanced tools of the representation theory, Berkesch Zamaere et al [BGS]. constructed a minimal free resolution of $I^{\rm Sp}_{(n-d,d)}$ except differential maps. The present paper constructs the differential maps, and also gives an elementary proof of the result of [BGS]., Comment: No mathematical improvement, but exposition largely revised, especially, the title modified. 20 pages. Comments welcome

In this paper, we give the Gr\"obner fan and the state polytope of a Specht ideal $I_\lambda$ explicitly. In particular, we show that the state polytope of $I_\lambda$ for a partition $\lambda=(\lambda_1, \ldots, \lambda_m)$ is always a generalized permutohedron, and it is a (usual) permutohedron if and only if $\lambda_{i-1}=\lambda_i>0$ for some $i$., Comment: Exposition expanded, for example, Lemma 2.9 added. 11 pages, comments welcome

The Specht ideal of shape $\lambda$, where $\lambda$ is a partition, is the ideal generated by all Specht polynomials of shape $\lambda$. Haiman and Woo proved that these ideals are reduced and found their universal Gr\"obner bases. In this short note, we give a short proof for these results., Comment: 5 pages

For a partition $\lambda$ of $n \in \mathbb{N}$, let $I^{\rm Sp}_\lambda$ be the ideal of $R=K[x_1,\ldots,x_n]$ generated by all Specht polynomials of shape $\lambda$. We assume that ${\rm char}(K)=0$. Then $R/I^{\rm Sp}_{(n-2,2)}$ is Gorenstein, and $R/I^{\rm Sp}_{(d,d,1)}$ is a Cohen-Macaulay ring with a linear free resolution. In this paper, we construct minimal free resolutions of these rings. Berkesch Zamaere, Griffeth, and Sam had already studied minimal free resolutions of $R/I^{\rm Sp}_{(n-d,d)}$, which are also Cohen-Macaulay, using heighly advanced technique of the representation theory. However we only use the basic theory of Specht modules, and explicitly describe the differential maps., Comment: 23 pages. Editorial improvements from Ver.2

For a partition $\lambda$ of $n \in {\mathbb N}$, let $I^{\rm Sp}_\lambda$ be the ideal of $R=K[x_1,\ldots,x_n]$ generated by all Specht polynomials of shape $\lambda$. In the previous paper, the second author showed that if $R/I^{\rm Sp}_\lambda$ is Cohen-Macaulay, then $\lambda$ is either $(n-d,1,\ldots,1),(n-d,d)$, or $(d,d,1)$, and the converse is true if ${\rm char}(K)=0$. In this paper, we compute the Hilbert series of $R/I^{\rm Sp}_\lambda$ for $\lambda=(n-d,d)$ or $(d,d,1)$. Hence, we get the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of $R/I^{\rm Sp}_\lambda$, when it is Cohen-Macaulay. In particular, $I^{\rm Sp}_{(d,d,1)}$ has a $(d+2)$-linear resolution in the Cohen-Macaulay case., Comment: 12 pages. To appear in J.Algebra

Let P be a lattice polytope with $h^*$-vector $(1, h^*_1, h^*_2)$. In this note we show that if $h_2^* \leq h_1^*$, then $P$ is IDP. More generally, we show the corresponding statements for semi-standard graded Cohen-Macaulay domains over algebraically closed fields., Comment: 8 Pages

For a partition $\lambda$ of $n$, let $I^{\rm Sp}_\lambda$ be the ideal of $R=K[x_1, \ldots, x_n]$ generated by all Specht polynomials of shape $\lambda$. We show that if $R/I^{\rm Sp}_\lambda$ is Cohen--Macaulay then $\lambda$ is of the form either $(a, 1, \ldots, 1)$, $(a,b)$, or $(a,a,1)$. We also prove that the converse is true if ${\rm char}(K)=0$. To show the latter statement, the radicalness of these ideals and a result of Etingof et al. are crucial. We also remark that $R/I^{\rm Sp}_{(n-3,3)}$ is NOT Cohen--Macaulay if and only if ${\rm char}(K)=2$., Comment: 21 pages

We will define the Alexander duality for strongly stable ideals. More precisely, for a strongly stable ideal $I \subset \Bbbk[x_1, \ldots, x_n]$ with ${\rm deg}(\mathsf{m}) \le d$ for all $\mathsf{m} \in G(I)$, its dual $I^* \subset \Bbbk[y_1, \ldots, y_d]$ is a strongly stable ideal with ${\rm deg}(\mathsf{m}) \le n$ for all $\mathsf{m} \in G(I^*)$. This duality has been constructed by Fl$\o$ystad et al. in a different manner, so we emphasis applications here. For example, we will describe the Hilbert serieses of the local cohomologies $H_\mathfrak{m}^i(S/I)$ using the irreducible decomposition of $I$ (through the Betti numbers of $I^*$)., Comment: 21 pages. We clarified the proofs especially in Section 3 and added Section 6

We show that the ideal generated by maximal minors (i.e., $(k+1)$-minors) of a $(k+1) \times n$ Vandermonde matrix is radical and Cohen-Macaulay. Note that this ideal is generated by all Specht polynomials with shape $(n-k,1,...,1)$., Comment: 6 pages, simplified the proof of the main result. To appear in Math. Scand

Let $k$ be an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0, and $A$ a Cohen-Macaulay graded domain with $A_0=k$. If $A$ is semi-standard graded (i.e., $A$ is finitely generated as a $k[A_1]$-module), it has the $h$-vector $(h_0, h_1, ..., h_s)$, which encodes the Hilbert function of $A$. From now on, assume that $s=2$. It is known that if $A$ is standard graded (i.e., $A=k[A_1]$), then $A$ is level. We will show that, in the semi-standard case, if $A$ is not level, then $h_1+1$ divides $h_2$. Conversely, for any positive integers $h$ and $n$, there is a non-level $A$ with the $h$-vector $(1, h, (h+1)n)$. Moreover, such examples can be constructed as Ehrhart rings (equivalently, normal toric rings)., Comment: 12 pages

An affine oriented matroid is a combinatorial abstraction of an affine hyperplane arrangement. From it, Novik, Postnikov and Sturmfels constructed a squarefree monomial ideal in a polynomial ring, called an oriented matroid ideal, and got beautiful results. Developing their theory, we will show the following. (1) If an oriented matroid ideal is Cohen-Macaulay, then the bounded complex (a regular CW complex associated with it) of the corresponding affine oriented matroid is a contractible homology manifold with boundary. This is closely related to Dong's theorem, which used to be "Zaslavsky's conjecture". (2) We characterize the affine oriented matroid whose corresponding ideal is Cohen-Macaulay. (3) In the Cohen-Macaulay case, we give a description of the canonical module of the residue class ring by an oriented matroid ideal., Comment: 22 pages, 8 figures. Introduction has been entirely rewritten and the paper has been considerably shortened by the removal of some expositions on basic facts of oriented matroids. No essential changes in the mathematical claims and their proofs

In this short note, we give a characterization of domains satisfying Serre's condition $(\mathrm{R}_1)$ in terms of their canonical modules. In the special case of toric rings, this generalizes a result of the second author (K. Yanagawa, Dualizing complexes of seminormal affine semigroup rings and toric face rings, J. Algebra 425 (2015).) where the normality is described in terms of the "shape" of the canonical module., Comment: 6 pages. Shortened exposition and improved Theorem 4.2. To appear in Comm. Alg

We exhibit a global bound for the Lyubeznik numbers of a ring of prime characteristic. In addition, we show that for a monomial ideal, the Lyubeznik numbers of the quotient rings of its radical and its polarization are the same. Furthermore, we present examples that show striking behavior of the Lyubeznik numbers under localization. We also show related results for generalizations of the Lyubeznik numbers., Comment: 17 pages

In this work we introduce a new set of invariants associated to the linear strands of a minimal free resolution of a $\mathbb{Z}$-graded ideal $I\subseteq R=\Bbbk[x_1, \ldots, x_n]$. We also prove that these invariants satisfy some properties analogous to those of Lyubeznik numbers of local rings. In particular, they satisfy a consecutiveness property that we prove first for Lyubeznik numbers. For the case of squarefree monomial ideals we get more insight on the relation between Lyubeznik numbers and the linear strands of their associated Alexander dual ideals. Finally, we prove that Lyubeznik numbers of Stanley-Reisner rings are not only an algebraic invariant but also a topological invariant, meaning that they depend on the homeomorphic class of the geometric realization of the associated simplicial complex and the characteristic of the base field., Comment: 25 pages. Accepted in Nagoya Math. J

In this paper, we introduce a new algebraic concept, which we call squarefree P-modules. This concept is inspired from Karu's proof of the non-negativity of the cd-indices of Gorenstein* posets, and supplies a way to study cd-indices from the viewpoint of commutative algebra. Indeed, by using the theory of squarefree P-modules, we give several new algebraic and combinatorial results on CW-posets. First, we define an analogue of the cd-index for any CW-poset and prove its non-negativity when a CW-poset is Cohen-Macaulay. This result proves that the h-vector of the barycentric subdivision of a Cohen-Macaulay regular CW-complex is unimodal. Second, we prove that the Stanley-Reisner ring of the barycentric subdivision of an odd dimensional Cohen-Macaulay polyhedral complex has the weak Lefschetz property. Third, we obtain sharp upper bounds of the cd-indices of Gorenstein* posets for a fixed rank generating function., Comment: 33 pages. Comments are welcome

We give a purely combinatorial characterization of complete Stanley-Reisner rings having principally generated (equivalently, finitely generated) Cartier algebras., Comment: The main result restated in a cleaner way. 5 pages, 2 figures. To appear in J. Algebra

We prove that the Eliahou-Kervaire resolution of a Cohen-Macaulay stable monomial is supported by a regular CW complex whose underlying space is a closed ball. We also show that the modified Eliahou-Kervaire resolutions of variants of a Borel fixed ideal (e.g., a squarefree strongly stable ideal) are supported by regular CW complexes, and their underlying spaces are closed balls in the Cohen-Macaulay case., Comment: 24pages, 7 figures (5 PostScript figures and the rest by eepic)

We characterize the seminormality of an affine semigroup ring in terms of the dualizing complex, and the normality of a Cohen-Macaulay semigroup ring by the "shape" of the canonical module. We also characterize the seminormality of a toric face ring in terms of the dualizing complex. A toric face ring is a simultaneous generalization of Stanley-Reisner rings and affine semigroups., Comment: 20 pages, typo corrected, more detailed proof in P.17, to appear in J. Algebra

We construct an Eliahou-Kervaire-like minimal free resolution of the alternative polarization $b-pol(I)$ of a Borel fixed ideal $I$. It yields new descriptions of the minimal free resolutions of $I$ itself and $I^sq$, where $(-)^sq$ is the squarefree operation in the shifting theory. These resolutions are cellular, and the (common) supporting cell complex is given by discrete Morse theory. If $I$ is generated in one degree, our description is equivalent to that of Nagel and Reiner., Comment: 27 pages; examples and figures added; some errors corrected; to appear in J. Algebraic Combin

For a monomial ideal $I$ of a polynomial ring $S$, a "polarization" of $I$ is a \textit{squarefree} monomial ideal $J$ of a larger polynomial ring $S'$ such that $S/I$ is a quotient of $S'/J$ by a regular sequence (consisting of degree 1 elements). We show that a Borel fixed ideal admits a "non-standard" polarization. For example, while the standard polarization sends $xy^2 \in S$ to $x_1y_1y_2 \in S'$, ours sends it to $x_1y_2y_3$. Using this idea, we recover/refine the results on "squarefree operation" in the shifting theory of simplicial complexes. The present paper generalizes a result of Nagel and Reiner, while our approach is very different from theirs., Comment: 12 pages. Minor editorial revision

We define "sliding functors", which are exact endofunctors of the category of multi-graded modules over a polynomial ring. They preserve several invariants of modules, especially the (usual) depth and Stanley depth. In a similar way, we can also define the "polarization functor". While this idea has appeared in papers of Bruns-Herzog and Sbarra, we give slightly different approach. Keeping these functors in mind, we treat simplicial spheres of Bier-Murai type., Comment: 14 pages

We apply Miller's theory on multigraded modules over a polynomial ring to the study of the Stanley depth of these modules. Several tools for Stanley's conjecture are developed, and a few partial answers are given. For example, we show that taking the Alexander duality twice (but with different "centers") is useful for this subject. Generalizing a result of Apel, we prove that Stanley's conjecture holds for the quotient by a cogeneric monomial ideal., Comment: 18 pages. We have removed Lemma 2.3 of the previous version, since the proof contained a gap. This deletion does not affect the main results, while we have revised argument a little (especially in Sections in 2 and 3)

Recently, G. Floystad studied "higher Cohen-Macaulay property" of certain finite regular cell complexes. In this paper, we partially extend his results to squarefree modules, toric face rings, and simplicial posets. For example, we show that if (the corresponding cell complex of) a simplicial poset is $l$-Cohen-Macaulay then its codimension one skeleton is $(l+1)$-Cohen-Macaulay., Comment: Minor correction. References added. 10 pages

A finite poset $P$ is called "simplicial", if it has the smallest element $\hat{0}$, and every interval $[\hat{0}, x]$ is a boolean algebra. The face poset of a simplicial complex is a typical example. Generalizing the Stanley-Reisner ring of a simplicial complex, Stanley assigned the graded ring $A_P$ to $P$. This ring has been studied from both combinatorial and topological perspective. In this paper, we will give a concise description of a dualizing complex of $A_P$, which has many applications., Comment: 16 pages. Simplified the proof of the main theorem. Added the remark that a theorem of Murai-Terai also holds for simplicial posets.

The notion of "toric face rings" generalizes both Stanley-Reisner rings and affine semigroup rings, and has been studied by Bruns, Romer, et.al. Here, we will show that, for a toric face ring $R$, the "graded" Matlis dual of a Cech complex gives a dualizing complex. In the most general setting, $R$ is not a graded ring in the usual sense. Hence technical argument is required.

A "toric face ring", which generalizes both Stanley-Reisner rings and affine semigroup rings, is studied by Bruns, Roemer and their coauthors recently. In this paper, under the "normality" assumption, we describe a dualizing complex of a toric face ring $R$ in a very concise way. Since $R$ is not a graded ring in general, the proof is not straightforward. We also develop the squarefree module theory over $R$, and show that the Buchsbaum property and the Gorenstein* property of $R$ are topological properties of its associated cell complex., Comment: 22 pages

Let A be a Koszul algebra, and $mod A$ the category of finitely generated graded left A-modules. The "linearity defect" ld_A(M) of $M \in mod A$ is an invariant defined by Herzog and Iyengar. An exterior algebra E is a Koszul algebra which is the Koszul dual S^! of a polynomial ring S. Eisenbud et al. showed that $ld_E(M) < \infty$ for all $M \in mod E$. Improving their result, we show the following (and many other facts): (*) If A is a Koszul complete intersection, then $reg_{A^!} (M) < \infty$ and $ld_{A^!} (M) < \infty$ for all $M \in mod A^!$. (**) There is a uniform bound of $ld(J)$, where J is a graded ideal of E., Comment: 13 pages. Several proofs have been simplified, and comments on known results have been revised

Let $S = K[x_1, ..., x_n ]$ be a polynomial ring over a field $K$, and $E = K < y_1, ..., y_n >$ an exterior algebra. The "linearity defect" $ld_E(N)$ of a finitely generated graded $E$-module $N$ measures how far $N$ departs from "componentwise linear". It is known that $ld_E(N) < \infty$ for all $N$. But the value can be arbitrary large, while the similar invariant $ld_S(M)$ for an $S$-module $M$ is alway at most $n$. We show that if $I_\Delta$ (resp. $J_\Delta$) is the squarefree monomial ideal of $S$ (resp. $E$) corresponding to a simplicial complex $\Delta$ on ${1, >..., n}$, then $ld_E(E/J_\Delta) = ld_S(S/I_\Delta)$. Moreover, except some extremal cases, $ld$ is a topological invariant of the Alexander dual $\Delta^\vee$ of $\Delta$. We also show that, when $n > 3$, $ld_E(E/J_\Delta) = n-2$ (this is the largest possible value) if and only if $\Delta$ is an $n$-gon., Comment: 19pages. Section 5 is largely revised; particularly, the proof of Theorem 5.1 is simplified. To appear in J. Algebra

Let $C \subset {\bf N}^d$ be an affine semigroup, and $R=K[C]$ its semigroup ring. This paper is a collection of various results on "$C$-graded" $R$-modules, especially, monomial ideals. For example, we show the following: If $R$ is normal and $I$ is a radical monomial ideal (i.e., $R/I$ is a generalization of Stanley-Reisner rings), then the sequentially Cohen-Macaulay property of $R/I$ is a topological property of the "geometric realization" of the cell complex associated with $I$. Moreover, we can give a squarefree modules/constructible sheaves version of this result., Comment: LARGELY revised version. Sections 4, 5 and most of section 3 are new. 23 pages

Let A be a noetherian AS regular Koszul quiver algebra (if A is commutative, it is essentially a polynomial ring), and grA the category of finitely generated graded left A-modules. Following Jorgensen, we define the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity reg(X) of a complex X \in D^b(grA) in terms of the local cohomologies or the minimal projective resolution of X. Let A^! be the quadratic dual ring of A. For the Koszul duality functor DG : D^b(grA) -> D^b(grA^!), we have reg(X) = max {i | H^i(DG (X)) \ne 0}. Using these concepts, we study weakly Koszul modules (= componentwise linear modules) over A^!. As an application, refining a result of Herzog and Roemer, we show that if J is a monomial ideal of an exterior algebra E= \bigwedge < y_1, ..., y_d > with d \geq 3, then the (d-2)nd syzygy of E/J is weakly Koszul., Comment: 21 pages, to appear in J. Pure Appl. Algebra, the description of the "(non-commutative)canonical module" is corrected

Let $\Sigma$ be a finite regular cell complex with $\emptyset \in \Sigma$, and regard it as a partially ordered set (poset) by inclusion. Let $R$ be the incidence algebra of the poset $\Sigma$ over a field $k$. Corresponding to the Verdier duality for constructible sheaves on $\Sigma$, we have a dualizing complex $w \in D^b(mod_{R \otimes_k R})$ giving a duality functor from $D^b(mod_R)$ to itself. $w$ satisfies the Auslander condition. Our duality is somewhat analogous to the Serre duality for projective schemes ($\emptyset$ plays a similar role to that of "irrelevant ideals"). If $H^i(w) \ne 0$ for exactly one $i$, then the underlying topological space of $\Sigma$ is Cohen-Macaulay (in the sense of the Stanley-Reisner ring theory). The converse also holds when $\Sigma$ is a simplicial complex. $R$ is always a Koszul ring with $R^! \cong R^op$. The relation between the Koszul duality for $R$ and the Verdier duality is discussed. This result is a variant of a theorem of Vybornov. The Mobius function of the poset $\hat{\Sigma}$ is also discussed., Comment: 18 pages. The results are almost same. But the exposition has been totally revised emphasizing combinatorial aspects

Let E = K< y_1, ..., y_n > be the exterior algebra. The ``(cohomological) distinguished pairs" of a graded E-module M describe the growth of a minimal graded injective resolution of M. Roemer gave a duality theorem between the distinguished pairs of M and those of its dual M^*. In this paper, we show that under Bernstein-Gel'fand-Gel'fand correspondence, his theorem is translated into a natural corollary of local duality for (complexes of) graded S=K[x_1, >..., x_n]-modules. Using this idea, we also give a Z^n-graded version of Roemer's theorem., Comment: 11 pages. To appear in Algebras and Representation Theory

A "squarefree module" over a polynomial ring $S = k[x_1, .., x_n]$ is a generalization of a Stanley-Reisner ring, and allows us to apply homological methods to the study of monomial ideals systematically. Let $Sq$ be the category of squarefree modules. Then the derived category $D^b(Sq)$ of $Sq$ has three duality functors which act on $D^b(Sq)$ just like three transpositions of the symmetric group $S_3$ (up to translation). This phenomenon is closely related to the Koszul dulaity (in particular, the Bernstein-Gel'fand-Gel'fand correspondence). We also study the local cohomology module $H_{I_\Delta}^i(S)$ at a Stanley-Reisner ideal $I_\Delta$ using squarefree modules. Among other things, we see that Hochster's formula on the Hilbert function of $H_m^i(S/I_\Delta)$ is also a formula on the characteristic cycle of $H_{I_\Delta}^{n-i}(S)$ as a module over the Weyl algebra $S<\partial_1, ..., \partial_n >$ (if $chara(k)=0$)., Comment: 21pages, to appear in J. Math. Soc. Japan. I distributed the earlier version of this paper in 2000, but the paper has been totally revised

Recently, I defined a squarefree module over a polynomial ring $S = k[x_1, >..., x_n]$ generalizing the Stanley-Reisner ring $k[\Delta] = S/I_\Delta$ of a simplicial complex $\Delta \subset 2^{1, ..., n}$. In this paper, from a squarefree module $M$, we construct the $k$-sheaf $M^+$ on an $(n-1)$ simplex $B$ which is the geometric realization of $2^{1, ..., n}$. For example, $k[\Delta]^+$ is (the direct image to $B$ of) the constant sheaf on the geometric realization $|\Delta| \subset B$. We have $H^i(B, M^+) = [H^{i+1}_m(M)]_0$ for all $i > 0$. The Poincare-Verdier duality for sheaves $M^+$ on $B$ corresponds to the local duality for squarefree modules over $S$. For example, if $|\Delta|$ is a manifold, then $k[\Delta]$ is a Buchsbaum ring whose canonical module is a squarefree module giving the orientation sheaf of $|\Delta|$ with the coefficients in $k$., Comment: 15 pages. In the newest version, I have modified some minor places. To appear in Mathematical Research Letters

Monomial ideals which are generic with respect to either their generators or irreducible components have minimal free resolutions derived from simplicial complexes. For a generic monomial ideal, the associated primes satisfy a saturated chain condition, and the Cohen-Macaulay property implies shellability for both the Scarf complex and the Stanley-Reisner complex. Reverse lexicographic initial ideals of generic lattice ideals are generic. Cohen-Macaulayness for cogeneric ideals is characterized combinatorially; in the cogeneric case the Cohen-Macaulay type is greater than or equal to the number of irreducible components. Methods of proof include Alexander duality and Stanley's theory of local h-vectors., Comment: 15 pages, LaTeX