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Introduction Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Globally, there were 19.3 million new cancer cases and nearly 10 million cancer deaths in 2020. (1) In 2014, [...], Objective To assess the procurement of medicines to treat cancer in China. Methods We conducted a descriptive analysis of the national procurement data for 20 anti-cancer medicines in China from 2015 to 2020. We estimated the number of defined daily doses procured per year in three areas of China for essential medicines and medicines for targeted therapies. We adjusted the data by the number of cancer patients in each region for each year. Findings Between 2015 and 2020, the number of defined daily doses per patient decreased from 40.87 to 35.86 (- 12.27%) for essential medicines, while the number increased from 0.85 to 12.52 (1381.15%) for target medicines. The procurement of three out of 10 essential medicines decreased, whereas procurement of all 10 targeted medicines increased. In 2020, the eastern area procured the most essential medicines (44.98 doses per patient) and targeted medicines (16.55 doses per patient), but had the smallest relative change in procurement of both essential medicines (-22.76%) and targeted medicines (978.16%). The central area had the largest increase in procurement of both essential medicines (9.64%; from 25.25 to 27.68 doses per patient) and targeted medicines (4587.81%; from 0.23 to 10.64 doses per patient). Conclusion Procurement of anti-cancer medicines varied across regions. Specific policies are needed at the national level to eliminate inequalities in access to these medicines. Two issues that need attention are the lower access to many essential anti-cancer medicines in some provinces and the increase in use of targeted medicines. Objectif Evaluer l'approvisionnement en medicaments pour traiter le cancer en Chine. Methodes Nous avons realise une analyse descriptive des donnees d'approvisionnement nationales pour 20 medicaments contre le cancer en Chine, entre 2015 et 2020. Nous avons estime le nombre de doses quotidiennes definies achetees chaque annee dans trois regions du pays, aussi bien de medicaments essentiels comme de medicaments destines a des therapies ciblees. Nous avons ajuste ces donnees en tenant compte du nombre de patients atteints d'un cancer chaque annee dans chacune des regions. Resultats Entre 2015 et 2020, le nombre de doses quotidiennes definies par patient a decline, passant de 40,87 a 35,86 (-12,27%) pour les medicaments essentiels, tandis que ce nombre a augmente de 0,85 a 12,52 (1381,15%) pour les medicaments cibles. Lacquisition de trois des dix medicaments essentiels a diminue; en revanche, les dix medicaments cibles ont tous connu une hausse en matiere d'approvisionnement. En 2020, c'est la region orientale qui s'est procure le plus de medicaments essentiels (44,98 doses par patient) et cibles (16,55 doses par patient), bien qu'elle affiche la plus petite variation relative dans l'achat de medicaments essentiels (-22,76%) et cibles (978,16%). La region centrale, elle, a enregistre la plus importante augmentation dans l'acquisition de medicaments essentiels (9,64%; de 25,25 a 27,68 doses par patient) et cibles (4587,81%; de 0,23 a 10,64 doses par patient). Conclusion L'approvisionnement en medicaments contre le cancer differe d'une region a l'autre. Des mesures specifiques sont necessaires a l'echelle nationale pour mettre un terme aux inegalites dans l'acces a ces traitements. Deux problemes en particulier doivent etre examines: l'acces plus limite a de nombreux medicaments essentiels contre le cancer dans certaines provinces, ainsi que l'utilisation accrue de medicaments cibles. Objetivo Evaluar la adquisicion de medicamentos para tratar el cancer en China. Metodos Se realizo un analisis descriptivo de los datos de adquisicion nacional de 20 medicamentos contra el cancer en China de 2015 a 2020. Se calculo la cantidad de dosis diarias definidas adquiridas por ano en tres regiones de China para medicamentos esenciales y medicamentos para tratamientos dirigidos. Asimismo, se ajustaron los datos en funcion de la cantidad de pacientes con cancer en cada region para cada ano. Resultados Entre 2015 y 2020, la cantidad de dosis diarias definidas por paciente disminuyo de 40,87 a 35,86 (-12,27 %) para los medicamentos esenciales, mientras que la cantidad aumento de 0,85 a 12,52 (1381,15 %) para los medicamentos dirigidos. La adquisicion de tres de los 10 medicamentos esenciales disminuyo, mientras que la adquisicion de los 10 medicamentos dirigidos aumento. En 2020, la region oriental adquirio la mayor cantidad de medicamentos esenciales (44,98 dosis por paciente) y de medicamentos dirigidos (16,55 dosis por paciente), pero tuvo el menor cambio relativo en la adquisicion tanto de medicamentos esenciales (-22,76 %) como de medicamentos dirigidos (978,16 %). La region central es la que mas ha aumentado la compra de medicamentos esenciales (9,64 %, de 25,25 a 27,68 dosis por paciente) y de medicamentos dirigidos (4587,81 %, de 0,23 a 10,64 dosis por paciente). Conclusion La adquisicion de medicamentos contra el cancer varia segun las regiones. Se necesitan politicas especificas a nivel nacional para eliminar las desigualdades en el acceso a estos medicamentos. Dos temas que requieren atencion son el menor acceso a muchos medicamentos esenciales contra el cancer en algunas provincias y el aumento del uso de medicamentos dirigidos.

Aim: To assess the variation in patterns of use of insulin and other antidiabetic medicines across China, both geographically and over time. Materials and Methods: Nationally, we calculated the relative change in antidiabetic medicine purchases between the first and last quarters of 2020 through 2022 based on the number of defined daily doses procured per quarter. We used annual data to analyse differences in antidiabetic medicine use and patterns across seven regions of China. Considering large regional variations, we used multifactor linear regression to preliminarily explore the possible factors influencing this variation. Results: Nationally, the procurement of antidiabetic medicines and insulin increased from 2020 to 2022, while the proportion of insulin among antidiabetic medicines remained stable at approximately 22%. Among all insulins, premixed insulin (human) was ranked first. Of the three subgroups of insulin, analogues were the most preferred and had the largest procurement, but different categories showed different trends in terms of purchases and proporation. Regionally, the growth rate of antidiabetic medicines, the proportion of insulin procurement and the preferred types of insulin across the seven regions were different. Regarding preliminary influencing factors, the level of education and owning a domestically funded producer had a positive effect on insulin procurement. Conclusions: From 2020 to 2022, the procurement of insulin increased, which may be due to the increased attention for diabetes from the country and residents.However, the proportion of insulin among all antidiabetic medicines was essentially unchanged, while the use of some non‐insulin hypoglycemic drugs increased significantly, especially the SGLT2i and GLP‐1 RA. Given the economic and cultural diversity, Insulin procurement and utilization patterns varied greatly across the regions. Owning domestic enterprises potentially influences the procurement of insulin. Enhancing education to further improve the self‐management of patients with diabetes is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The lack of anticancer drugs for curative and supportive purposes is the critical reason for the low survival rate in low-and-middle-income countries. This study aims to analyze whether the National Essential Medicines List (NEML) and Registered Essential Medicines List (REML) are in concordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) Essential Medicines List (EML) and whether the formularies prevalent in the country are parallel to each other and to the NEML. Method: An observational study design was used in which antineoplastic drugs from the 2021 NEML and REML were compared with 2021 WHO EML to evaluate their availability in Pakistan. Market access was determined. Moreover, the formularies of six different hospital types were compared with each other and with the NEML, and REML to estimate the availability within hospitals. Results: There were 66 anticancer drugs in 2021 WHO EML and all were found in Pakistan's 2021 NEML but only 48 drugs (73%) were found in the REML. Hydroxycarbamide and dasatinib were two registered drugs absent in all hospitals' formularies. The market access for anticancer medicines was 73% (48 of 66). Semigovernment hospital (86%) has the highest availability, followed by the government hospital (80%). All the hospitals have unregistered drugs including bortezomib, lenalidomide, and mesna. Conclusion: Pakistan's NEML adopts WHO EML abruptly but all medicines are not registered. The hospitals are trying their best to increase availability but optimum drug regulations to revise NEML based on the country's requirements and emphasizing registration of anticancer medicines are needed to improve the country's availability of antineoplastic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]