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In-memory computing (IMC) has been shown to be a promising approach for solving binary optimization problems while significantly reducing energy and latency. Building on the advantages of parallel computation, we propose an IMC-compatible parallelism framework inspired by parallel tempering (PT), enabling cross-replica communication to improve the performance of IMC solvers. This framework enables an IMC solver not only to improve performance beyond what can be achieved through parallelization, but also affords greater flexibility for the search process with low hardware overhead. We justify that the framework can be applied to almost any IMC solver. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the framework for the Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem, using the WalkSAT heuristic as a proxy for existing IMC solvers. The resulting PT-inspired cooperative WalkSAT (PTIC-WalkSAT) algorithm outperforms the traditional WalkSAT heuristic in terms of the iterations-to-solution in 76.3% of the tested problem instances and its na\"ive parallel variant (PA-WalkSAT) does so in 68.4% of the instances. An estimate of the energy overhead of the PTIC framework for two hardware accelerator architectures indicates that in both cases the overhead of running the PTIC framework would be less than 1% of the total energy required to run each accelerator., Comment: 21 pages, 9 figures

Fault-tolerant quantum computation using two-dimensional topological quantum error correcting codes can benefit from multi-qubit long-range operations. By using simple commutation rules, a quantum circuit can be transpiled into a sequence of solely non-Clifford multi-qubit gates. Prior work on fault-tolerant compilation avoids optimal scheduling of such gates since they reduce the parallelizability of the circuit. We observe that the reduced parallelization potential is outweighed by the significant reduction in the number of gates. We therefore devise a method for scheduling multi-qubit lattice surgery using an earliest-available-first policy, solving the associated forest packing problem using a representation of the multi-qubit gates as Steiner trees. Our extensive testing on random and application-inspired circuits demonstrates the method's scalability and performance. We show that the transpilation significantly reduces the circuit length on the set of circuits tested, and that the resulting circuit of multi-qubit gates has a further reduction in the expected circuit execution time compared to serial execution., Comment: 23 pages, 7 figures, 4 tables

This paper proposes a new approach to identifying patients with insomnia using a single EEG channel, without the need for sleep stage annotation. Data preprocessing, feature extraction, feature selection, and classification techniques are used to automatically detect insomnia based on features extracted from spectral and temporal domains, including relative power in the delta, sigma, beta and gamma bands, total power, absolute slow wave power, power ratios, mean, zero crossing rate, mobility, and complexity. A Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, p-value, and two rules are used to select the optimal set of features for accurately classifying insomnia patients and rejecting negatively affecting features. Classification schemes including a general artificial neural network, convolutional neural network, and support vector machine are applied to the optimal feature set to distinguish between insomnia patients and healthy subjects. The performance of the model is validated using 50 insomnia patients and 50 healthy subjects, with the Fp2 channel and 1D-CNN classifier achieving the highest accuracy and Cohen's kappa coefficient at 97.85% and 94.15%, respectively. The developed model has the potential to simplify current sleep monitoring systems and enable in-home ambulatory monitoring., Comment: 30 Pages, 9 figures and 12 tables

Interaction between dipoles often emerges intriguing physical phenomena, such as exchange bias in the magnetic heterostructures and magnetoelectric effect in multiferroics, which lead to advances in multifunctional heterostructures. However, the defect-dipole tends to be considered the undesired to deteriorate the electronic functionality. Here, we report deterministic switching between the ferroelectric and the pinched states by exploiting a new substrate of cubic perovskite, BaZrO$_{3}$, which boosts square-tensile-strain to BaTiO$_{3}$ and promotes four-variants in-plane spontaneous polarization with oxygen vacancy creation. First-principles calculations propose a complex of an oxygen vacancy and two Ti$^{3+}$ ions coins a charge-neutral defect-dipole. Cooperative control of the defect-dipole and the spontaneous polarization reveals ternary in-plane polar states characterized by biased/pinched hysteresis loops. Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrate that three electrically controlled polar-ordering states lead to switchable and non-volatile dielectric states for application of non-destructive electro-dielectric memory. This discovery opens a new route to develop functional materials via manipulating defect-dipoles and offers a novel platform to advance heteroepitaxy beyond the prevalent perovskite substrates., Comment: According to the Copyright Policy, the submission version (before peer-review and revision)

We establish a H\"{o}rmander type theorem for the multilinear pseudo-differential operators, which is also a generalization of the results in \cite{MR4322619} to symbols depending on the spatial variable. Most known results for multilinear pseudo-differential operators were obtained by assuming their symbols satisfy pointwise derivative estimates(Mihlin-type condition), that is, their symbols belong to some symbol classes $n$-$\mathcal{S}^m_{\rho, \delta}(\mathbb{R}^d)$, $0 \le \delta \le \rho \le1$, $0 \le \delta<1$ for some $m \le 0$. In this paper, we shall consider multilinear pseudo-differential operators whose symbols have limited smoothness described in terms of function space and not in a pointwise form(H\"ormander type condition). Our conditions for symbols are weaker than the Mihlin-type conditions in two senses: the one is that we only assume the first-order derivative conditions in the spatial variable and lower-order derivative conditions in the frequency variable, and the other is that we make use of $L^2$-average condition rather than pointwise derivative conditions for the symbols. As an application, we obtain some mapping properties for the multilinear pseudo-differential operators associated with symbols belonging to the classes $n$-$\mathcal{S}^{m}_{\rho,\delta}(\mathbb{R}^{d})$, $0 \le \rho \le 1$, $0 \le \delta<1$, $m \le 0$. Moreover, it can be pointed out that our results can be applied to wider classes of symbols which do not belong to the traditional symbol classes $n$-$\mathcal{S}^{m}_{\rho,\delta}(\mathbb{R}^{d})$.