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Objective To investigate the effect of astragaloside Ⅳ on the injury of SK⁃N⁃SH cell in Parkinson's disease (PD) induced by 1 ⁃ methy ⁃ 4 ⁃ phenylpyridine (MPP＋) and its mechanism. Methods Human neuroblastoma cell line SK ⁃N ⁃SH was cultured to logarithmic growth stage, which were randomized to routine culture (control group), MPP＋ induction (MPP＋ group), astragaloside Ⅳ 10 mg/ml + MPP＋ induction (astragaloside Ⅳ 10 mg/ml group), astragaloside Ⅳ 30 mg/ml + MPP＋ induction (astragaloside Ⅳ 30 mg/ml group), astragaloside Ⅳ 30 mg/ml + MPP＋ induction + Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitor AG490 (JAK2 inhibitor group). Cell survival was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was detected by DCFH ⁃ DA fluorescence probe, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were detected by enzyme method. And the relative expression levels of phosphorylated Janus kinase 2 (pJAK2) and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) proteins in JAK2 ⁃ STAT3 signal transducer pathway were detected by Western blotting. Results There were significant differences in cell survival rate (P = 0.000), apoptosis rate (P = 0.000), ROS content (P = 0.000), LDH activity (P = 0.000), SOD activity (P = 0.003), pJAK2 (P = 0.000) and pSTAT3 (P = 0.000) proteins relative expression levels among different SK ⁃ N ⁃ SH groups. Further pairwise comparison showed that compared with the control group, the cell survival rate (P = 0.000, 0.001, 0.049, 0.000), SOD activity (P = 0.000, 0.002, 0.012, 0.000), relative expression levels of pJAK2 (P = 0.003, 0.006, 0.036, 0.002) and pSTAT3 (P = 0.001, 0.002, 0.024, 0.001) proteins were decreased in MPP＋ group, astragaloside Ⅳ 10 mg/ml and 30 mg/ml groups, JAK2 inhibitor group, but the cell apoptosis rate (P = 0.001, 0.001, 0.001, 0.000), ROS content (P = 0.000, 0.001, 0.002, 0.000) and LDH activity (P = 0.000, 0.002, 0.038, 0.000) were increased. Compared with MPP＋ group, the survival rate (P = 0.016, 0.000), SOD activity (P = 0.003, 0.001), relative expression of pJAK2 (P = 0.013, 0.002) and pSTAT3 (P = 0.018, 0.002) proteins increased in astragaloside Ⅳ 10 mg/ml and 30 mg/ml groups, which the apoptosis rate (P = 0.021, 0.008), ROS content (P = 0.031, 0.003) and LDH activity (P = 0.001, 0.000) decreased. Compared with astragaloside Ⅳ 10 mg/ml group, the cell survival rate (P = 0.002), SOD activity (P = 0.027), relative expression of pJAK2 (P = 0.007) and pSTAT3 (P = 0.006) proteins were increased in astragaloside Ⅳ 30 mg/ml group, but ROS content (P = 0.019) and LDH activity (P = 0.011) decreased, while apoptosis rate (P = 0.016), ROS content (P = 0.030) and LDH activity (P = 0.004) increased in JAK2 inhibitor group, and SOD activity (P = 0.004), the relative expression of pJAK2 (P = 0.001) and pSTAT3 (P = 0.005) proteins were decreased. Compared with astragaloside Ⅳ 30 mg/ml group, cell survival rate (P = 0.001), SOD activity (P = 0.001), the relative expression of pJAK2 (P = 0.000) and pSTAT3 (P = 0.001) proteins in JAK2 inhibitor group were decreased, but the apoptosis rate (P = 0.004), ROS content (P = 0.002) and LDH activity (P = 0.001) were increased. Conclusions Astragaloside Ⅳ can reduce MPP＋ induced SK ⁃ N ⁃ SH cell injury in PD, which may be related to the activation of JAK2 ⁃ STAT3 signal transducer pathway.

Objective To investigate the effect of astragaloside IV on the injury of SK-N-SH cell in Parkinson's disease (PD) induced by 1 - methy - 4 - phenylpyridine (MPP+) and its mechanism. Methods Human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH was cultured to logarithmic growth stage, which were randomized to routine culture (control group), MPP+ induction (MPP+ group), astragaloside IV 10 mg/ml + MPP+ induction (astragaloside IV 10 mg/ml group), astragaloside IV 30 mg/ml + MPP+ induction (astragaloside IV 30 mg/ml group), astragaloside IV 30 mg/ml + MPP+ induction + Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitor AG490 (JAK2 inhibitor group). Cell survival was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was detected by DCFH-DA fluorescence probe, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were detected by enzyme method. And the relative expression levels of phosphorylated Janus kinase 2 (pJAK2) and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) proteins in JAK2 - STAT3 signal transducer pathway were detected by Western blotting. Results There were significant differences in cell survival rate (P = 0.000), apoptosis rate (P = 0.000), ROS content (P = 0.000), LDH activity (P = 0.000), SOD activity (P = 0.003), pJAK2 (P = 0.000) and pSTAT3 (P = 0.000) proteins relative expression levels among different SK - N - SH groups. Further pairwise comparison showed that compared with the control group, the cell survival rate (P = 0.000, 0.001, 0.049, 0.000), SOD activity (P = 0.000, 0.002, 0.012, 0.000), relative expression levels of pJAK2 (P = 0.003, 0.006, 0.036, 0.002) and pSTAT3 (P = 0.001, 0.002, 0.024, 0.001) proteins were decreased in MPP+ group, astragaloside IV 10 mg/ml and 30 mg/ml groups, JAK2 inhibitor group, but the cell apoptosis rate (P = 0.001, 0.001, 0.001, 0.000), ROS content (P = 0.000, 0.001, 0.002, 0.000) and LDH activity (P = 0.000, 0.002, 0.038, 0.000) were increased. Compared with MPP+ group, the survival rate (P = 0.016, 0.000), SOD activity (P = 0.003, 0.001), relative expression of pJAK2 (P = 0.013, 0.002) and pSTAT3 (P = 0.018, 0.002) proteins increased in astragaloside IV 10 mg/ml and 30 mg/ml groups, which the apoptosis rate (P = 0.021, 0.008), ROS content (P = 0.031, 0.003) and LDH activity (P = 0.001, 0.000) decreased. Compared with astragaloside IV 10 mg/ml group, the cell survival rate (P = 0.002), SOD activity (P = 0.027), relative expression of pJAK2 (P = 0.007) and pSTAT3 (P = 0.006) proteins were increased in astragaloside IV 30 mg/ml group, but ROS content (P = 0.019) and LDH activity (P = 0.011) decreased, while apoptosis rate (P = 0.016), ROS content (P = 0.030) and LDH activity (P = 0.004) increased in JAK2 inhibitor group, and SOD activity (P = 0.004), the relative expression of pJAK2 (P = 0.001) and pSTAT3 (P = 0.005) proteins were decreased. Compared with astragaloside IV 30 mg/ml group, cell survival rate (P = 0.001), SOD activity (P = 0.001), the relative expression of pJAK2 (P = 0.000) and pSTAT3 (P = 0.001) proteins in JAK2 inhibitor group were decreased, but the apoptosis rate (P = 0.004), ROS content (P = 0.002) and LDH activity (P = 0.001) were increased. Conclusions Astragaloside IV can reduce MPP+ induced SK - N - SH cell injury in PD, which may be related to the activation of JAK2 - STAT3 signal transducer pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytogeographical variation has an impact on up/down regulation of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. In this context, present study analyzed the influence of environmental factors on secondary metabolites in Salvia miltiorrhiza from natural habitat of China with different topographical conditions. The chemotypic variation was further correlated with climatic factors than micronutrients in the soil. The data revealed that tanshinones were more likely to be influenced by changes in ecological factors compared with phenolic acids. Tanshinone content was positively correlated with annual sunshine duration (correlation coefficients ranged from 0.379 to 0.730, P <  0.01 or 0.05), but negatively correlated with annual mean temperature (correlation coefficients ranged from −0.358 to −0.718, P <  0.01 or 0.05) and annual average precipitation (correlation coefficients ranged from −0.425 to −0.679, P <  0.01); the opposite situation was found in salvianolic acid B (correlation coefficients were −0.137, 0.084, 0.19), caffeic acid (correlation coefficients were −0.336, 0.246, 0.216, P <  0.05) and rosmarinic acid (correlation coefficients were −0.518, 0.475, 0.493, P <  0.01). Among the micronutrients, soil concentrations of Ba, Al and Mg exhibit the positive correlation with tanshinone content, but Pb exhibit the negative correlation with tanshinone content. Total N and K presented positive effects on most of phenolic acids. Ba showed significant negative and direct effects on salvianolic acid B (correlation coefficient was −0.281) and Rosmarinic acid (correlation coefficient was −0.367, P <  0.05). Therefore, the elite chemotype of S. miltiorrhiza identified among the collected samples express the correlation of phyto-geographical condition on the quantity of industrially viable metabolites, tashinones and phenolic acids. This aids in site specific exploration of high metabolite yielding samples to meet out the commercial demands and, promote the agriculture practices of this industrial crop for societal upliftment in area having similar phytogeographical locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new ent-atisanediterpenoids, ent-atisane-16β, 17-isopropylidenedioxy-19-ol-3-one (1) and ent-atisane-16β, 17-isopropylidenedioxy-11β, 18-dihydroxyl-3-one (2) were isolated from the whole plants of Euphorbia wallichii. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reveal the law of the proportion consistency of the active components in Chinese medicine and explore a new way to evaluate the quality of Chinese medicine, the present study investigated the content of tanshinone Ⅱ&#95;A, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone Ⅰ, salvianolic acid B, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, and lithospermic acid in 895 samples of Salvia miltiorrhiza from 87 literature articles. The samples with salvianolic acid B and tanshinones(total content of tanshinone Ⅱ&#95;A, tanshinone Ⅰ, and cryptotanshinone) meeting the requirements of Chinese Pharmacopoeia were analyzed for proportion consistency of components, and the proportion distribution of components was compared. The results showed that the proportions in and between tanshinones and salvianolic acids were stable. The content ratios of cryptotanshinone to tanshinone Ⅱ&#95;A, rosmarinic acid to salvianolic acid B, and salvianolic acid B to tanshinone Ⅱ&#95;A fluctuated from 0.1 to 1.7, from 0.02 to 0.14, and from 10 to 60, respectively. It indicated that the content proportions of different components were not fixed, but fluctuated in a certain range. The fluctuation range of components in the same group was small, but that in different groups was large. The content proportions of active components were stable for Chinese medicinal materials with fixed varieties or origins. The samples whose content proportions were out of the fluctuation ranges were generally unqualified medicinal materials. We proposed a &quot;three-dimensional multi-component&quot; quality evaluation model of Chinese medicine based on the above findings. Specifically, &quot;three-dimensional&quot; means to accurately evaluate the quality of Chinese medicine from varieties, proportions, and content of active components, and &quot;multi-component&quot; means to highlight the information of multiple components in Chinese medicine, especially the quality markers and equivalent component groups. The proportion of components in Chinese medicine can be used as an important index for the quality evaluation of Chinese medicine. The proportions of active components are stable in Chinese medicinal materials with fixed varieties or places of origin.

Salvia miltiorrhiza(Sm) and Salvia castanea f. tomentosa(Sc) hairy roots were used as experimental materials to study the effects of six different carbon sources, galactose, fructose, lactose, glucose, arabinose and sucrose(control), on fresh weight, dry weight, contents and yields of salvianolic acids and tanshinones. The results showed that galactose was most beneficial to the growth of two kinds of hairy roots, while lactose and arabinose were not conducive to their growth. As for Sm hairy roots, fructose significantly promoted the accumulation of salvianolic acid B, and the content increased by 5.801 times and 10.151 times compared with the control group, respectively. Glucose significantly promoted the accumulation of salvianolic acids. The content and yield of rosmarinic acid were 7.674 times and 9.260 times of that of the control group, and the content and yield of salvianolic acid B were 5.532 times and 6.675 times of the control group. For the hairy roots of Sc, galactose significantly increased the content and yield of rosmarinic acid, reaching 7.820 times and 9.944 times of the control group, respectively. Fructose promoted the increase of the content and yield of cryptotanshinone, reaching 9.242 times and 6.609 times of the control group, respectively. The study confirmed the optimal carbon source for the hairy root culture of Sm and Sc, and provided theoretical guidance for large-scale production of Sm drug-derived components and the utilization of Sc.

Aim: To investigate the effects of daily telephone-based re-education (TRE) before taking medicine for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) on the compliance and the eradication rate in a Chinese patient population., Methods: A prospective, physician-blinded, randomized, controlled clinical study was conducted. The patients were randomly assigned to receive TRE every day before taking medicine (TRE group) or no TRE (control group). The patients in the TRE group received regular instructions before taking medicine for the eradication of H. pylori during the entire course of treatment through telephone calls. The patients in the control group received detailed instructions at the time of seeing a doctor for the guidance. The primary outcome was the H. pylori eradication rate after treatment. The secondary outcomes included the clinical remissions after treatment, adverse events, compliance, and patients' satisfaction., Results: A total of 140 patients were randomized, 70 to the TRE group and 70 to the control group. As the primary outcome, the H. pylori eradication rates in the TRE and control groups were 62.7% and 71.2% in per protocol analysis (P = 0.230), and 52.9% and 52.9% in intention-to-treat analysis (P = 0.567), respectively. As the secondary outcomes, there were no significant differences in the patients' satisfaction between the two groups (good, 79.7% vs 76.9%; fair, 13.6% vs 19.2%; poor, 6.7% vs 3.9%, for the TRE group and control group, respectively; P > 0.05 for all); the rates of adverse effects were 15.2% and 63.5% in the TRE and control groups, respectively (P < 0.001); the compliance rates in the TRE and control groups were 85.7% and 74.3%, respectively (P = 0.069)., Conclusion: Daily TRE before taking medicine had no significant impact on the patients' compliance, satisfaction, or H. pylori eradication, but reduced the rate of adverse events.

Objective: To study and establish the GC fingerprint of essential oils of 10 batches the flower of Lonicera japonica., Method: The essential oils were extracted by steam distillation from ten batches of the flowers, then separated by capillary gas chromatography., Result: The similarity of 10 batches of the flower of L. japonica was high., Conclusion: The method was reliable, and can be used to evaluate the quality of the flower of L. japonica.