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In this paper, a quantitative estimate of unique continuation for the stochastic heat equation with bounded potentials on the whole Euclidean space is established. This paper generalizes the earlier results in [29] and [17] from a bounded domain to an unbounded one. The proof is based on the locally parabolic-type frequency function method. An observability estimate from measurable sets in time for the same equation is also derived., Comment: 26 pages

This study aims to investigate the functional properties of weak solution spaces and their compact embedding properties in relation to the Dirichlet problem associated with a specific class of degenerate elliptic equations. To expand the scope of analysis for degenerate elliptic problems, we employ weighted Sobolev inequalities and compact embedding techniques within the framework of weighted Sobolev spaces. Additionally, we apply these findings to examine a Stackelberg-Nash game problem and obtain the existence of the Stackelberg-Nash equilibrium., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2306.08518

The present article delves into the investigation of observability inequalities pertaining to backward stochastic evolution equations. We employ a combination of spectral inequalities, interpolation inequalities, and the telegraph series method as our primary tools to directly establish observability inequalities. Furthermore, we explore three specific equations as application examples: a stochastic degenerate equation, a stochastic fourth order parabolic equation and a stochastic heat equation. It is noteworthy that these equations can be rendered null controllability with only one control in the drift term to each system.

We study the controllability of a class of $N$-dimensional degenerate parabolic equations with single interior point degeneracy. We employ the Galerkin method to prove the existence of solutions for the equations. The analysis is then divided into two cases based on whether the degenerate point $x=0$ lies within the control region $\omega_0$ or not. For each case, we establish specific Carleman estimates. As a result, we achieve null controllability in the first case $0\in\omega_0$ and unique continuation and approximate controllability in the second case $0\notin\omega_0$.

The focus of this paper is on the null controllability of two kinds of coupled systems including both degenerate and non-degenerate equations with switching control. We first establish the observability inequality for measurable subsets in time for such coupled system, and then by the HUM method to obtain the null controllability. Next, we investigate the null controllability of such coupled system for segmented time intervals. Notably, these results are obtained through spectral inequalities rather than using the method of Carleman estimates. Such coupled systems with switching control, to the best of our knowledge, are among the first to discuss.

This paper focuses on investigating the optimal actuator location for achieving minimum norm controls in the context of approximate controllability for degenerate parabolic equations. We propose a formulation of the optimization problem that encompasses both the actuator location and its associated minimum norm control. Specifically, we transform the problem into a two-person zero-sum game problem, resulting in the development of four equivalent formulations. Finally, we establish the crucial result that the solution to the relaxed optimization problem serves as an optimal actuator location for the classical problem.

This paper investigates the norm and time optimal control problems for stochastic heat equations. We begin by presenting a characterization of the norm optimal control, followed by a discussion of its properties. We then explore the equivalence between the norm optimal control and time optimal control, and subsequently establish the bang-bang property of the time optimal control. These problems, to the best of our knowledge, are among the first to discuss in the stochastic case.

This paper extends the Carleman estimates to high dimensional parabolic equations with highly degenerate symmetric coefficients on a bounded domain of Lipschitz boundary and use these estimates to study the controlla?bility the corresponding equations. Due to the nonsmoothness and degeneracy of boundary, the partial integration by parts in Carleman estimates have no meaning on the degenerate and nonsmooth parts of the boundary. To get around of this difficulty, we construct special weight function, and transform some integral terms in degenerate regions into a non-degenerate ones carefully so that the obtained Carleman estimates can still be used to the controllability problem. Our results includes some well-known works as some special cases as well as some interesting new examples.

This paper investigates the interrelationships between the observability inequality, the H\"older-type interpolation inequality, and the spectral inequality for the degenerate parabolic equation in $\mathbb{R}$. We elucidate the distinctive properties of observable sets pertaining to the degenerate parabolic equation. Specifically, we establish that a measurable set in $\mathbb{R}$ fulfills the observability inequality when it exhibits $\gamma$-thickness at a scale $L$, where $\gamma>0$ and $L>0$., Comment: An issue with one of the proofs in the article affects the final result

In this study, we employ the established Carleman estimates and propagation estimates of smallness from measurable sets for real analytic functions, along with the telescoping series method, to establish an observability inequality for the degenerate parabolic equation over measurable subsets in the time-space domain. As a direct application, we formulate a captivating Stackelberg-Nash game problem and provide a proof of the existence of its equilibrium. Additionally, we characterize the set of Stackelberg-Nash equilibria and delve into the analysis of a norm optimal control problem.

We consider the problems of extreming the first eigenvalue and the fundamental gap of a sub-elliptic operator with Dirichlet boundary condition, when the potential $V$ is subjected to a $p$-norm constraint. The existence results for weak solutions, compact embedding theorem and spectral theory for sub-elliptic equation are given. Moreover, we provide the specific characteristics of the corresponding optimal potential function.

This paper is concerned at the minimization fundamental gap problem for a class of two-dimensional degenerate sub-elliptic operators. We establish existence results for weak solutions, Sobolev embedding theorem and spectral theory of sub-elliptic operators. We provide the existence and characterization theorems for extremizing potentials $V(x)$ when $V(x)$ is subject to $L^\infty$ norm constraint.

In this paper, we consider a two-person game problem governed by a linear heat equation. The existence of Nash equilibrium for this problem is considered. Moreover, the bang-bang property of Nash equilibrium is discussed., Comment: 10 pages