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21. Identification and Visualization of Polystyrene Microplastics/Nanoplastics in Flavored Yogurt by Raman Imaging.

Author

Ling, Xin, Cheng, Jun, Yao, Weirong, Qian, He, Ding, Dazhi, Yu, Zhilong, Xie, Yunfei, and Yang, Fangwei

Subjects
YOGURT, MICROPLASTICS, POLYSTYRENE, FOOD contamination, BRAND name products, POLYPROPYLENE
Abstract

The contamination of food by microplastics has garnered widespread attention, particularly concerning the health risks associated with small-sized microplastics. However, detecting these smaller microplastics in food poses challenges attributed to the complexity of food matrices and instrumental and method limitations. Here, we employed Raman imaging for visualization and identification of polystyrene particles synthesized in polymerization reactions, ranging from 400 to 2600 nm. We successfully developed a quantitative model of particle size and concentration for polystyrene, exhibiting excellent fit (R2 of 0.9946). We established procedures for spiked flavored yogurt using synthesized polystyrene, providing fresh insights into microplastic extraction efficiency. Recovery rates calculated from models validated the method's feasibility. In practical applications, the assessment of the size, type, shape, and quantity of microplastics in unspiked flavored yogurt was conducted. The most common polymers found were polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyethylene, with the smallest polystyrene sizes ranging from 1 to 10 μm. Additionally, we conducted exposure assessments of microplastics in branded flavored yogurt. This study established a foundation for developing a universal method to quantify microplastics in food, covering synthesis of standards, method development, validation, and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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48. Chemical constituent and bioactivity of Valeriana officinalisL. root essential oil using neutral cellulase-assisted steam distillation

Author

Ren, Xiaona, Yu, Hang, Yang, Fangwei, Xie, Yunfei, Guo, Yahui, Cheng, Yuliang, and Yao, Weirong

Abstract

ABSTRACTNeutral cellulase-assisted steam distillation (NCSD) was developed to extract essential oil from Valeriana officinalisL. root, and a single-factor experiment was designed to optimize the NCSD. Chemical composition was subsequently compared between Valeriana officinalisL. root essential oil (VORO) extracted by NCSD and conventional steam distillation (SD). Results show that the highest yield of VORO extracted by NCSD was 68.09% higher than that extracted by SD. Results of antibacterial activity indicate that the two VOROs had an equally strong antibacterial activity of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coliwith minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.88, 1.75, and 3.50 mg/mL, respectively. Both VOROs also showed sufficiently high antioxidant and anti-dust mite abilities. The VORO concentration higher than 0.35 mg/mL was regarded as an A-grade dust mite repellent and B-grade miticide. This study has emphasized the significances of VORO in the food and textile industries as a potential additive.

Published
2022
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49. Trans-cinnamaldehyde inhibits Penicillium italicumby damaging mitochondria and inducing apoptosis mechanisms

Author

Yang, Fangwei, Mi, Jiaqi, Huang, Fei, Pienpinijtham, Prompong, Guo, Yahui, Cheng, Yuliang, Yao, Weirong, and Xie, Yunfei

Abstract

Plant-derived essential oils have excellent antifungal effects and can be used for the preservation of fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables, but the detailed mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of trans-cinnamaldehyde on Penicillium italicum, a common pollution fungus in citrus, and explored the antifungal mechanism of trans-cinnamaldehyde by detecting fungal oxidative damage, mitochondrial metabolism, and cell apoptosis. These results showed that trans-cinnamaldehyde made the carboxylic acid cycle deregulated by altering the related enzyme activities (succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase) and mid product. Moreover, the level of reactive oxygen species rose sharply while the redox level was out of regulation. The mitochondrial membrane potential collapsed, leading to the leakage of cytochrome c, and then triggering the activation of apoptotic protease, which was further confirmed by the significant increase in caspase-3 activity from (3.6 ± 0.6) U to (8.8 ± 1.1) U (P< 0.05). The cytochrome cin mitochondria was detected by confocal Raman microspectroscopy, the characteristic intensity index (I750/I2944) was decreased, indicating that the cytochrome cin mitochondria was reduced and leakage. Besides, the strong negative correlation between Raman intensity and the amount of cytochrome cleakage was established with the correlation coefficient of -0.9817. This study revealed that destroying the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane, activating the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis pathway was the in-depth antifungal mechanism of trans-cinnamaldehyde; and Raman spectroscopy technology provided new ideas to study this process with high sensitivity determination of cytochrome c.

Published
2022
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