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Yang, Guo-Hui, Orr, Albert G., Zhang, Hao-Miao (2022): Descriptions of the larvae of Huosoma Guan, Dumont, Yu, Han & Vierstraete 2013 from China (Odonata: Coenagrionidae). Zootaxa 5134 (3): 426-434, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5134.3.6

Huosoma tinctipenne (McLachlan, 1894) (Figs 2b; 4a–m; 6; 7d–e) Material examined: 1♀, larva, 1.V.2019, Haicang Village, Jiuzhou Town, Yunlong County (25.30°N, 99.02°E, 2,550 m a.s.l.), Dali City, Yunnan Province, China, Guo-Hui Yang leg., 1♀, 1♂ larvae, 6.VI.2021, same locality, Guo-Hui Yang leg. 1♀ larva was successfully raised to emergence. Habitus: Generally similar to H. latiloba. Legs and wing sheaths relatively slightly longer (Figs 7d, e) and, caudal lamellae leaf shaped, longer and narrower than in H. latiloba. Head. Comparatively large, occipital lobes gently rounded, not bulbous in dorsal view; mouthparts (Figs 4a–i), fairly similar to H. latiloba but with relatively broader prementum, maximum breadth ca 0.78 length; length about four times wider than base; anterior margin more strongly projected as obtuse isosceles triangle, apex forming 105° angle (dorsal view), with fine marginal denticles; row of four long, strong setae sub-medially on upper side of prementum. Labial palp long and narrow, distinctly expanded apically, upper margin with six very long, strong setae set in raised tooth-like sockets (Figs 4b, c); movable hook short, incurved, only ca 1/2 length of longest palpal seta; palp terminating in broad securiform ‘comb’ separated by shallow notch from short ventral hook slightly exceeding margin of comb in length (Fig. 6). Thorax. Very similar to H. latiloba but legs longer; femur of hind leg reaching to hind margin of S4; outer wing sheaths reaching just beyond hind margin of S4, inner sheaths slightly shorter (Figs 7d–e). Abdomen. Very similar to H. latiloba but ovipositor of female extending only to end of S10 (Figs 4j–k). Caudal lamellae foliate, long and narrow, more than half length of abdomen (maximum length 3.5 times width of lateral lamella and 3.2 times width of median lamella (Figs 4l–m). Lateral lamellae white-tipped with short terminal filament, also present in median lamella but less developed. Measurements (mm). Larvae (N=3), body length (excluding caudal lamellae) 11.5–14; length of abdomen (excluding caudal lamellae) 7.5–8; maximum head width 2.8–2.9; length of hind femur 3.6–4; lateral caudal lamella 4.5–5. Biological notes. The larvae of H. tinctipenne were found in a small, heavily vegetated shallow pond in a brook at an elevation of approximately 2,550 m (Fig. 8b). Adults were often present breeding in the same pond (Fig. 7f). The flight season ranges from June to September., Published as part of Yang, Guo-Hui, Orr, Albert G. & Zhang, Hao-Miao, 2022, Descriptions of the larvae of Huosoma Guan, Dumont, Yu, Han & Vierstraete 2013 from China (Odonata: Coenagrionidae), pp. 426-434 in Zootaxa 5134 (3) on pages 429-431, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5134.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6538329, {"references":["Brochard, C. & van der Ploeg, E. (2013) Description of the exuvia and larva of Pyrrhosoma elisabethae. Libellula, 32 (3), 159 - 174."]}

Huosoma latiloba (Yu, Yang & Bu, 2008) (Figs 1, 2a; 3a–n; 5; 7a) Material examined. 1♀, 2♂♂ larvae, 6.X.2020, Huadianba (25.54°N, 100.00°E, 2,920 m a.s.l.), XiZhou Town, Dali City, Yunnan Province, China, Guo-Hui Yang leg. Huadianba is on Mt Cangshan in Dali, Yunnan. There are many streams and pools in the surrounding mountains. 1♀ and 1♂ larvae were collected and successfully raised to emergence. Habitus: Body small (body length including caudal lamellae 15–18mm long), smooth and moderately stout, lacking distinct bands or marks, with broad paddle-shaped caudal lamellae (Figs 1, 7a). Males and females are very similar except for presence of an ovipositor in the latter. Head: Wider than long, maximum width 1.9–2.1 times length. Compound eyes black and prominent. Occiput light brown, with occipital lobes rounded but rather bulbous (Fig. 2a); antenna filiform, 7–segmented, length of successive antennal segments (mm): 0.10, 0.10, 0.25, 0.35, 0.25, 0.25, 0.3 (Fig. 3a). Labium ochreous, prementum basally narrow, anteriorly expanded strongly and nearly evenly; anterior margin strongly projected as obtuse isosceles triangle, apex forming 115° angle (dorsal view), with fine marginal denticles; prementum length about 4.1 times wider than base, maximum breadth 0.7 length; row of 3–4 long, strong setae sub-medially on upper side of prementum (N=3) (Figs 3b, c). Labial palp long and narrow, distinctly expanded apically, upper margin with eight very long, strong setae set in raised sockets (Fig. 3d); movable hook incurved, but only ca 3/5 length of longest palpal seta (Figs 3d, 5); palp terminating in broad securiform ‘comb’ separated by shallow notch from short ventral hook slightly exceeding margin of comb in length. Mandibles brown, teeth black blown, formula: L 1+234+50y ab R 12345 ab, molar crest absent both right and left mandibles, incisor teeth rounded, 2> 3> 5> 4> 1, additional tooth y on the right mandible (Figs 3e–h). Maxillae long, with dense long setae present on the distal one-thirds of its length (Figs 3i–j). Thorax. Brown, smooth without distinct bands or marks. Prothorax rectangular. Synthorax trapezoidal and elongate. Legs moderately long and slender, the femur of hind leg reaching to middle of S4. Wing cases parallel, outer wing cases reach to the hind margin of S4, inner cases a little shorter. Abdomen. Brown, smooth with black brown markings. Lateral spines absent. Ovipositor of female extending beyond the end of S10 (Figs 3k–l). Caudal lamellae half as long as abdomen, broadly paddle-shaped ending in a short white filament, especially on outer lamellae, margins with well separated low serrations; surface marked with irregular black blotches, especially visible near base. Maximum length:width ratio 2.6 in lateral lamellae and 2.4 in median lamella (Figs 3m –n). Measurements (mm). Larvae (N=3), body length (excluding caudal lamellae) 12–13.5; length of abdomen (excluding caudal lamellae) 8–9; maximum head width 2.5–2.8; length of hind femur 3.5–4; lateral caudal lamella 4.5–5. Biological notes. The larva of H. latiloba was found in a pool in a small mountain stream, with numerous hydrophytes (Fig. 7a). Breeding adults often appear at the edge of nearby streams (Fig. 6c). The flight season ranges from June to September., Published as part of Yang, Guo-Hui, Orr, Albert G. & Zhang, Hao-Miao, 2022, Descriptions of the larvae of Huosoma Guan, Dumont, Yu, Han & Vierstraete 2013 from China (Odonata: Coenagrionidae), pp. 426-434 in Zootaxa 5134 (3) on pages 427-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5134.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6538329

Mnais gregoryi Fraser, 1924 (Figs 3; 4 a���m; 5d���f; 6b) Material examined. 2 ���� larvae, 25. V.2019, Mt. Jizushan (25.51��N, 100.20��E, 2,340 m a.s.l.), Binchuan Town, Dali City, Yunnan Province, China, Guo-Hui Yang leg.; 4 ���� larvae, 6 ♀♀ larvae, 4.VII.2019, Yunlong County (25.30��N, 99.02��E, 2,460 m a.s.l.), Dali City, Yunnan Province, China, En-Jiang Zhou leg. Several of these larvae were successfully reared to adults. Habitus: A fairly lightly built caloperygid lava with relatively short legs; lateral gills long and lanceolate. Body coloration overall dark brown with only obscure darker brown markings in places, without robust spines (Fig. 3). Head. Roughly pentangular, about 2.2 times as wide as long. Occiput concave. Vertex brown, with small yellow setae (Fig. 3). Antenna, 7-segmented, 1 st segment robust, with slight sub-basal sinuous bend, and extremely long, accounting for 3/5 of the whole entire antenna length; terminal segments filiform; length of each antennal segment (mm): 1.75, 0.25, 0.25, 0.15, 0.10, 0.07, 0.05 (Fig. 4a). Labium pale yellowish, broadly expanded in distal 1/ 2 in dorsal view, distal margin of prementum fringed with very small teeth; extending to form large triangle medially cleft; median cleft nearly touching distally and expanding at base to form a rounded droplet shape, 4.1 mm in length; maximum width to total length ratio of median cleft about 1: 4; labial palp with large movable hook and three long, curved, sharp terminal hooks of unequal length at apex, the inner one curved strongly inward, and shortest, about 1/3 as long as the middle; one strong dorsal setae near base of movable hook (Fig. 4 b���d). Mandibles brown, left mandible with five incisors, L 123450 a(m 1,2, 3)b, 4> 5> 3> 2> 1, molar crest produced straight; R 12345 y a, right mandible with similar incisors, molar crest absent, additional tooth y on the right mandible (Fig. 4 e���h). Galeolacinea of maxilla seen in ventral view with seven strong curved spines and sparse long setae; maxillary palp narrow, curved and bearing long, dense, fine setae. (Fig. 4 i���j). Thorax. Prothorax brown and roughly rectangular. Synthorax brown and smooth, with a thick dark brown stripe laterally. Legs only moderately long, with two dark brown bandings on femora and two similar bandings on tibiae when alive. Wing cases parallel, forewing cases reaching the hind margin of S3 and hindwing cases reaching the anterior margin of S4. Abdomen. Brown and smooth with black markings. No lateral spines present. Female ovipositor sheath reaching beyond middle of S10, but never extending beyond its posterior margin (Fig. 4k). Lateral appendages long lanceolate with a prominent main trachea, with smooth lateral margins and a short apical projection; middle appendage about 4/5th length of laterals, with slight point apically. Lateral appendages dark with irregular pale marking around margins; middle appendage dark with two well defined whitish bands (Fig. 4 l���m). Measurements (mm). Body length 35���37; length of the abdomen 17���18; maximum head width 4, length of the hind femur 8���9; lateral caudal gill 9���10. Differential diagnosis. Besides M. gregoryi, larvae of three other species the genus have been described, M. andersoni described and illustrated by Matsuki & Lien (1978) from Taiwan in detail, M. pruinosa and M. costalis described by Ishida (1996) and Hayashi et al. (2004) from Japan. The main differences between the species are in the ovipositor sheet of the female, the shape of the lateral gill (narrow or wide) and the shape of the prementum., Published as part of Yang, Guo-Hui, Zhang, Hao-Miao & Orr, Albert G., 2021, Descriptions of larvae of Caliphaea angka H��m��l��inen, 2003 and Mnais gregoryi Fraser, 1924 (Odonata: Calopterygidae), pp. 276-284 in Zootaxa 4926 (2) on pages 279-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/4506176, {"references":["Matsuki, K. & Lien, J. C. (1978) Description of the larvae of three families of Zygoptera breeding in the streams of Taiwan (Synlestidae, Euphaeidae & Calopterygidae). Tombo, XXI, (1 - 4), 15 - 26.","Ishida, K. (1996) Monograph of Odonata larvae in Japan. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, pp. 157 - 161.","Hayashi, F., Dobata, S. & Futahashi, R. (2004) Larval morphology of Japanese Mnais damselflies (Odonata: Calopterygidae) distinguished by nuclear DNA (ITS 1) sequences. Tombo, 47 (1), 13 - 24."]}

Caliphaea angka H��m��l��inen, 2003 (Figs 1, 2 a���p; 5a���c; 6a) Material examined. 2����, 1♀ larvae, 29.V.2020, Sanjiacun Stream (25.51��N, 100.38��E, 2,129 m a.s.l.), Fenyi Town, Dali City, Yunnan Province, China, Guo-Hui Yang leg. Sanjiacun Stream is small montane streams, it is 0.5 m wide, water clear and gravel covered on substrate. 1♀ larva was successfully raised to emergence. Habitus: A stoutly built caloperygid larva with long legs; coloration overall pale brown heavily mottled with dark brown markings. Lateral gills short and ovate, with robust spines on mid-rib but dorsal and ventral margins smooth (Figs 1, 2l). Head: Wider than long, about 2.2 times as wide as long and roughly pentangular, Occiput concave, eyes of moderate size, elongate-rounded, situated at sides of head directed mainly forward (Fig. 1). Antenna, 7���segmented, 1 st segment thick, with distinct sub-terminal inward bend, and extremely long, accounting for 2/5 of the whole entire antenna length; terminal segments filiform; length of each antennal segment (mm): 1.65, 0.75, 0.5, 0.45, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 (Fig. 2a). Labium dirty yellow, strongly and abruptly expanded in distal 1/ 2 in dorsal view, distal margin of prementum with small teeth, its apical border strongly produced beyond level of base of palps and very deeply incised, the length of median cleft 2.8 mm, only slightly expanded towards base and rounded at the bottom; width to length ratio of median cleft about 1:5; each lobe bearing a long robust inward directed seta near its inner margin just before the mid-point of the lobe; labial palp with large robust movable hook and three long, curved, sharp end hooks of unequal length at the apex; the inner one being shortest, about 1/4 as long as the long central hook; basal to movable hook palp bears one long and three shorter but robust dorsal setae; outer margin of palp with sparse ���pelt��� of numerous but much finer setae (Fig. 2 b���c). Mandibles brown, left mandible with five incisors, L 123450 a(m 1,2, 3,4) b, 4> 5> 3> 2> 1, molar crest produced straight; R 12345 y a, right mandible with similar incisors, molar crest absent, additional tooth y on the right mandible (Fig. 2 e���h). Galeolacinea of maxilla seen in ventral view with six strong curved spines and sparse long setae; maxillary palp narrow, curved and bearing long, dense, fine setae. (Fig. 2 i���j). Thorax. Prothorax roughly rectangular, extending slightly laterally, with broad quadrate light marking dorsally. Synthorax brown and smooth, with light brown dorsal triangular mark. Legs long, hind femur reaching the end of S4; all legs with three broad dark brown bands on femora and tibiae. Wing cases parallel and long, forewing cases reaching the anterior margin of S5 and hindwing cases reaching the hind margin of S5 (Fig. 1). Abdomen. Short, cylindrical, brown and with pale longitudinal irregular-margined dorsal stripes. No lateral spines present. Ovipositor of female extending to basal 4/5 of S10 (Fig. 2k). Lateral caudal appendages ovoid, dark brown, with irregular markings on the edges, with 4 big and 5 small robust spines on the mid-rib; middle appendage distinctly smaller, thin and sub-ovate, pale with very broad darker band from near base to post-medially and dark mark at rounded apex (Fig. 2 m���p). Measurements (mm). Body length 22; length of the abdomen 12; maximum head width 3, length of the hind femur 6; lateral caudal gill 4. Differential diagnosis. It is now known that Fraser���s (1943) description of C. confusa is erroneous. Among other, minor differences, it is likely that the forked prementum is less produced in that species than in C. angka but more material needs to be examined before this can be confirmed. Biological notes. The larva of C. angka was found in small sluggish montane streams, with numerous hydrophytes in the Erhai lake Basin (alt. ca 2,300 ���2,800 m) (Fig. 6a). Breeding adults (Fig. 5 a���b) frequent the stream margins. The flight season range from April to August. During the rearing, we have noticed a rather peculiar behavior. When a larva crawled onto the surface of a stone or on a small branch, its whole body was lifted by stretching of the tibiae, similar to a human doing ���push-ups��� (Fig. 5c). This exercise was performed 15���20 times a day, and may be a territorial display by the larva., Published as part of Yang, Guo-Hui, Zhang, Hao-Miao & Orr, Albert G., 2021, Descriptions of larvae of Caliphaea angka H��m��l��inen, 2003 and Mnais gregoryi Fraser, 1924 (Odonata: Calopterygidae), pp. 276-284 in Zootaxa 4926 (2) on page 277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/4506176, {"references":["Fraser, F. C. (1943) New oriental Odonata larvae. Proceedings of the Royal entomological society, London, (b), 12 (5 / 6), 81 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1943. tb 00749. x"]}