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In the process of oil production, wells containing gas can impact the efficiency of electric submersible pump (ESP), potentially causing gas lock. This issue can lead to the loss of lifting capacity in ESP, affecting the normal production of oil wells. To address this problem, the concept of gas separation before mixing transportation has been proposed, and a gas–liquid separation–mixing device has been designed. Experimental tests on the gas–liquid two-phase flow under various working conditions were conducted. A numerical model of the physical process was developed and validated with the experimental results. The results indicate that when the inlet flow rate exceeds 8.75 m3/h, the gas phase can be effectively accumulated in the center of the main pipeline after flowing through the guide vanes, thereby achieving efficient gas–liquid separation. Centrifugal number, which is defined as the ratio of axial flux of centrifugal force to axial flux of gravity, was proposed for evaluating the flow characteristics. When the centrifugal number exceeds 6.5, a high-quality gas core is formed in the pipe. At high inlet gas content, the volume fraction of gas in the main pipe initially decreases to 2% as the flow rate increases to 15 m3/h. However, at a flow rate of 30 m3/h, the volume fraction gradually rises to 30%, which results in a significant amount of gas being forced into the main pipe. The results are beneficial for expanding the use of ESP and improving the lifting efficiency in the development of oil field with high gas content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undifferentiated spermatogonia are composed of a heterogeneous cell population including spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of various spermatogonial cohorts during their self-renewal and differentiation are largely unclear. Here we show that AKT1S1, an AKT substrate and inhibitor of mTORC1, regulates the homeostasis of undifferentiated spermatogonia. Although deletion of Akt1s1 in mouse appears not grossly affecting steady-state spermatogenesis and male mice are fertile, the subset of differentiation-primed OCT4+ spermatogonia decreased significantly, whereas self-renewing GFRα1+ and proliferating PLZF+ spermatogonia were sustained. Both neonatal prospermatogonia and the first wave spermatogenesis were greatly reduced in Akt1s1 −/− mice. Further analyses suggest that OCT4+ spermatogonia in Akt1s1 −/− mice possess altered PI3K/AKT-mTORC1 signaling, gene expression and carbohydrate metabolism, leading to their functionally compromised developmental potential. Collectively, these results revealed an important role of AKT1S1 in mediating the stage-specific signals that regulate the self-renewal and differentiation of spermatogonia during mouse spermatogenesis. [Display omitted] • Akt1s1 deletion decreased pro-spermatogonia and the first wave mouse spermatogenesis. • Akt1s1 deletion reduced OCT4+ differentiation-primed spermatogonia in mouse. • Akt1s1 deletion altered mTORC1 signaling and transcriptome of OCT4+ spermatogonia. • AKT1S1-mediated PI3K/AKT-mTORC1 switch regulates spermatogonia cell fate transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various industrial fields use gas-liquid separation, but due to the variety of gas-liquid separation technologies, no comprehensive review has been conducted. This paper systematically reviews the separation mechanism, application ranges, research status, and development prospects of various separation techniques. The challenges associated with each gas-liquid separation technology are presented. This review indicates that future research should focus on the droplet-droplet and droplet-gas interaction mechanisms and the formation and breakup mechanisms of liquid films. Future experimental efforts should focus on investigating gas-liquid two-phase flow fields including droplet size distribution, phase distribution, and velocity distribution. A promising development direction is to combine several gas-liquid separation technologies to expand their range of applications. An increased knowledge of the relationship between the flow field and separation performance would guide the standardized design of the gas-liquid separators. [Display omitted] • The technical and application state of gas-liquid separation is systematically reviewed. • Phase separation laws for various separation technologies are summarized. • A promising development exists in combining a variety of gas-liquid separation technologies. • A detailed understanding of the relationship between the flow field and separation performance is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Network pharmacology can ascertain the therapeutic mechanism of drugs for treating diseases at the level of biological targets and pathways. The effective mechanism study of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) characterized by multi-component, multi-targeted, and integrative efficacy, perfectly corresponds to the application of network pharmacology. Currently, network pharmacology has been widely utilized to clarify the mechanism of the physiological activity of TCM. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the application of network pharmacology in TCM to reveal its potential of verifying the phenotype and underlying causes of diseases, realizing the personalized and accurate application of TCM. We searched the literature using "TCM network pharmacology" and "network pharmacology" as keywords from Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, as well as Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure in the last decade. The origins, development, and application of network pharmacology are closely correlated with the study of TCM which has been applied in China for thousands of years. Network pharmacology and TCM have the same core idea and promote each other. A well-defined research strategy for network pharmacology has been utilized in several aspects of TCM research, including the elucidation of the biological basis of diseases and syndromes, the prediction of TCM targets, the screening of TCM active compounds, and the decipherment of mechanisms of TCM in treating diseases. However, several factors limit its application, such as the selection of databases and algorithms, the unstable quality of the research results, and the lack of standardization. This review aims to provide references and ideas for the research of TCM and to encourage the personalized and precise use of Chinese medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a severe condition that leads to premature mortality and places a significant financial burden on healthcare systems. An adjunctive therapy in COPD includes the simultaneous administration of astragalus injection and ambroxol hydrochloride. Despite its widespread use, the effectiveness of this combined approach in COPD treatment has not been systematically evaluated. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of combining astragalus injection with ambroxol hydrochloride as an adjuvant treatment for COPD. Six electronic databases were used to search for relevant randomized controlled trials, and data analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4. A total of 14 randomized controlled trials were included, involving 1070 patients who met the criteria. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that the combination of astragalus injection with ambroxol hydrochloride as an adjuvant treatment can improve various clinical parameters in patients with COPD compared to conventional treatment alone. These parameters include the clinical effective rate (OR = 5.44, 95% CI 3.51–8.43, I2 = 0%), partial pressure of oxygen in artery (MD = 1.12, 95% CI 0.87–1.36, I2 = 5%), partial pressure of carbon dioxide in artery (MD = − 1.43, 95% CI − 1.65 to − 1.21, I2 = 0%), forced expiratory volume in one second (MD = 0.30, 95% CI 0.18–0.42, I2 = 0%), percentage of forced expiratory volume in one second (MD = 16.18, 95% CI 12.60–19.76, I2 = 82%), forced vital capacity (MD = 0.33, 95% CI 0.21–0.45, I2 = 36%), hemoglobin (MD = − 16.17, 95% CI − 20.84 to − 11.51, I2 = 29%), and the ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity (MD = 2.51, 95% CI − 0.05 to 5.06, I2 = 0%). The combination of astragalus injection and ambroxol hydrochloride could be a selection of COPD patients as an adjuvant treatment. However, further validation is required to evaluate the effectiveness of combining astragalus injection and ambroxol hydrochloride as an adjunctive treatment for patients with COPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the fluids encountered in the oil and gas exploitation process exhibit non-Newtonian fluid characteristics, which presents new challenges for the treatment of produced liquid. In this paper, the Eulerian multiphase model and the power law model were coupled to simulate the distribution characteristics of non-Newtonian fluid swirling flow fields in a vane-type separator. Larger oil droplets are able to migrate to the pipe center at relatively weak vortex intensities, which helps to accelerate the formation of the oil core. Due to the rapid decay of the vortex strength, the tangential velocity of the oil droplets drops more rapidly than that of the axial component, thereby reducing the axial energy loss. As the volume fractions of inlet oil increase, the oil core becomes more pronounced, but the convergence of the oil phase gets worse. During the migration, the interaction between dense oil droplets increases the viscosity of the non-Newtonian fluid and decreases the tangential velocity, leading to a maximum apparent viscosity at the center of the pipe. A higher vortex intensity tends to stabilize the vortex core, whilst higher flow velocities, which increases rotational velocities at the exit of the deflection section, deforms the vortex more severely. Moreover, higher inlet flow velocities contribute to better convergence of the oil cores. All these factors are important to better understand the smooth characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids and to provide a theoretical basis for future design and optimization of efficient separators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The negative effects of the widespread and rough use of fossil energy have promoted the emergence of new energy technologies. Cost-effective electrocatalysts play an irreplaceable role in energy conversion and storage, especially oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) catalysts. While the reserves of precious metal catalysts are rare and expensive, it is of prime importance to develop catalysts that can replace precious metals. In the present work, La 0.8 Sr 0.2 Mn 0.8 Co 0.2 O 3-δ (LSMC) with Mn and Co is successfully prepared by sol-gel method and subsequent calcination. The characterizations of physical phase, microstructure, BET and valence state of elements demonstrate that LSMC material possesses ample mesoporous structure, large specific surface area, and multivalent elements, which can provide abundant active sites for ORR. The electrochemical tests reveal that the LSMC delivers outstandingly higher electrocatalytic activity for ORR, relatively lower overpotential and Tafel slope and a better long-term stability than the other perovskites (LSM, LSC) under alkaline condition. Furthermore, the coupling effects of high content of high-valence Co, multivalent Mn and large amounts of adsorbed oxygen endow the catalyst excellent ORR electrocatalytic activity. The present work investigating the effect of Mn and Co elements on the electrocatalysis of LSMC perovskite, will provide the possibility of developing a new type of perovskite electrocatalyst with excellent ORR electrocatalytic activity and low cost. • La 0.8 Sr 0.2 Mn 0.8 Co 0.2 O 3-δ is first used as ORR electrocatalyst. • LSMC reveals the largest specific surface area. • Excellent ORR activity and stability are attained for LSMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In large eddy simulations (LES), nonlinear dispersive subgrid scale (SGS) models are usually found to be not sufficiently dissipative. In this work, a new model is proposed to directly remove the unphysical energy accumulation due to the nonlinear terms. The model can be obtained from two approaches, either based on the energy transfer in multi-level scales or derived from the kinetic energy equation. Moreover, a gradient-type modification is included to ensure Galilean invariance and generate extra dissipative effect, which is found to have negligible impact on the ideal energy removal. We compare the present model with other structural models and regularization techniques both theoretically and numerically. We show that because of the reduction of energy production at desired scales, the collective effect of our new model was able to provide sufficient SGS transfer in energy cascade without the help of extra dissipative terms. The scale separation is facilitated by a smooth low-pass filter, which becomes increasingly more active for higher wavenumbers. Since filtering already takes the grid size into account, the model is capable of consistently produce accurate results for all the test cases of wall-bounded turbulence. We believe our results further emphasized the importance of attenuating the energy pileup in LES and showed that it is possible to overcome the issue through a simple but effective modification of the nonlinear term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subsea production system occupies an important position in the development of deep-sea resources. As a key part of the subsea production system, the safety and reliability of the pipeline system of the subsea production system is crucially important. In recent years, with the development of artificial intelligence technology, the use of machine learning algorithms for large-scale complex pipeline system to provide a possibility of safety assessment. This paper collects the burst pressure of the pipeline in the experiments and uses various machine learning methods to evaluate and predict. The XGBoost model with the best performance after preliminary selection, and the accuracy of this method is improved through hyperparameter optimization with Bayesian principle. The improved XGBoost model are explained based on the Forward Feature Selection method and SHAP analysis, compared with commonly pipeline industry standards. The results show that the improved XGBoost model can significantly improve the prediction of the burst pressure and can effectively assess the structural integrity and reliability of pipelines. Moreover, the influencing factors of the burst pressure of the pipeline are analysed, and it is concluded that t (thickness of the pipeline), L (length of corrosion) are the two most important factors influencing the pipeline burst pressure. • Different machine learning methods are compared and it is found that the XGboost model has the best predictive performance. • The improved XGboost model is explained based on the Forward Feature Selection method and SHAP analysis. • The improved XGboost model is compared with existing industry standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncovering the mechanisms driving the genetic divergence of environmentally heterogeneous species is one of the biggest challenges in phylogeography. In the present study, the genetic variation and genetic structure of the Coilia nasus were examined by analyzing thirteen mitochondrial protein-coding genes (PCGs) among 60 individuals collected from 8 populations in affiliated waters of Yangtze River and their adjacent waters. Contrasted to the recently recognized multiple subdivision, our reconstructed phylogenetic tree, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), FST and haplotype networks refined only two previously recognized clades, with one clade arising from the Dongting and Poyang lakes affiliated to the upper reach of Yangtze River, and the other mainly from the remaining populations. Historical demography analysis revealed that the divergence time between the two clades could be recovered to 60.05 ka, indicating a possible role of late Pleistocene glaciers in their differentiation, possibly via isolation of diverged glaciers’ refugia. Subsequent positive selection test revealed no diverged selective pressures acting on the two clades within all 13 PCGs, suggests that the observed mitochondrial lineage divergence of C. nasus in the Yangtze River and its adjacent waters was primarily driven by neutral evolution. Our results provided new insights into the spatial patterns of genetic variation in population of C. nasus and would provide valuable implications for sustainable management and utilization of this fishery resource in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent development of optical control of electron pulses brings new opportunities and methodologies in the fields of light–electron interaction and ultrafast electron diffraction (UED)/microscopy. Here, by a comprehensive theoretical study, we present a scheme to compress the longitudinal duration of low (⩽1 keV) to medium energy (1–70 keV) electron pulses by the electric field of a THz wave, together with a novel shot-by-shot jitter correction approach by using the magnetic field from the same wave. Our theoretical simulations suggest the compression of the electron pulse duration to a few femtoseconds and even sub-femtosecond. A comprehensive analysis based on typical UED patterns indicates a sub-femtosecond precision of the jitter correction approach. We stress that the energy independence of Coulomb interaction in the compression and the compact structure of THz device lay the foundation of the compression of low energy electron pulses. The combination of the THz compression of the electron pulse and the electron–THz jitter correction opens a way to improve the overall temporal resolution to attosecond for ultrafast electron probes with low to medium energies and high charge number per pulse, and therefore, it will boost the ultrafast detection of transient structural dynamics in surface science and atomically thin film systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Jinqi Jiangtang (JQJT) has been widely used in clinical practice to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes. However, little research has been done to identify and classify its quality markers (Q-markers) associated with anti-diabetes bioactivity. In this study, a strategy combining mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics with backpropagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN)-based machine learning approach was proposed to screen Q-markers from JQJT preparation. Methods: This strategy mainly involved chemical profiling of herbal medicines, statistic processing of metabolomic datasets, detection of different anti-diabetes activities and establishment of BP-ANN model. The chemical features of seventy-eight batches of JQJT extracts were first profiled by using the untargeted UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap metabolomic approach. The chemical features obtained which were associated with different anti-diabetes activities based on three modes of action were normalized, ranked, and then pre-selected by using ReliefF feature selection. BP-ANN model was then established and optimized to screen Q-markers based on mean impact value (MIV). Results: Optimized BP-ANN architecture was established with high accuracy of R > 0.9983 and relative low error of MSE < 0.0014, which showed better performance than that of partial least square (PLS) model (R2 < 0.5). Meanwhile, the BP-ANN model was subsequently applied to further screen potential bioactive components from the pre-selected chemical features by calculating their MIVs. With this machine learning model, 10 potential Q-markers with bioactivity were discovered from JQJT. The tested anti-diabetes bioactivities of 78 batches of JQJT could be accurately predicted. Conclusions: This proposed artificial intelligence approach is desirable for quick and easy identification of Q-markers with bioactivity from JQJT preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction (HGWD), a classical Chinese formula originally recorded in Jin Kui Yao Lue , was used for the treatment of human " blood impediment " (a type of "Bi" syndrome). In clinical practice, HGWD has been applied to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The characterization of chemical markers reflecting both efficacy and chemical characteristics is of great significance for TCM quality control. With the anti-RA effects of HGWD as an example, the aim of this study was to develop a comprehensive strategy combining the overall chemical profile and biological activity data to identify chemical markers. First, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (UPLC-DAD) fingerprint was established and validated to evaluate the holistic quality of HGWD of different origins. Characteristic markers associated with HGWD from different geographical origins were screened by a combination of UPLC-DAD fingerprint and chemometrics methods. Second, the chemical profiles of the 15 batches of HGWD samples were characterized by UPLC coupled tohybrid linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). The in vitro anti-RA activities of the 15 HGWD samples were then evaluated. Third, spectrum-effect relationship analysis was performed to identify bioactive compounds that could potentially be used as quality markers. Finally, a UPLC-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry approach was optimized and established for quantitative analysis of the characteristic and quality markers in 15 batches of HGWD. In total, 30 common peaks were assigned in the UPLC-DAD fingerprint. Nine peaks were recognized and considered characteristic markers: protocatechuic acid, coumarin, cinnamic acid, oxypaeoniflorin, paeoniflorin, calycosin, formononetin, catechin, and albiflorin. Furthermore, ninety-five common compounds were identified in the UPLC-HRMS chemical profile. The pharmacological analysis indicated that the anti-RA activities of the 15 HGWD samples were vastly different. The spectrum-effect relationship analysis revealed 30 potential bioactive constituents positively correlated with anti-RA activity. Among them, five compounds with relative amounts >1%, paeoniflorin, astragaloside IV, hexahydrocurcumin, formononetin and calycosin-7-glucoside, were selected as quality markers, and their activity was verified in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Finally, the above 12 representative components were simultaneously quantified in the 15 batches of HGWD samples. Combining a holistic chemical profile with representative component evaluation, this systematic strategy could be a reliable and effective method to improve quality evaluations of HGWD. [Display omitted] • 5 compounds were discovered as quality markers by anti-rheumatoid arthritis-guided spectrum-effect relationship approach. • 9 characteristic markers were screened out by combination of the UPLC-DAD fingerprint and chemometrics methods. • 12 characteristic and quality markers were quantified by UPLC-MS/MS technique. • A comprehensive quality evaluation for HGWD has been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the problem of mean-square finite-time passivity of discrete-time stochastic Markov jump neural networks with distributed delays and sensor nonlinearities. The distributed delays and sensor nonlinearities are randomly varying and described by mode-dependent random sequences with known statistical information. The mean-square finite-time boundedness and mean-square finite-time passivity results are obtained based on Lyapunov-like functional method. And the mean-square finite-time passivity is also considered for neural networks with random infinite-distributed delays. Finally, a numerical example verifies the effectiveness of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • The cactus-like WO 3 /Co 3 O 4 p-n junction nanocomposite was synthesized by in-situ growth on the surface of device substrate. • The number of WO 3 /Co 3 O 4 p-n junctions can be controlled by the reaction time for improving its gas property. • WO 3 /Co 3 O 4 gas sensor can detect 0.1 ppm triethylamine and show good gas sensing performance. Abstract Metal oxide heterostructures are significant materials for developing and improving various toxic gas detection sensors. However, the gas sensing performance, such as response, selectivity, stability and response/recovery time of the sensors, still need to be optimized for practical applications. Low dimensional heterostructures will improve the gas sensing performance remarkably. In this work, hierarchical cactus-like WO 3 /Co 3 O 4 nanocomposites were directly deposited on the surface of ceramic tube via a simple two-step process. The p-type Co 3 O 4 nanorods array were grown on the surface of n-type WO 3 nanosheets by using chemical bath deposition (CBD) and thus many nanoscale p-n junctions were formed which greatly improved the gas sensing performance. A response value (R a /R g) of 6.19 to 1 ppm triethylamine (TEA) was achieved at 240 ℃ by the WO 3 /Co 3 O 4 nanocomposite with the CBD deposition time of 30 min, which is 3 times higher than that of the pure WO 3 nanosheets (S r = 2.02). And the response/recovery time was about 13 s/152 s, which shows good gas sensing performance to TEA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the microstructural characteristics on the mechanical and hydrogen embrittlement properties of 1800 MPa grade hot-stamped 22MnB5 steel was experimentally investigated using samples processed under various hot-stamping conditions, i.e., different heating temperatures and strain levels. The tensile strength increased with increasing hot-stamping temperature up to approximately 920 °C and subsequently decreased owing to the increasing sizes of the lath martensite and prior austenite phases. Some degree of internal strain was introduced into the 22MnB5 steel specimen during hot stamping at 920 °C, which led to a slightly higher hardness although no clear microstructural change was observed. The severity of hydrogen embrittlement of the hot-stamped 22MnB5 steel samples was investigated after immersion in a NH4SCN solution, and the degree of hydrogen embrittlement was found to be directly associated with the amount of hydrogen that penetrated into the grain boundary and lath martensite boundary. The high-strength 22MnB5 steel with a very small lath martensite phase exhibited severe hydrogen embrittlement due to the large amount of hydrogen in the sample, and the high internal strain (or high dislocation density) could lead to accelerated hydrogen embrittlement. Severe hydrogen embrittlement occurred upon charging with more than approximately 0.8 ppm hydrogen. Based on the obtained results, models are proposed for the hydrogen embrittlement characteristics of hot-stamped 22MnB5 steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the corrosion characteristics of W90 tungsten alloy and compare them with those of conventional hot-worked steel (SKD61), immersion tests were carried out in molten aluminium alloy (ADC12). Severe corrosion occurred in SKD61, whereas the corrosion resistance of W90 was about 40 times greater, with little occurring even after 300 h immersion. However, significant microstructural changes occurred in W90 resulting from penetration of aluminium and silicon through grain boundaries to create WAl5 and WSi2 phases, detectable even after a few hours’ immersion. Relatively soft (hardness 1.5 GPa) WAl5 formed between the W based grains, and hard (10 GPa) WSi2 outside the W based grains. Tensile strength decreased slowly with increasing immersion time, while a significant reduction in fracture strain occurred. These changes in tensile properties were caused by the microstructural changes, e.g. soft and brittle intermetallic compounds. Crack propagated along the WAl5 phases (intergranular fracture), whereas transgranular fracture was dominant for uncorroded or less corroded W90. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patterns of catabolic capacities and energy metabolism in turbot eggs during embryogenesis and yolk-sac larvae were investigated. The catabolization of energy fuels were evaluated by specific enzymes including trypsin-like proteases (TRY) for protein and triglyceride lipase (LIP) for lipids. Meanwhile, citrate synthase (CS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured to assess energy production pathway. Regarding contribution to energy production, the enzymes of pyruvate kinase (PK), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) and hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD) which was indicative of the mobilizations of carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids respectively and their ratios were detected. Results showed the metabolic enzymes and catabolic enzymes were present and involved in the embryogenesis of turbot. LIP activity exhibited a pattern of ‘low-high-low-high’. TRY activity dropped to the minimal value at blastula stage, and then increased significantly to the maximal value at 2 days after hatching (DAH). The enzymatic activities of HOAD, AAT, LDH and CS all showed similar upward tendency and increased significantly as development went on. PK activity increased to the peak at cleavage stage, and then decreased to the lowest point at hatching day. Concerning enzymatic ratios, both AAT/HOAD and PK/HOAD presented similar “high-low” patterns, showing the maximal value 3.18 and 45.27 respectively at cleavage stage and the minimal value 0.46 and 0.84 respectively at 2 DAH. PK/AAT ratio declined from fertilized eggs (14.31) to 2 DAH (1.82). PK/CS ratio decreased significantly from cleavage stage (1.63) to 2 DAH (0.16). In contrast, a rising tendency of HOAD/CS ratio appeared as growth went on. AAT/CS ratio peaked at gastrula stage (0.13) and declined thereafter. LDH/CS ratio increased from fertilized eggs (1.42) to cleavage stage (1.85), and then decreased until 2 DAH (0.55). LDH/PK ratio reached the peak of 3.85 at hatching day. Combined with patterns of enzymatic ratios, it can be concluded that carbohydrates are predominantly mobilized before cleavage stage and are gradually substituted by amino acids from cleavage stage to gastrula stage and fatty acids during the following days, revealing their importance for morphogenesis in turbot. Regarding energy production pathway, the dominant mode was anaerobic pathway before cleavage stage and aerobic pathway during subsequent periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • H 2 O 2 evolution reaction is realized by BiVO 4 based photoanode and using water as sole reactant. • Co2+ and PO 4 3- ions have been loaded on Mo doped BiVO 4 photoanode to promote the surface reaction for H 2 O 2 production. • In-situ electron paramagnetic resonance has acquired to study the role of the Co2+ and PO 4 3- ions for the promoted performance. The efficiency of hydrogen peroxide evolution reaction (H 2 O 2 ER) by photoanodic water oxidation is normally limited by low yield and poor selectivity. In this work, the surfaces of Mo doped BiVO 4 are modified by Co2+ and PO 4 3- ions (CPMB), which has been used as the photoanode with improved H 2 O 2 yield and selectivity. The optimal evolution rate of the CPMB is ca. 0.23 µmol·min−1·cm−2, corresponding to 2.5 times to the pristine BiVO 4 photoanode, and the faradaic efficiency of CPMB photoanode for H 2 O 2 ER is ca. 26%. In this study, the mechanism for the improved H 2 O 2 evolution performance of CPMB has been investigated, indicating that PO 4 3- ions mainly promote the formation of the •OH by dissociation of H 2 O, while Co2+ ions accelerate the conversion of the •OH for the subsequent H 2 O 2 evolution. This study offers the strategy for designing an efficient photoelectrochemical system with optimized solar conversion efficiency for H 2 O 2 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Establishment of an HPLC-FLD method for monitoring glucose uptake using 2-NBDG. • Quantification of glucose uptake activity of metformin and fluorescent products. • Comparison of glucose uptake in HepG2, AML12, LO2, L6 and 3T3-L1 cells. Glucose is a primary source of energy used in most organisms. Thus, development of reliable approaches to measure intracellular glucose uptake is an important research issue. 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxy- d -glucose (2-NBDG), as a fluorescent glucose derivative, has been widely used to track intracellular glucose uptake by fluorescence imaging and measuring in mammalian cells. However, the avoid-less cross-interference of intrinsic autofluorescence background and tested fluorescent compounds limits its ability to provide trustworthy information on intracellular glucose uptake. By the extraction, separation and detection of 2-NBDG, a simple, sensitive and accurate HPLC-FLD method was established and validated for the measurement of intracellular glucose uptake in HepG2 cells. The developed method has been employed successfully to assess the glucose uptake activity of anti-diabetic drugs and fluorescent natural products. A fit-for-purpose partial validation was further performed for quantification and comparison of glucose uptake in AML12, LO2 hepatocytes, L6 myoblasts and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling plays various roles during mammalian spermatogenesis, ranging from the regulation of gene expression to the modulation of sperm motility. However, the molecular mechanisms that govern the multifaceted functions of PKA during spermatogenesis remain largely unclear. We previously found that PKA regulatory subunit I α (RIα) and catalytic subunit α (Cα) co-sediment with polyribosomal fractions of mouse testis lysate on sucrose gradient and the stimulation of PKA activity facilitates protein synthesis in post-meiotic elongating spermatids, indicating that type I PKA is intricately associated with protein translation machinery and regulates protein synthesis during mouse spermiogenesis. Since PKA activity is often regulated by interacting proteins that form complexes with its regulatory subunits, the identification of PKA-RIα interacting proteins in post-meiotic spermatogenic cells will facilitate our understanding of its regulatory roles in protein synthesis and spermiogenesis. In the present study, we applied a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify PKA-Riα-binding proteins using a cDNA library generated from mouse round and elongating spermatids. Numerous proteins were found to potentially interact with PKA-RIα, including proteostasis modulators, metabolic enzymes, cytoskeletal regulators, and mitochondrial proteins, many of which are specifically expressed in testes. Consistently, the examination of MENA (mouse ENA/VASP homolog) in developing mouse testes suggested that post-meiotic spermatogenic cells express a short isoform of MENA that interacts with PKA-RIα in yeast two-hybrid assay. The identification of PKA-RIα interacting proteins provides us solid basis to further explore how PKA signaling regulates protein synthesis and cellular morphogenesis during mouse spermatogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel eccentric annular T-junction tubes was proposed for oil–water separation. • The eccentric annular T-junctions can achieve better overall separation performance than the regular T-junctions. • The developed numerical model can accurately predict the separation performance of eccentric annular T-junction tubes. • A comprehensive understanding of the effects of the operation parameters on the separation efficiency is obtained. A novel eccentric annular T-junction tube was designed for oil–water separation. The separation characteristics of the eccentric annular T-junction tube were investigated by performing experiments and numerical analyses. The Eulerian model combined with the standard k-ε turbulence model was used to numerically analyze the flow characteristics. Combining the dynamic separation principle of the T-junction tubes with the shallow pond theory, the eccentric annular T-junctions can achieve better overall separation performance than the regular T-junctions. The experimental results indicated that reducing the degree of mixing of the two-phases at the inlet improved the phase separation in the eccentric annular T-junction tubes. The flow pattern had a larger effect on the separation performance than the mixture velocity. The floating oil tube was beneficial to the oil–water separation, particularly at a low mixture velocity and high oil content. The results can be used for the design and operation of tube separators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a semianalytical model is presented for solitary wave diffraction by a surface-piercing concentric dual-arc thin wall. The two arc-shaped walls are porous and thin, and they are placed on a flat seafloor. As a key element, two imaginary closed cylindrical structures with two arc-shaped walls of different radii are introduced such that the entire computation domain can be partitioned into three subdomains, two bounded and one unbounded, based on common interfaces, within which the analytical solution is obtained using eigenfunction expression matching. Furthermore, a system of linear algebraic equations to determine the unknown coefficients is derived by satisfying the boundary and matching conditions. The numerical results obtained for the limiting cases are exactly the same as published results for a solid and porous cylindrical structure. Meanwhile, the effects of the wave incident angle, opening angle, annular spacing, and porous-effect parameter on wave loads and wave elevations are investigated. In addition, as a particular case, a concentric structure with an arc-shaped porous exterior wall is investigated as an alternative to the two-cylinder structure in practical engineering. It is discovered that the arc-shaped exterior wall can effectively reduce the wave force and wave height around the interior cylinder, compared with a single cylinder. By contrast, the wave forces and wave runup on the interior cylinder are similar to those of the interior cylinder of a concentric two-cylinder system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrodynamic performance of short-crested wave diffraction by bottom-mounted V-shaped and arc-shaped breakwaters was examined based on the linear wave theory and the eigenfunction expansion method, respectively. Both types of breakwaters are assumed to be thin, impermeable, vertical, and rigidly embedded in the seabed. With the help of a virtual interface, the fluid domains were subdivided into subdomains and the velocity potential in each subdomain was described by eigenfunctions. The linear algebraic equations that determine the unknown coefficients can be obtained using the boundary and matching conditions. The analytical models fully agree with previous predictions. The major factors including wave propagation direction, opening angle, and water depth that affect wave forces and run-ups were explored. The results showed that the wave patterns of short-crested waves near breakwaters were quite different from those of long-crested waves, and using the long-crested wave model can overestimate the wave-defending effects of the breakwaters in a short-crested sea. An analogous wave attenuation effect was observed for breakwaters with comparable structures, which means that engineering practice has a certain degree of substitutability between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately predicting RNA-protein binding sites is essential to gain a deeper comprehension of the protein-RNA interactions and their regulatory mechanisms, which are fundamental in gene expression and regulation. However, conventional biological approaches to detect these sites are often costly and time-consuming. In contrast, computational methods for predicting RNA protein binding sites are both cost-effective and expeditious. This review synthesizes already existing computational methods, summarizing commonly used databases for predicting RNA protein binding sites. In addition, applications and innovations of computational methods using traditional machine learning and deep learning for RNA protein binding site prediction during 2018–2023 are presented. These methods cover a wide range of aspects such as effective database utilization, feature selection and encoding, innovative classification algorithms, and evaluation strategies. Exploring the limitations of existing computational methods, this paper delves into the potential directions for future development. DeepRKE, RDense, and DeepDW all employ convolutional neural networks and long and short-term memory networks to construct prediction models, yet their algorithm design and feature encoding differ, resulting in diverse prediction performances. [Display omitted] • Help researchers better understand RNA-binding proteins and associated mechanisms. • Using computational methods to predict related sites is less costly and faster. • Summarize databases, present the applications and innovations from 2018 to 2022. • Compare differences of models in the design of algorithms and feature extracted. • Discuss the shortcomings and potential directions for future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The breakup, coalescence, and migration regularity of droplets are focused on. • The existence of the flow reversal for the gas core is proved by ERT measurement results. • The numerical model considering droplets breakup and coalescence is developed. • The developed droplet migration model can accurately predict the separation performance of GLCC. The separation characteristics of the gas-liquid cylindrical cyclone (GLCC) has been investigated by experiment and numerical analysis. The droplet size and phase distributions were measured using Malvern RTsizer and electrical resistivity tomography, respectively. The Discrete Phase Model was used to numerically analyze the swirling hydrodynamics. The results showed that the separator with strong swirl intensity would not necessarily get better separation performance, and the nozzle with Ne = 5.9 performed best. The small and medium droplets tended to initially coalesce and subsequently break up with increased gas superficial velocity, whereas they always tended to coalesce with increased liquid superficial velocity. ERT measurement results proved the existence of the flow reversal for the gas core. Finally, a droplet migration model was developed based on the force analysis of droplet and the swirling hydrodynamics, which accurately predicted the separation performance of GLCC. These results can be used in the design of the GLCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waves can induce motion in the floating platforms that support tidal turbines, affecting their hydrodynamic loads. To study the non-constant hydrodynamic of floating tidal turbines in a wave condition, this paper investigates the effect of pitch motion on the power coefficient (CP), thrust coefficient (CT), and wake flow of a tidal turbine using computational fluid dynamics. A pitch motion experiment is designed to verify the validity of the numerical method. The results show that the CP and CT exhibit periodic fluctuations under pitch motion, with the fluctuation period being consistent with the pitch period. Waves do not change the overall fluctuation trend of the CP and CT, but they do complicate the fluctuations and increase the likelihood of blade fatigue damage. Pitch motion reduces the mean power, with large-amplitude pitch motions particularly likely to result in severe power loss. The low-velocity region of the wake under pitch motion exhibits significant periodic oscillations. The wake is more susceptible to the pitch period than the pitch amplitude, and small-period pitch motions force the wake to deform earlier, accelerating wake vortex dissipation and velocity recovery. Increasing the immersion depth reduces the effect of waves on tidal turbine performance, but is not conducive to wake recovery. In summary, the rational design of the immersion depth and limiting the movement amplitude of the floating platform have the potential to prolong the working life of tidal turbines and increase their power output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kuqa Mountain front area of Tarim is rich in oil and gas resources, but the development of ultra-deep rock salt formation is common, leading to a narrow safety density window and significant impacts on engineering operation safety and wellbore quality, such as overflow and leakage. Managed pressure drilling (MPD) is an effective solution to the problem of drilling in narrow density windows, and a precise wellbore pressure calculation method is essential to ensure the reasonable determination of MPD parameters. Conventional wellbore pressure models treat fluid properties as constant and do not consider the impact of ultra-deep rock salt formation on wellbore pressure calculation, leading to incomplete calculation accuracy that cannot fully meet engineering requirements. In this paper, an improved wellbore temperature field model coupled with the rock salt formation is established. Additionally, rheological experiments on drilling fluids used in the field are conducted and a prediction model for shear stress and density is established based on the varying degrees of temperature and pressure influences. Based on the temperature field of the wellbore and the rheological experimental, a wellbore pressure prediction model is established, and field application is conducted in Keshen Well X. By comparing the measured values, the overall error does not exceed 5%. Compared with neighboring blocks, the rate of penetration has been increased by 73.8%, and the drilling efficiency has been significantly improved. The use of wellbore pressure calculation method, which is studied in this paper, has facilitated efficient operations in drilling ultra-deep rock salt formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs), composed of natural primary metabolites, are now widely used as green and sustainable extraction solvents of bioactive components. In the present study, various NADESs were prepared to extract multi-components from different preparations of an herbal formula (Chinese name: Jinqi Jiangtang, JQJT) using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Results showed that most prepared NADESs provided more effective extraction of phenolic acids and alkaloids from JQJT preparations than conventional solvents. Among the tested NADESs, the solvent formed by choline chloride and laevulinic acid was selected to optimize the operational parameters using response surface methodology. The optimized extraction method was successfully applied to extract six major components in four commercial JQJT products, and quantification analysis was performed by the validated high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) method. The quantitative results indicated that preparations from different manufacturers showed different chemical profiles. In conclusion, NADESs-based UAE shows considerable potential as an efficient and green method for extraction of multi-bioactive components from commercial herbal preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death (PCD) and ischemic stroke (IS) has been confirmed to be closely related to ferroptosis. The mechanisms of ferroptosis were summarized into three interrelated aspects: iron metabolism, lipid peroxide metabolism, as well as glutathione and amino acid metabolism. What’s more, the causal relationship between ferroptosis and IS has been elucidated by several processes. The disruption of the blood–brain barrier, the release of excitatory amino acids, and the inflammatory response after ischemic stroke all lead to the disorder of iron metabolism and the antioxidant system. Based on these statements, we reviewed the reported effects of compounds and drugs treating IS by modulating key molecules in ferroptosis. Through detailed analysis of the roles of these key molecules, we have also more clearly demonstrated the essential effect of ferroptosis in the occurrence of IS so as to provide new targets and ideas for the therapeutic targets of IS. Three abnormal cell metabolism pathways contribute to ferroptosis after ischemic stroke, and many key regulatory compounds in ferroptosis can play important therapeutic roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wave power generation has been the object of extensive renewable energy research and development all over the world. Concerning the application of a wave energy converter to the harsh environment of the South China Sea, a study of the shape and internal layout of a pitching float wave energy converter was performed based on the mechanism of the oscillating‐float generator. Research methods based on potential flow theory and the use of ANSYS‐AQWA software were applied to predict the hydrodynamic performance and energy conversion of the pitching float wave energy converter. The influence of the float shape, width, side radius, and centroid position on the hydrodynamic performance of the float was analyzed. The results show that the pitching performance of the spherical‐bottom float was the best among the three basic shapes examined. The width of the float had the greatest impact on the pitching performance of the float, and the effect of the radius of the float on the pitching performance was also significant. The pitching performance of the float was improved with the realization of a larger radius in the pitching direction. The centroid position and rotational inertia also had a great impact on the pitching performance of the float. The wave energy converter designed in this study lays the foundation and provides reference for further research on the novel, efficient, and stable wave energy converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important structure for utilizing wave energy, the two-body floating point absorber (FPA) wave energy converter has a simple structure, high energy conversion rate, and wide frequency response range. In this paper, a heave motion model of two-body FPA wave energy converter was established. On this basis, the secondary development of AQWA software programming in Fortran language was conducted by reckoning in the power take-off (PTO) effect, and the motion simulation of the two-body FPA wave energy converter was realized. For the specific oscillating two-body FPA model, the study analysed the frequency domain hydrodynamic performance and the time domain motion characteristics of the device. The results showed that the numerical model was adequate to predict the motion performance of the two-body FPA. The maximum value of the heaving response amplitude operator (RAO) was reached with the frequency of 0.7–0.8 rad/s. As the wave period increased, the generated power of the two-body FPA initially increased and subsequently decreased. The stiffness coefficient has less effect on the generated power than the damping coefficient. The results and conclusions have reference significance for the development of new wave energy devices and the efficient and reliable utilization of wave energy. • The secondary development of AQWA software programming in Fortran language was conducted by reckoning in the PTO effect. • The sea area with the optimal wave period could be determined for the two-body FPA owing to the power characteristics. • The maximum value of the heaving response amplitude operator was reached with the frequency of 0.7–0.8 rad/s. • The time domain hydrodynamic performance of the two-body FPA under the action of regular and irregular waves was analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The plant Shaker K+ channel AtAKT2 has been identified as a weakly rectifying channel that can stabilize membrane potentials to promote photoassimilate phloem loading and translocation. Thus, studies on functional characterization and regulatory mechanisms of AtAKT2‐like channels in crops are highly important for improving crop production. Here, we identified the rice OsAKT2 as the ortholog of Arabidopsis AtAKT2, which is primarily expressed in the shoot phloem and localized at the plasma membrane. Using an electrophysiological assay, we found that OsAKT2 operated as a weakly rectifying K+ channel, preventing H+/sucrose‐symport‐induced membrane depolarization. Three critical amino acid residues (K193, N206, and S326) are essential to the phosphorylation‐mediated gating change of OsAKT2, consistent with the roles of the corresponding sites in AtAKT2. Disruption of OsAKT2 results in delayed growth of rice seedlings under short‐day conditions. Interestingly, the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid (PA) inhibits OsAKT2‐mediated currents (both instantaneous and time‐dependent components). Lipid dot‐blot assay and liposome‐protein binding analysis revealed that PA directly bound with two adjacent arginine residues in the ANK domain of OsAKT2, which is essential to PA‐mediated inhibition of OsAKT2. Electrophysiological and phenotypic analyses also showed the PA‐mediated inhibition of AtAKT2 and the negative correlation between intrinsic PA level and Arabidopsis growth, suggesting that PA may inhibit AKT2 function to affect plant growth and development. Our results functionally characterize the Shaker K+ channel OsAKT2 and reveal a direct link between phospholipid signaling and plant K+ channel modulation. Significance Statement: Phospholipids function as second messengers, modulating some kinds of ion channels in animal cells, but in plants, phospholipid‐mediated modulation of ion channels remains unclear. Herein, we identified OsAKT2 (a Shaker family member in rice) as a weakly rectifying K+ channel and found that phosphatidic acid, a lipid mediator, inhibited OsAKT2 activity by binding with two adjacent arginine residues in the ANK domain, revealing a direct link between phospholipid signaling and plant K+ channel modulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been widely used for targeted genome modification both in vivo and in vitro. However, an effective method for evaluating genome editing efficiency and screening single-cell clones for desired modification is still lacking. Here, we developed this real time PCR method based on the sensitivity of Taq DNA polymerase to nucleotide mismatch at primer 3′ end during initiating DNA replication. Applications to CRISPR gRNAs targeting EMX1, DYRK1A and HOXB13 genes in Lenti-X 293 T cells exhibited comprehensive advantages. Just in one-round qPCR analysis using genomic DNA from cells underwent CRISPR/Cas9 or BE4 treatments, the genome editing efficiency could be determined accurately and quickly, for indel, HDR as well as base editing. When applied to single-cell clone screening, the genotype of each cell colony could also be determined accurately. This method defined a rigorous and practical way in quantify genome editing events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a highly-efficient continuous-wave Ho:SSO laser pumped by a diode-pumped Tm:YAP laser with a narrow linewidth (NL) of 0.3 nm. With the free-running (FR) Tm:YAP laser, we obtain a maximum output power of 2.23 W at an absorption pump power of 7.2 W, corresponding to an optical conversion efficiency of 31% and a slope efficiency of 42.6%. With the NL Tm:YAP laser, we obtain a maximum output power of 2.88 W at the same absorption pump power. The optical conversion efficiency increases to 40% when the slope efficiency increases to 55.5%. The output linewidth of the Ho:SSO laser is 0.8 nm when we use the Tm:YAP laser with a narrow linewidth of 1.8 nm pumped by a FR Tm:YAP laser. The beam quality also changes from 1.31 to 1.22. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracellular bacterial infections pose enormous challenges to food safety and public health. Antibiotic-based polymer prodrugs have been used to treat intracellular bacterial infection. However, the overuse of antibiotics may lead to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. In this work, we aimed to develop antibiotic-free pH-responsive polymeric prodrugs to combat intracellular S. aureus infection. Amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)- b -poly[(3-phenylprop-2-ene-1,1-diyl)bis(oxy)bis(enthane-2,1- diyl)diacrylate] (PEG- b -PCAE) was obtained by radical polymerization and they could self-assemble to form micelles. PEG- b -PCAE micelles could uptake by macrophage. Upon exposure to the acidic phagolysosome, PEG- b -PCAE micelles could release cinnamaldehyde (CA) through hydrolysis of the acetal linkage. PEG- b -PCAE could kill intracellular bacteria by damaging the bacterial membrane. Furthermore, PEG- b -PCAE micelles could generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in macrophages and subsequently activate immune system to clear bacteria by inducing macrophages differentiation to M1 phenotype. PEG- b -PCAE micelles could accelerate the wound healing process of the S. aureus -infected model in vivo. It is anticipated that multifunctional antibiotic-free PEG- b -PCAE micelles with intrinsic antibacterial activities hold promise for improved outcomes in intracellular S. aureus infections. [Display omitted] • pH-Responsive cinnamaldehyde-loaded polymer prodrugs were developed to combat intracellular bacterial infection. • PEG- b -PCAE eradicates intracellular bacteria by damaging the bacterial membrane and generating reactive oxygen species. • The polymer prodrugs could effectively activate immune system to clear bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic coordination polymer nanoassemblies with chemodynamic/photothermal effects are promising antibacterial materials, but poor biodegradability of polymers in nanoassemblies pose obstacles to their clinical application. Herein, the acid-labile branched polymer was synthesized to coordinate with gallic acid (GA) and Fe(II)/Fe(III) to form biodegradable Fe(II)/Fe(III)-coordination-driven nanoassemblies. These nanoassemblies have synergistic antibacterial efficacy based on pH-responsive cinnamaldehye (CA) release, near-infrared (NIR) light-induced hyperthermia and chemodynamic therapy. The local temperature rises further accelerated the Fenton reaction from the nanoassemblies, giving photothermally-enhanced chemodynamic therapy. The biodegradable nanoassemblies could not only inhibit bacteria growth through disrupting bacterial walls but also promote bacteria-infected wound healing. Importantly, Fe(II)/Fe(III)-coordination-driven nanoassemblies could selectively eradicate bacteria in the presence of mammalian cells. This study provides a novel approach for preparing of biodegradable nanoassemblies with synergistic chemo/photothermal/chemodynamic performance to selectively combat bacterial infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The aim of this study is to explore and analyze the high risk factors and preventive measures of percutaneous nephrolithotomy under the guidance of B-ultrasound in the treatment of postoperative renal calculi. Methods. The clinical data of 220 patients with renal calculi admitted to our hospital from 2018 to October 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were treated with percutaneous nephrolithotomy n = 36) and nonbleeding group (n = 184), comparing the personal data, disease-related data, surgical operation related data of the two groups of patients, single factor and logistic multifactor regression analysis to explore the influence of B-guided percutaneous. Nephrolithotomy is a high-risk factor for postoperative bleeding in patients with kidney stones, and preventive measures are based on high-risk factors. Results. There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients with different genders, whether they had renal surgery, whether they had hypertension, and those with postoperative hepatic insufficiency in the hemorrhagic group and the nonbleeding group (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference in age and body mass index between the bleeding group and the nonbleeding group (p > 0.05). The proportion of patients with diabetes in the bleeding group was higher than that in the nonbleeding group, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Compared with the nonbleeding group, the bleeding group had a higher proportion of patients with calculus diameter ≥2 cm. The proportion of patients with staghorn calculi in the bleeding group was higher than that in the nonbleeding group. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients with hemorrhage, single or multiple renal stones, and ureteral stones in the hemorrhage group compared with the nonbleeding group (p > 0.05). Compared with the nonbleeding group, the proportion of patients with bleeding in the first stage was higher, and the proportion of patients with operation time >90 min was higher. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients in the bleeding group compared with the nonbleeding group (p > 0.05). Using Logic multifactorial regression analysis, independent risk factors for bleeding after percutaneous nephrolithotomy under ultrasound-guided bovery include diabetes mellitus, stone diameter, staghorn kidney stones, surgical timing, and staging surgery (p < 0.05). Conclusion. The independent high-risk factors affecting bleeding after percutaneous nephrolithotomy guided by B-ultrasound include diabetes, stone diameter, staghorn type kidney stones, operation time, and staged surgery. According to this, effective preventive measures can effectively reduce the operation and the occurrence of postbleeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freeze-drying is an effective method for aortal preservation. However, there are few studies on heat and mass transfer of aortal freeze-drying. In this study, the contactless weighing device was used to monitor freeze-drying process. The radiation view factor of the aortal segment was estimated, and the quasi-steady state model was used to analyze heat and mass transfer, there was a certain amount of heat flux in the frozen layer, which provided sublimation heat for internal sublimation interface. By theoretical calculation, the vapor diffusion coefficient was determined. The unsteady state model was used for numerical simulation. The simulated result of free water removal ratio was consistent with experiment result. Both heat flux density and mass flux density decreased non-linearly in the early stage, but approximately linearly in the late stage. The velocity of inner and outer sublimation interfaces was almost the same. The nodes temperature gradually increased and finally approached the heating temperature, and the temperature gradient of both dried and frozen layers decreased gradually with drying time. The water vapor pressure gradient was smaller near the aortal wall and larger in the middle region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ticks are hematophagous parasites that transmit an extensive range of pathogens to their vertebrate hosts. Ticks can destroy invading microorganisms or alleviate infection via their rudimentary but orchestrated innate immune system. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important components of tick innate immunity. Among these humoral effector molecules, defensins are well-studied and widely identified in various species of Ixodidae (hard ticks) and Argasidae (soft ticks). This review was aimed at presenting the characterization of tick defensins from structure-based taxonomic status to antimicrobial function. Main text: All published papers written in English from 2001 to May 2022 were searched through PubMed and Web of Science databases with the combination of relevant terms on tick defensins. Reports on identification and characterization of tick defensins were included. Of the 329 entries retrieved, 57 articles were finally eligible for our scoping review. Tick defensins mainly belong to the antibacterial ancient invertebrate-type defensins of the cis-defensins superfamily. They are generally small, cationic, and amphipathic, with six cysteine residues forming three intra-molecular disulfide bonds. Tick defensins primarily target membranes of a variety of pathogens, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. Since tick defensins have a high degree of variability, we summarize their common biological properties and enumerate representative peptides. Along with the various and potent antimicrobial activities, the role of tick defensins in determining vector competence is discussed. Conclusions: Due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities, tick defensins are considered novel candidates or targets for controlling infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aminophenylboronic acid moieties were covalently grafted onto mercaptobenzoic acid moieties, and glucose oxidase was then immobilized through boronic acid-diol specific recognition to form a pH-sensitive electrosensor switching between pH 5.8 and pH 8.0 base solution. Using potassium ferricyanide as electroactive probe, the response was intensified in acidic condition while hindered in alkaline condition. The sharp and stable contrast in current was performed alternately upon the change of pH like a “pH switch”. In the presence of glucose, the response to glucose was further amplified catalytically by glucose oxidase on “ON” state, while electron transfer was inhibited on “OFF” state. Furthermore, when our sensor was on “ON” state, it showed a good linearity ranging from 0 to 30 μmol L −1 of glucose, with a detection limit of 348 nmol L −1 (S/B = 3) and a dynamic range extending to 50 μmol L −1 . Glucose-responsive, pH-switchable and catalytically-amplified, our biosensor provided a new method for the detection of glucose in the form of pH switch in human serum sample, and was promising to more complicated environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed an aptasensor for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) based on an electrode-supported lipid bilayer membrane. The assay is based on a conformational change that is induced after binding the target which modulates the electron transfer rate in the conductive path. The method is highly sensitive, stable, and repeatable. The detection limit for ATP is 50 nM, and the dynamic range extends to 3.2 μM, which covers the concentration range of ATP in cell lysates (from 0.1 to 1 μM). The method also holds promise in that it may be transferred to submicro- or nano-scale electrodes so to enable intracellular monitoring of ATP. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil and gas processing plays a crucial role in offshore oil production platforms. Swiftly predicting the effects of fluid parameters on the efficiency of oil-water separation is essential for enhancing the performance of swirl-vane separators. To investigate the behavior of oil-water two-phase flow, a Eulerian multiphase flow model was employed in this study coupled with the power-law non-Newtonian fluid model. Input variables including the oil volume fraction, oil density, inlet velocity, oil droplet particle size, oil droplet viscosity coefficient, and oil rheological index were selected with separation efficiency as the output variable. Based on the genetic algorithm, the backpropagation (BP) neural network was optimized to predict the effects of fluid parameters on the separation efficiency of a swirl-vane separator. The results demonstrated a remarkable improvement in prediction accuracy, exceeding 50 % at its maximum. Notably, oil density and volume fraction exhibited significant impacts on the swirl-vane separator. A multiple linear regression analysis of experimental and simulation results revealed that the volume fraction, inlet velocity, oil droplet particle size, and oil phase rheological index are positively correlated with separation efficiency. Conversely, the oil density and oil viscosity coefficient exhibited a negative correlation with separation efficiency. • The non-Newtonian oil-water swirling flow field in swirl-vane separators is analyzed. • The accuracy of the GA-BP algorithm and the BP algorithm for predicting oil-water separation efficiency are compared. • The correlation between fluid parameters and oil-water separation efficiency is established. • Guidance is provided for adjusting fluid parameters to improve oil-water separation efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluoro(dialkyl)stannylenoid 2 exhibits unique reactivity towards ethynes with acetylenic hydrogen and those with trimethylsilyl groups, though the corresponding free dialkylstannylene 1 is inactive against those ethynes. Stannylenoid 2 reacts smoothly with gaseous ethyne and phenylethyne at room temperature, giving the corresponding diethynylstannanes, di(phenylethynyl)stannane 3 and diethynylstannane 6, respectively, in good yields with the concomitant evolution of H2. Trimethylsilyl-substituted ethynes such as 1-trimethylsilyl-(2-phenyl)ethyne and 1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)ethyne react similarly to give 3 and bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)stannane 8, respectively. Rather unexpectedly, the reaction of 2 with (trimethylsilyl)ethyne affords 1,2-bis(ethenylstannyl)ethyne 7 in a good yield. The reactions of 2 with methyl and ethyl propynoates give the same products 4 and 5 as those obtained during the reaction of dialkylstannylene 1 without CsF. Pathways involving the nucleophilic attack of cesium acetylide to an ethyne-complexed stannylene were proposed, while the detailed mechanisms remain unknown. The structure of 7 was studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSC), the foundation of spermatogenesis and male fertility, possess lifelong self-renewal activity. Aging leads to the decline in stem cell function and increased risk of paternal age-related genetic diseases. In the present study, we performed a comparative genomic analysis of mouse SSC-enriched undifferentiated spermatogonia (Oct4-GFP+/KIT-) and differentiating progenitors (Oct4-GFP+/KIT+) isolated from young and aged testes. Our transcriptome data revealed enormous complexity of expressed coding and non-coding RNAs and alternative splicing regulation during SSC differentiation. Further comparison between young and aged undifferentiated spermatogonia suggested these differentiation programs were affected by aging. We identified aberrant expression of genes associated with meiosis and TGF-β signaling, alteration in alternative splicing regulation and differential expression of specific lncRNAs such as Fendrr. Epigenetic profiling revealed reduced H3K27me3 deposition at numerous pro-differentiation genes during SSC differentiation as well as aberrant H3K27me3 distribution at genes in Wnt and TGF-β signaling upon aging. Finally, aged undifferentiated spermatogonia exhibited gene body hypomethylation, which is accompanied by an elevated 5hmC level. We believe this in-depth molecular analysis will serve as a reference for future analysis of SSC aging. Author summary: Sperms are derived from a primitive population of undifferentiated spermatogonia called spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), which lay the foundation of male fertility. It is widely known that the aging process results in decline in SSC function and quantity. However, the molecular mechanisms and gene expression changes underlying SSC differentiation and aging remain elusive. Here, we revealed the alterations in gene expression programs of both coding and non-coding RNAs, and alternative splicing regulation during SSC aging and differentiation by profiling the transcriptomes of SSC-enriched undifferentiated spermatogonia in mice. For instance, we found long non-coding RNA Fendrr is highly expressed in undifferentiated cells, suggesting its role in maintaining stem cell function. We further explored the changes at epigenetic level by profiling histone modifications and DNA methylation patterns, which revealed distinct distribution patterns of histone modification H3K27me3 in Wnt and TGF-β signaling upon aging. We also found that aged undifferentiated spermatogonia exhibited a decrease in average 5mC methylation level in gene bodies accompanied by an increase in 5hmC level, which is similar to the observations in humans. Therefore, we believe our work will serve as a reference for future investigation of human reproductive aging, and particularly the mechanisms of SSC aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Mammalian spermatogenesis is a biological process of male gamete formation. Gonocytes are the only precursors of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) which develop into mature spermatozoa. DDX5 is one of DEAD‐box RNA helicases and expresses in male germ cells, suggesting that Ddx5 plays important functions during spermatogenesis. Here, we explore the functions of Ddx5 in regulating the specification of gonocytes. Materials and Methods: Germ cell‐specific Ddx5 knockout (Ddx5‐/‐) mice were generated. The morphology of testes and epididymides and fertility in both wild‐type and Ddx5‐/‐ mice were analysed. Single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) was used to profile the transcriptome in testes from wild‐type and Ddx5‐/‐ mice at postnatal day (P) 2. Dysregulated genes were validated by single‐cell qRT‐PCR and immunofluorescent staining. Results: In male mice, Ddx5 was expressed in germ cells at different stages of development. Germ cell‐specific Ddx5 knockout adult male mice were sterile due to completely devoid of germ cells. Male germ cells gradually disappeared in Ddx5‐/‐ mice from E18.5 to P6. Single‐cell transcriptome analysis showed that genes involved in cell cycle and glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) pathway were significantly decreased in Ddx5‐deficient gonocytes. Notably, Ddx5 ablation impeded the proliferation of gonocytes. Conclusions: Our study reveals the critical roles of Ddx5 in fate determination of gonocytes, offering a novel insight into the pathogenesis of male sterility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the hydrodynamic performance and application of a pitching float-type wave energy conversion device under complex sea conditions in the South China Sea. Potential flow theory and ANSYS-AQWA software are used to establish a method for analyzing hydrodynamic performance in both time and frequency domains, as well as the various factors that influence hydrodynamic performance. The frequency domain characteristics of the conversion device are explored, as well as the time-domain characteristics when exposed to regular and irregular waves. The results show that the frequency domain of hydrodynamic performance conforms to the requirements of an offshore mobile platform. A mooring point that is closer to the center of mass leads to improved stability of the conversion device. The angle arrangement of the anchor-chain mooring method fully conforms to safety requirements. When the wave direction is 45°, the conversion device is highly stressed and its movement is the most strenuous; however, the device can operate safely and stably under all working conditions. These results provide a significant reference for expanding the wave-energy capture range and the hydrodynamic performance of floating wave-energy conversion devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new method of multi-objective optimization of the shape parameters was proposed for the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) with both towed and self-propelled, aiming to reduce drag and enhance motion stability during navigation. In this study, the hydrodynamics calculation of AUV was conducted by CFD method covering a wide range of Reynolds number between 105 and 107, and the optimization was performed by NSGA-II multi-objective optimization algorithm. Prior to deploying the optimization process, a sample library was created using the Latin hypercube sampling method to construct the Kriging approximation model. Thereafter, the model was used as the NSGA-II multi-objective optimization function, in which the range of design variables was considered to obtain the Pareto optimal solution. Furthermore, we also introduce and discuss the Pareto optimal points with special characteristics. In addition, the objective function values of these four optimal points were compared with the results of the initial model. The results showed that the drag at the four optimal points were reduced by 12.07%, 11.59%, 10.98% and 7.94%, respectively, and the overturning moments were reduced by 1.96%, 7.38%, 12.73% and 14.08%, respectively. The proposed multi-objective optimization method optimizes the shape of AUV effectively and provides valuable guidance for the design of AUV. • A new method of multi-objective optimization of the shape parameters is proposed for AUV. • Latin hypercube sampling and CFD methods are employed to obtain a surrogate model. • The multi-objective optimization is performed using the NSGA-II genetic algorithm. • The Pareto optimal points with special characteristics are presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new method of multi-objective optimization of the shape parameters was proposed for the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) with both towed and self-propelled, aiming to reduce drag and enhance motion stability during navigation. In this study, the hydrodynamics calculation of AUV was conducted by CFD method covering a wide range of Reynolds number between 105 and 107, and the optimization was performed by NSGA-II multi-objective optimization algorithm. Prior to deploying the optimization process, a sample library was created using the Latin hypercube sampling method to construct the Kriging approximation model. Thereafter, the model was used as the NSGA-II multi-objective optimization function, in which the range of design variables was considered to obtain the Pareto optimal solution. Furthermore, we also introduce and discuss the Pareto optimal points with special characteristics. In addition, the objective function values of these four optimal points were compared with the results of the initial model. The results showed that the drag at the four optimal points were reduced by 12.07%, 11.59%, 10.98% and 7.94%, respectively, and the overturning moments were reduced by 1.96%, 7.38%, 12.73% and 14.08%, respectively. The proposed multi-objective optimization method optimizes the shape of AUV effectively and provides valuable guidance for the design of AUV. • A new method of multi-objective optimization of the shape parameters is proposed for AUV. • Latin hypercube sampling and CFD methods are employed to obtain a surrogate model. • The multi-objective optimization is performed using the NSGA-II genetic algorithm. • The Pareto optimal points with special characteristics are presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Salen-manganese complexes conjugated chito-oligosaccharide nanozyme possess synergistic antibacterial activity. • The nanozyme have enhanced superoxide- and catalase-like activity and could relieve oxidative stress. • The nanozyme could prevent macrophages from transforming into M1 phenotype and endow them anti-inflammatory effects. • The nanozyme could accelerate bacteria-infected skin wound healing. Skin wound healing remains a key challenge owing to its vulnerability to pathogen infection, oxidative stress and persistent inflammatory response. Herein, a salen-manganese complex (EUK)-based nanozyme was designed to simultaneously circumvent these barriers. The nanozyme was prepared by the amidation reaction between degradable chito-oligosaccharide (COS) and EUK. Positive charged COS and metallic compounds (EUK) could allow the nanozyme (COS-EUK) synergistic antibacterial activity. Due to the protection and synergistic catalytic enhancement effect provided by COS, superoxide (SOD)- and catalase (CAT)-like capability of COS-EUK was significantly improved compared with EUK. The nanozyme could eradicate not only O 2 − but also the generated H 2 O 2 , further supplying O 2 to promote fiber cell proliferation. Moreover, COS-EUK could prevent macrophages from transforming into classically activated macrophages (M1 phenotype), and endow them anti-inflammatory effects. COS-EUK can accelerate bacteria-infected skin wound healing. Thus, COS-EUK provides a promising strategy for bacteria-infected wound healing with great potential in clinical infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]