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The spatial differentiation of forest canopy branches and leaves affects rainfall interception. However, the scientific expression of the spatial differentiation of forest canopy branches and leaves has not been clarified, and revealing the effect of spatial differentiation of branches and leaves of the vertical structure of the forest canopy on rainfall interception is difficult. Using the Pinus massoniana planted in Changting County, China, as the research object, this study quantified the spatial differentiation of canopy branches and leaves in a hierarchical manner by combining the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) three-dimensional point cloud model with the landscape metrics and further simulated the interception mechanism of Pinus massoniana forest canopy on rainfall of different intensities by constructing the principal component regression model. The results showed that the spatial differentiation of canopy branches and leaves in different strata responds differently to different rainfall intensities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted a great deal of attention in the field of clean solar energy due to their advantages of transparency, flexibility, low cost and light weight. Introducing them to the market enables seamless integration into buildings and windows, while also supporting wearable, portable electronics and internet-of-things (IoT) devices. With the development of photovoltaic materials and the optimization of fabrication technology, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of OSCs have rapidly improved and now exceed 20%. However, there is a significant lack of focus on material stability and device lifetime, causing a severe hindrance to commercial applications. In this review, we carefully review important strategies employed to improve the stability of OSCs over the past three years from the perspectives of material design and device engineering. Furthermore, we analyze and discuss the current important progress in terms of air, light, thermal and mechanical stability. Finally, we propose the future research directions to overcome the challenges in achieving highly stable OSCs. We expect that this review will contribute to solving the stability problem of OSCs, eventually paving the way for commercial applications in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the National New Urbanization Plan (2014), China's national urbanization rate will reach approximately 60% in 2020. Throughout the rapid process of urbanization, China's energy consumption will expand at an unprecedented rate. In 2012, total energy consumption in China was 3 . 411 × 10 9 tons of coal equivalent (tce); energy shortage is becoming increasingly serious. In this study, two future urbanization scenarios in China were simulated based on linear and logistic growth models. These models were used to quantitatively predict the long-term (2020–2030) energy consumption of urban and rural residents in three economic sectors: transport, construction, and residential. The annual area of newly paved roads in Chinese cities was positively correlated with energy consumption by the transport sector, and the annual increase in newly built floor space in buildings was positive correlated with energy consumption by the construction sector. If the urbanization level of China is in accordance with the new urbanization plan (the logistic growth model), which proposes a lower urbanization speed, the energy consumption growth by the three sectors will be significantly reduced compared with the linear growth model. Energy consumption growth by the transport, construction, and residential sectors will decrease by 7 . 26 × 10 7 tce, 1 . 28 × 10 7 tce, and 5 . 45 × 10 6 tce by 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wearable application of flexible organic solar cells (f‐OSCs) necessitates high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and mechanical robustness. However, photoactive films based on efficient non‐fullerene small molecule acceptors (NF‐SMAs) are typically brittle, leading to poor mechanical stability in devices. In this study, we achieved a remarkable PCE of 18.06 % in f‐OSCs while maintaining ultrahigh mechanical robustness (with a crack‐onset strain (COS) of higher than 11 %) by incorporating a linker dimerized acceptor (DOY‐TVT). Compared to binary blends, ternary systems exhibit reduced non‐radiative recombination, suppressed crystallization and diffusion of NF‐SMAs, and improved load distribution across the chain networks, enabling the dissipation of the load energy. Thus, the ternary f‐OSCs developed in this study achieved, high PCE and stability, surpassing binary OSCs. Moreover, the developed f‐OSCs retained 97 % of the initial PCE even after 3000 bending cycles, indicating excellent mechanical stability (9.1 % higher than binary systems). Furthermore, the rigid device with inverted structure based on the optimal active layer exhibited a substantial increase in efficiency retention, with 89.6 % after 865 h at 85 °C and 93 % after more than 1300 h of shelf storage at 25 °C. These findings highlight the potential of the linker oligomer acceptor for realizing high‐performing f‐OSCs with ultrahigh mechanical robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wearable application of flexible organic solar cells (f‐OSCs) necessitates high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and mechanical robustness. However, photoactive films based on efficient non‐fullerene small molecule acceptors (NF‐SMAs) are typically brittle, leading to poor mechanical stability in devices. In this study, we achieved a remarkable PCE of 18.06 % in f‐OSCs while maintaining ultrahigh mechanical robustness (with a crack‐onset strain (COS) of higher than 11 %) by incorporating a linker dimerized acceptor (DOY‐TVT). Compared to binary blends, ternary systems exhibit reduced non‐radiative recombination, suppressed crystallization and diffusion of NF‐SMAs, and improved load distribution across the chain networks, enabling the dissipation of the load energy. Thus, the ternary f‐OSCs developed in this study achieved, high PCE and stability, surpassing binary OSCs. Moreover, the developed f‐OSCs retained 97 % of the initial PCE even after 3000 bending cycles, indicating excellent mechanical stability (9.1 % higher than binary systems). Furthermore, the rigid device with inverted structure based on the optimal active layer exhibited a substantial increase in efficiency retention, with 89.6 % after 865 h at 85 °C and 93 % after more than 1300 h of shelf storage at 25 °C. These findings highlight the potential of the linker oligomer acceptor for realizing high‐performing f‐OSCs with ultrahigh mechanical robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smog has become a public environmental crisis in most areas of China, and in response, research efforts have mainly focused on the chemical properties of smog and its impact on human health. However, in-depth research on the public’s perception of smog has not yet been conducted. A survey of residents living around eight state-controlled atmospheric environmental monitoring sites in Ningbo City was conducted using stratified sampling. The data was statistically analyzed to investigate people’s views and behavioral tendencies in smog weather, the influence of different media reports on public outlook, and public opinions on the local atmosphere and pollution management in different areas. The results showed that people’s perception of smog differs greatly from actual conditions, indicating that the public opinion tends to deviate when faced with a public crisis. Mainstream media (TV, newspaper, etc.), accounting for 67% of all media sources, are the main source for dissemination of smog information. The main sources of pollution, in order of decreasing contribution, according to residents of Ningbo City are as follows: motor vehicle exhaust, industrial coal combustion, large-scale construction, biomass burning, and kitchen fumes. Implications: Since 2011, most areas of China have been affected by frequent smog. Most research on smog has been concentrated on its causes, alert systems, and prevention measures, whereas in-depth research on the public perception of smog has not yet been conducted. When a risky environmental event such as smog occurs, consequences may be more serious than the event itself will cause if people take irrational measures because of lacking relevant knowledge. Therefore, investigating people’s attitude and response to smog is both theoretically and practically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Nonradiative recombination losses occurring at the interface pose a significant obstacle to achieve high‐efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs), particularly in inverted PSCs. Passivating surface defects using molecules with different functional groups represents one of the key strategies for enhancing PSCs efficiency. However, a lack of insight into the passivation orientation of molecules on the surface is a challenge for rational molecular design. In this study, aminothiol hydrochlorides with different alkyl chains but identical electron‐donating (−SH) and electron‐withdrawing (−NH3+) groups were employed to investigate the interplay between molecular structure, orientation, and interaction on perovskite surface. The 2‐Aminoethane‐1‐thiol hydrochloride with shorter alkyl chains exhibited a preference of parallel orientations, which facilitating stronger interactions with the surface defects through strong coordination and hydrogen bonding. The resultant perovskite films following defect passivation demonstrate reduced ion migration, inhibition of nonradiative recombination, and more n‐type characteristics for efficient electron transfer. Consequently, an impressive power conversion efficiency of 25 % was achieved, maintaining 95 % of its initial efficiency after 500 hours of continuous maximum power point tracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hole‐transporting material (HTM), poly (3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene) poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT : PSS), is the most widely used material in the realization of high‐efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the stability of PEDOT : PSS‐based OSCs is quite poor, arising from its strong acidity and hygroscopicity. In addition, PEDOT : PSS has an absorption in the infrared region and high highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level, thus limiting the enhancement of short‐circuit current density (Jsc) and open‐circuit voltage (Voc), respectively. Herein, two asymmetric self‐assembled molecules (SAMs), namely BrCz and BrBACz, were designed and synthesized as HTM in binary OSCs based on the well‐known system of PM6 : Y6, PM6 : eC9, PM6 : L8‐BO, and D18 : eC9. Compared with BrCz, BrBACz shows larger dipole moment, deeper work function and lower surface energy. Moreover, BrBACz not only enhances photon harvesting in the active layer, but also minimizes voltage losses as well as improves interface charge extraction/ transport. Consequently, the PM6 : eC9‐based binary OSC using BrBACz as HTM exhibits a champion efficiency of 19.70 % with a remarkable Jsc of 29.20 mA cm−2 and a Voc of 0.856 V, which is a record efficiency for binary OSCs so far. In addition, the unencapsulated device maintains 95.0 % of its original efficiency after 1,000 hours of storage at air ambient, indicating excellent long‐term stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hole‐transporting material (HTM), poly (3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene) poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT : PSS), is the most widely used material in the realization of high‐efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the stability of PEDOT : PSS‐based OSCs is quite poor, arising from its strong acidity and hygroscopicity. In addition, PEDOT : PSS has an absorption in the infrared region and high highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level, thus limiting the enhancement of short‐circuit current density (Jsc) and open‐circuit voltage (Voc), respectively. Herein, two asymmetric self‐assembled molecules (SAMs), namely BrCz and BrBACz, were designed and synthesized as HTM in binary OSCs based on the well‐known system of PM6 : Y6, PM6 : eC9, PM6 : L8‐BO, and D18 : eC9. Compared with BrCz, BrBACz shows larger dipole moment, deeper work function and lower surface energy. Moreover, BrBACz not only enhances photon harvesting in the active layer, but also minimizes voltage losses as well as improves interface charge extraction/ transport. Consequently, the PM6 : eC9‐based binary OSC using BrBACz as HTM exhibits a champion efficiency of 19.70 % with a remarkable Jsc of 29.20 mA cm−2 and a Voc of 0.856 V, which is a record efficiency for binary OSCs so far. In addition, the unencapsulated device maintains 95.0 % of its original efficiency after 1,000 hours of storage at air ambient, indicating excellent long‐term stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main obstacles to promoting the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) include their record power conversion efficiency (PCE), which still remains below the Shockley–Queisser limit, and poor long‐term stability, attributable to crystallographic defects in perovskite films and open‐circuit voltage (Voc) loss in devices. In this study, potassium (4‐tert‐butoxycarbonylpiperazin‐1‐yl) methyl trifluoroborate (PTFBK) was employed as a multifunctional additive to target and modulate bulk perovskite defects and carrier dynamics of PSCs. Apart from simultaneously passivating anionic and cationic defects, PTFBK could also optimize the energy‐level alignment of devices and weaken the interaction between carriers and longitudinal optical phonons, resulting in a carrier lifetime of greater than 3 μs. Furthermore, it inhibited non‐radiative recombination and improved the crystallization capacity in the target perovskite film. Hence, the target rigid and flexible p‐i‐n PSCs yielded champion PCEs of 24.99 % and 23.48 %, respectively. More importantly, due to hydrogen bonding between formamidinium and fluorine, the target devices exhibited remarkable thermal, humidity, and operational tracking at maximum power point stabilities. The reduced Young's modulus and residual stress in the perovskite layer also provided excellent bending stability for flexible target devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main obstacles to promoting the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) include their record power conversion efficiency (PCE), which still remains below the Shockley–Queisser limit, and poor long‐term stability, attributable to crystallographic defects in perovskite films and open‐circuit voltage (Voc) loss in devices. In this study, potassium (4‐tert‐butoxycarbonylpiperazin‐1‐yl) methyl trifluoroborate (PTFBK) was employed as a multifunctional additive to target and modulate bulk perovskite defects and carrier dynamics of PSCs. Apart from simultaneously passivating anionic and cationic defects, PTFBK could also optimize the energy‐level alignment of devices and weaken the interaction between carriers and longitudinal optical phonons, resulting in a carrier lifetime of greater than 3 μs. Furthermore, it inhibited non‐radiative recombination and improved the crystallization capacity in the target perovskite film. Hence, the target rigid and flexible p‐i‐n PSCs yielded champion PCEs of 24.99 % and 23.48 %, respectively. More importantly, due to hydrogen bonding between formamidinium and fluorine, the target devices exhibited remarkable thermal, humidity, and operational tracking at maximum power point stabilities. The reduced Young's modulus and residual stress in the perovskite layer also provided excellent bending stability for flexible target devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the surface modification of perovskite by wide band‐gap insulating materials has been one of the main strategies to achieve efficient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Unfortunately, a significant hurdle in this approach is the dilemma surrounding the quality of passivation and the transport of charges. Here, this trade‐off is overcome by introducing self‐assembled diphenylphosphinic acid (DPPA) porous layer. Applying highly concentrated DPPA solution on the perovskite surface not only provides excellent passivation of entire surface, but also the excess DPPA will form a self‐assembled porous insulating layer (PIL), which forms random submicron‐sized openings at the interface of the insulating layer for accelerated charge transport. In addition, the energy level of the perovskite surface can be modulated by this insulating material to facilitate carrier transport. As a result, an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 24% has been achieved in methylammonium‐free p‐i‐n devices with an ultrahigh fill factor (FF) of 84.7%. The unencapsulated devices exhibit excellent thermal and operational stability. This work paves a way for establishment of an effective passivation and facilitated transport simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substantial efforts of A–DA′D–A type non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) molecular design have impelled power conversion efficiency (PCE) of single junction organic solar cells (OSCs) to exceed 19%. Asymmetric geometry strategy, selenium‐substitution, and end‐group engineering are proven to be effective modification methods. Here, two novel selenium substitution asymmetric NFAs, AsymSSe‐2F, and AsymSSe‐2Cl, are synthesized to investigate the synergistic modification effects on device performance compared with symmetric Y6. When blending AsymSSe‐2F with the wide‐bandgap and high crystallinity polymer D18, a remarkable PCE of 18.31% is yielded, and an excellent fill factor of 79.46% is achieved, which is attributed to the broadened absorption, enhanced π–π stacking, balanced carrier mobilities, and fine phase‐separation morphology. Notably, among the reported selenium‐substituted asymmetric NFAs based OSCs, especially combined with the seldom‐reported D18, this PCE is top‐ranked in binary bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. This work indicates that the combined modification of asymmetric geometry and selenium substitution in NFAs is a promising strategy for fabricating high performance OSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the great progress of flexible perovskite solar cells (f‐PSCs), it still faces several challenges during the homogeneous fabrication of high‐quality perovskite thin films, and overcoming the insufficient exciton dissociation. To the ends, we rationally design the ferroelectric two‐dimensional (2D) perovskite based on pyridine heterocyclic ring as the organic interlayer. We uncover that incorporation of the ferroelectric 2D material into 3D perovskite induces an increased built‐in electric field (BEF), which enhances the exciton dissociation efficiency in the device. Moreover, the 2D seeds could assist the 3D crystallization by forming more homogeneous and highly‐oriented perovskite crystals. As a result, an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 23 % has been achieved by the f‐PSCs with outstanding ambient stability. Moreover, the piezo/ferroelectric 2D perovskite intrigues a decreased hole transport barriers at the ITO/perovskite interface under tensile stress, which opens new possibilities for developing highly‐efficient f‐PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the great progress of flexible perovskite solar cells (f‐PSCs), it still faces several challenges during the homogeneous fabrication of high‐quality perovskite thin films, and overcoming the insufficient exciton dissociation. To the ends, we rationally design the ferroelectric two‐dimensional (2D) perovskite based on pyridine heterocyclic ring as the organic interlayer. We uncover that incorporation of the ferroelectric 2D material into 3D perovskite induces an increased built‐in electric field (BEF), which enhances the exciton dissociation efficiency in the device. Moreover, the 2D seeds could assist the 3D crystallization by forming more homogeneous and highly‐oriented perovskite crystals. As a result, an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 23 % has been achieved by the f‐PSCs with outstanding ambient stability. Moreover, the piezo/ferroelectric 2D perovskite intrigues a decreased hole transport barriers at the ITO/perovskite interface under tensile stress, which opens new possibilities for developing highly‐efficient f‐PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing over-temperature alarms in cold chain logistics (CCL) is crucial for temperature monitoring systems. However, existing research in this area primarily focuses on improving identification accuracy while overlooking the associated cost implications. This study addresses this gap by proposing a cost-effective over-temperature alarm system using an artificial neural network (ANN) model that integrates multi-source data (MSD). This article demonstrates that utilizing ANN and MSD leads to significantly improved recognition accuracy compared to using single-source data while keeping the cost increase to a minimum. The paper found recognition accuracy to be 97.4% with three feature values and 98.6% with six feature values. Sensitivity analyses reveal that factors such as the initial food temperature, cumulative open time, data acquisition interval, and algorithm significantly impact the recognition accuracy of the over-temperature alarm system. The location of sensors, however, has a slight effect. Furthermore, the choice of the number of feature values and the granularity of the data influences the cost of temperature management and recognition accuracy. This study provides valuable insights into the factors influencing recognition accuracy, aiding in designing cost-effective over-temperature alarm systems for food supply chain management. [Display omitted] • A cost-effective over-temperature alert system is developed utilizing artificial neural networks. • The model achieves over 98% accuracy in cold chain logistics unstable environmental temperatures. • By selecting algorithms and features, the system can reduce sensor quantity while maintaining accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Two non-fullerene donors with A-π-A'-π-A type structures designed and synthesised. • The structures contain 3-hexylrhodanine and 2-butyl cyanoacetate end groups. • The introduction of DB-1/2 achieved dual FRET in PM6:Y6 system for the first time. • The excessive self-aggregation of Y6 was broken in ternary solar cells. • The ternary organic solar cells achieve high J SC of 28.0 mA cm−2. Organic solar cells (OSCs) have aroused widespread concerns in green energy and wearable electronics. One of the most powerful way to achieve high efficient OSCs is maximizing fill factor (FF) and short-circuit current density (J SC). Herein, two A-π-A'-π-A type conjugated molecules bearing different electron-deficient end groups, DB-1 and DB-2, were designed and synthesized as donor-typed third components in the well-known PM6:Y6 host system. The photoluminescence and ultrafast transient absorption spectra clearly demonstrated that dual Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) effects were well established for the first time in the PM6:Y6-based ternary OSCs. Furthermore, the introduction of DB-1 and DB-2 could effectively prevent the excessive self-aggregation of Y6, resulting in the optimal phase separations in the ternary films. Thus, the ternary OSCs based on PM6:DB-1:Y6 and PM6:DB-2:Y6 both achieved excellent J SC of ∼28.0 mA cm−2 and high FF ∼0.780, which are significantly higher than those of the binary devices. Consequently, rational molecular design and dual FRET effects provide a new and effective method to simultaneously improve the J SC and FF of OSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work was to expand the applications of molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) nanosheet additives by investigating their effectiveness and advantages for lubricating line contacts between bearing steel and medium carbon steel surfaces. The friction and wear effects of MoS 2 nanosheet additives were investigated using block-on-ring tests, and compared with those from zinc dialkyldithiphosphates (ZDDP). Both additives were combined with ISO VG 32 white oil as base fluid. Results suggest 0.25 wt% MoS 2 nanosheets exhibited similar friction coefficient, oil temperature and wear scar width with those of ZDDP at low loads; while the reductions of friction coefficient and wear scar width were 28.6% and 34.3%, respectively, compared to the behavior of ZDDP at high load (459 N). Furthermore, the wear scar widths of the ZDDP containing oil significantly increased in 2 h tests, while they remained constant with a smaller size for 0.25 wt% additives of MoS 2 nanosheets at a load of 326 N. Scanning electron microscope observations showed some pits on the wear scar lubricated with ZDDP, compared with spalls for 0.06 wt% MoS 2 nanosheets. The wear scar was smooth and had a patched film for tests using 0.25 wt% MoS 2 nanosheets. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that the patched surface film was composed of MoS 2 and phosphate, and that film reduced friction coefficient and wear. The results highlight how high concentration MoS 2 nanosheets exhibit significant advantages over ZDDP in reducing friction and wear in high load in line contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS) nanosheets are a promising lubricant additive for enhanced engine efficiency in cars. However, high-cost production methods and poor dispersion have limited their application in industry. In this study, the ball milling process is demonstrated as a low-cost and high-efficient method for fabrication of oil-dispersible MoS nanosheet, and the ball milling parameters are optimized. Moreover, the lubrication effectiveness of ball-milled MoS nanosheet was also evaluated. Results indicated that well-dispersed MoS nanosheets with a size of 250 nm can be manufactured with optimized surfactants of zinc dialkyldithiphosphates (ZDDP) and polyisobutylene succinimide (PIBS) after being ball milled for 36 h. Tribological results revealed that a friction coefficient of white oil with 0.25% MoS nanosheets reached 0.075, much lower than that of lubricant without nanosheets (0.16). The wear scar radius of 0.015% MoS nanosheets was similar with that of Hertz contact, and the wear scar radius reduction reached 20% compared with that of 1% ZDDP. In addition, EDS and XPS results indicated the formation of a MoS and FeS tribofilm on the wear surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the work is to investigate the lubrication mechanism of MoS 2 nano sheet. Polyisobutyleneamine Succinimide (PIBS) provides the steric repulsion to disperse nanoparticles in oil due to its long carbon chain. In the present study, the tribological behavior of nano-MoS 2 sheet mixed with different percentages of PIBS was explored. The dispersed state and the mode of nano-MoS 2 sheet entering the contact point were studied. Ball-on-disk results illustrated that the COF of nano-MoS 2 in paraffin oil with free of PIBS was 26.2% compared with those containing 3 wt% PIBS, and the reduction of wear depth reached 41.9%. The nano-MoS 2 sheets with 3 wt% PIBS were in discrete state in paraffin oil, which moved with side flow and could not enter the contact area to cause poor lubrication. Aggregation of particles took place in the case of low PIBS concentration and without PIBS, it entered the contact area and formed well-distributed MoS 2 tribofilm to reduce friction and wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compatibility and effectiveness of nanoparticles with the existing additives in formulated oil are still unclear. In the present study, some lubricant additives were selected to modify nanoparticles to obtain friendly capped nano-MoS2. Various polyisobutyleneamine succinimide (PIBS) concentrations were applied to investigate the lubrication effectiveness of capped nano-MoS2. The results showed that the reduction in COF and wear volume of friendly capped nanoparticles without PIBS reached about 35% and 75% in comparison with those of the base oil respectively. However, the average coefficient of friction and wear volume loss of nano oil increased with PIBS concentration in the range of 0.05%-1%. By scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, it is identified that (i) MoS2 tribofilm was formed on the wear track for the oil with nano-MoS2 and (ii) wear scar was smooth for nano-MoS2 with low PIBS concentration and without PIBS, while it showed plowing wear when containing high PIBS concentration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecotourism is an important path to sustainable tourism that has experienced rapid development in recent years. Thus, ecological principles have been considered as the guidelines for tourism and the need to protect the eco-environment has increased substantially. On this basis, the ecotourism planning, a new paradigm for tourism planning, has emerged and it has benefits in terms of both economic development and environmental conservation. The ecotourism planning is based on two important criteria: local tourism resources and ecotourism carrying capacity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the local tourism resources and calculate the ecotourism carrying capacity of Shangri-La County as an example. The results showed that Shangri-La County has abundant tourism resources and a vast diversity of tourism products. However, the natural resources in Shangri-La County are currently being exploited beyond the carrying capacity. Solutions to this problem mainly include sustainable exploitation of tourism resources; better handling of tourism demands by improving the repartitioning of tourism flow; and the development of a digital system to facilitate the management of tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]