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This paper was attempted to investigate the microstructure degradation and low cycle fatigue (LCF) performance of a serviced K465 Ni‐based superalloy turbine blade. LCF tests were carried out with small‐scale plate specimens sampled from the blades. Relationship between residual LCF life and microstructure state was estimated. The results indicate that the coarsening of γ/γ′ phases was the most significant microstructure degradation mode for the serviced blades. Both the γ matrix width and the γ′ precipitate diameter increased with the increase of service duration, while the γ′ precipitate volume fraction slightly decreased. The most severe microstructure degradation occurred at the leading edge along the chord direction, particularly at 50–70 % airfoil spans. The residual LCF life exhibited an accelerated decrease characteristic as increases of microstructure degradation degree. The coarsened microstructure diminished shear resistance of the superalloy, which resulted in additional accumulated inelastic deformation and a corresponding reduction in LCF life. Highlights: Service induced microstructure evolution and LCF life decay of a blade were investigated.Coarsening was identified as the main degradation form of γ/γ' phases in serviced blade.Accelerated decrease of residual LCF life was identified as increases of coarsening.Reduced plastic deformation resistance owing to coarsening is crucial to decay LCF life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under water compressibility, resonant triads can occur within the family of acoustic-gravity waves. This work investigates steady-state triad resonance between a surface gravity wave and two hydroacoustic waves. The water-wave equations are solved as a nonlinear boundary value problem using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). Within the HAM framework, a potential singularity resulting from exact triad resonance is avoided by appropriately choosing the auxiliary linear operator. The resonant hydroacoustic wave component, along with the two primary waves (one hydroacoustic wave and one gravity wave), is considered to determine an initial guess for the velocity potential. Additionally, by selecting an optimal "convergence-control parameter," the steady-state resonance between a surface gravity wave and two hydroacoustic waves is successfully obtained. It is found that steady-state resonant acoustic-gravity waves are ubiquitous under certain circumstances. The two primary wave components and the resonant hydroacoustic wave component take up most of the energy in the steady-state resonant acoustic-gravity wave system. The amplitude of the resonant hydroacoustic wave component is mainly determined by the primary hydroacoustic wave component, and the amplitudes of both hydroacoustic waves are approximately equal in all cases considered. In addition, when the overall amplitude of the wave system increases, both dimensionless angular frequencies decrease, indicating that the nonlinearity of the entire wave system becomes stronger with an increase in the wave system amplitude. The amplitude of the primary hydroacoustic wave has a relatively large effect on the system's nonlinearity. This work will enrich and deepen our understanding of acoustic-gravity waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate whole-node histogram parameters of blood flow (BF) maps derived from three-dimensional pseudo-continuous arterial spin-labelled (3D pCASL) imaging in discriminating metastatic from benign upper cervical lymph nodes (UCLNs) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. Eighty NPC patients with a total of 170 histologically confirmed UCLNs (67 benign and 103 metastatic) were included retrospectively. Pre-treatment 3D pCASL imaging was performed and whole-node histogram analysis was then applied. Histogram parameters and morphological features, such as minimum axis diameter (M in AD), maximum axis diameter (M ax AD), and location of UCLNs, were assessed and compared between benign and metastatic lesions. Predictors were identified and further applied to establish a combined model by multivariate logistic regression in predicting the probability of metastatic UCLNs. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyse the diagnostic performance. Metastatic UCLNs had larger M in AD and M in AD/M ax AD ratio, greater energy and entropy values, and higher incidence of level II (upper jugular group), but lower BF 10th value than benign nodes (all p <0.05). M in AD, BF 10th , energy, and entropy were validated as independent predictors in diagnosing metastatic UCLNs. The combined model yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.932, accuracy of 84.42 %, sensitivity of 80.6 %, and specificity of 90.29 %. Whole-node histogram analysis on BF maps is a feasible tool to differentiate metastatic from benign UCLNs in NPC patients, and the combined model can further improve the diagnostic efficacy. • Whole-node histogram parameters could act as a noninvasive effective biomarker. • A nomogram combining histogram parameters and M in AD of UCLNs was constructed. • The nomogram could serve as a novel diagnostic tool for the status of UCLNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the recent surge in scholarly attention to anti‐Asian racism, what is largely missing in this growing body of literature is a bridge connecting studies on this subject to the broader field of race and ethnicity studies. In this special issue, we propose to use the concept of transculturality, which is defined as the process of cultural interaction, interpenetration, and hybridization that transcends the traditional borders of individual cultures, to establish this connection. In this introductory article, we first critically review the concepts of culture, interculturality, and multiculturality in the studies of race and ethnicity. Upon this review, we explain how transculturality advances the knowledge of racial and ethnic identity, ideas, and practices. This introduction concludes with an overview of each contribution, setting the stage for a comprehensive exploration of this complex and multifaceted issue. Collectively, this special issue aims to not only provide theoretical and empirical insights into the transculturality of anti‐Asian racism but also build a bridge between the studies of the Asian diaspora and the general research on race and ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precise classification recognition of dangerous driving behaviors can effectively reduce traffic accidents and improve road safety. To address the challenges of complex and dynamic traffic environments where driving behaviors can vary significantly, an innovative method for classification recognizing for dangerous driving behaviors has been developed, utilizing an enhanced k-means clustering algorithm. Wavelet decomposition is applied to denoise the image data of driving behaviors. The refined data is then effectively categorized using the improved k-means clustering technique to discern distinct driving actions. Convolutional neural networks are employed to extract and classify critical action areas, enabling precise identification of hazardous driving behaviors. Test results demonstrate that this designed method achieves a maximum classification recognition rate of 98% for dangerous driving behaviors, with shorter recognition processing time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twelve dihydroartemisinin-chloro/bromoisatin hybrids were synthesized by combining dihydroartemisinin with chloro/bromoisatin and their in vitro anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7/ADR, and MDA-MB-231/ADR breast cancer cell lines was evaluated. A significant part of the synthesized hybrids exhibited significant anti-breast cancer activity against the tested cell lines and showed potential in overcoming drug resistance. 2-{4-Bromo-2-oxo-1-[4-({(3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R,12R,12aR)-3,6,9-trimethyldecahydro-12H-3,12-epoxy[1,2]dioxepino[4,3-i]isochromen-10-yl}oxy)butyl]indolin-3-ylidene}hydrazine-1-carbothioamide was found to be the most potent among all the synthesized hybrids, with IC50 values of 28.6–39.4 µM against the four breast cancer cell lines, and the activity was more than 2.53 times greater than that of adriamycin (IC50 >100 µM) against multidrug-resistant MCF-7/ADR and MDA-MB-231/ADR cancer cell lines. A preliminary structure-activity relationships (SARs) analysis indicated that chloro/bromo substitution at the C6 position of the isatin moiety was more favorable than at the C4 position; the substituents at the C3 position of the isatin moiety and the carbon spacers between DHA and isatin moieties appeared to play a more significant role. The enriched SARs obtained from this study may provide useful information for the rational design of dihydroartemisinin-isatin hybrids with improved anti-breast cancer activity and drug resistance overcoming capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the use of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) in assessing changes in brain iron deposits and their association with cognitive function in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). The study cohort comprised 27 cases with hepatitis B-associated cirrhosis with MHE (MHE group), 25 with hepatitis B-associated cirrhosis without MHE (NMHE group), and 25 healthy controls (HC group). Iron deposits in the bilateral frontal white matter, caudate nucleus (CN), putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus, red nucleus, substantia nigra (SN), hippocampus, and dentate nucleus were measured by QSM. The associations between iron deposition with the time taken to complete number connection tests A (NCT-A) and the score on digital–symbol test (DST) were analysed. Susceptibility values differed significantly in the bilateral CN, left thalamus, right SN, and left hippocampus in the MHE group compared with the other groups and were positively associated with the times taken to complete the NCT-A in the bilateral CN, left thalamus, and right SN and negatively associated with DST scores in the bilateral CN, left TH, and left HP. Reduced cognitive function in MHE patients was significantly associated with abnormally increased iron deposition in certain brain areas. The quantification of brain iron deposition by QSM may thus be an objective and accurate means of evaluating MHE. • MHE patients showed abnormal brain iron deposition. • Regional brain iron deposition was correlated with cognitive impairment. • Confirmed the feasibility of QSM assessment of cognitive function in MHE patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breaches of tailings dams have had catastrophic consequences in the mining industry worldwide. Therefore, the characteristics of tailings and their effects on the stability of tailings dams need to be investigated. In this paper, the mechanical properties of uniform tailings and smaller sedimentary tailings are analyzed in laboratory testing. The critical hydraulic gradient of tailings is explored and a tailings dam model is constructed. The results of testing indicate that the strength of tailings gradually decreases with an increase in the content of fine particles smaller than 0.075 mm. The critical content of fine particles is 35% fine particles smaller than 0.075 mm. The strength, cohesion, and internal friction angle of uniform tailings are greater than those of smaller sedimentary tailings. The critical hydraulic gradient decreases with an increase in the content of fine particles smaller than 0.075 mm, and the critical content of fine particles is again approximately 35%. However, the critical hydraulic gradient of smaller sedimentary tailings is higher than that of uniform tailings. An equation is presented to calculate the critical hydraulic gradient of tailings. The seepage failure of the tailings dam can be divided into four parts. An equation is presented to calculate the critical hydraulic gradient of a tailings dam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the complex geometric distribution of discontinuities, the determination of the shear strength of rock masses has become a difficult task limiting the stability analysis of surrounding rock masses in underground tunnels. This problem might be attributed not only to the size effect of fractured rock masses but also due to the difficult quantification of the geometric distribution of fracture systems. To find a solution to this problem, a series of direct shear tests were numerically simulated by utilizing the synthetic rock mass method (SRM) in the PFC3D software to estimate the shear strength of a rock mass in Qingdao Metro tunnels, located in Shandong province, China. The numerical simulation results show that the shear strength parameters vary significantly with the orientation of the fracture network contained in the rock mass. Meanwhile, it was found that the fracture tensor component in the direction z, Fzz, which is in the perpendicular direction to the shearing plane (x–y plane) of the rock mass displayed an inversely varying trend with the shear strength parameters. Accordingly, a shear strength model was established for the rock mass by introducing Fzz to reflect the effect of the geometric distribution of the complex fracture system. The developed shear strength model was verified by conducting direct shear tests in the field, and a good agreement has been achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To establish a normative database using a central 10-degree grid pattern for the online circular contrast perimetry (OCCP) application. Participants: Fifty participants with mean age 65 ± 13 years were selected for this study. One eye from each participant that met inclusion criteria was randomly included in the cohort. Methods: The web-application delivered online 52-loci perimetry in a central 10-degree pattern using circular flickering targets. These targets consist of concentric sinusoidal alternating contrast rings. Users were guided by the application to the correct viewing distance and head position using in-built blind spot localization and webcam monitoring. A spinning golden star was used as the fixation target and patients performed the test in a darkened room following standard automated perimetry (SAP). Results: The reliability rates and global indices for OCCP were similar to SAP. OCCP mean sensitivity reduced with age at a similar rate to SAP. Mean sensitivity per loci of 10-degree OCCP was greater than SAP by 1.24 log units (95% CI 1.23 to 1.26) and obeyed a physiological hill of vision. Small differences existed in mean sensitivities between OCCP and SAP which increased with increasing spot eccentricity. Mean deviation (MD) displayed good agreement between the two tests. Conclusion: Central 10-degree online circular contrast perimetry via a computer-based application has comparable perimetric results to standard automated perimetry in a normal cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report picosecond bunch length measurements using an interferometric method for a 3 MeV electron beam having bunch charge ranging from 1 to 14 pC. The method senses the single-cycle sub-terahertz (THz) pulse emitted by each electron bunch as coherent transition radiation which, in turn, is analyzed using a Michelson-type interferometer, forming an interferogram that is then processed to yield the nominal electron bunch length. This sub-THz coherent radiation intensity was measured using a quasi-optical detector (QOD) operated at room temperature. This experiment was quite challenging since the divergence angle of the sub-THz pulse emitted by the low-energy electron bunch exceeds ±10°, and its pulse energy at the entrance to the detector was as low as 100 pJ. When compared to a conventional helium-cooled silicon composite bolometer designed for frequencies above 0.5 THz, the QOD provided much better signal-to-noise ratio in the ∼80 GHz frequency range, which was critical for the successful measurement of the bunch length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a study that identified two novel mutations in the TTC37 gene in two Chinese patients with Crohn's disease (CD). These mutations are the first two Asian cases of CD associated with TTC37 mutations. The TTC37 gene is involved in RNA exosome regulation and mutations in this gene have been linked to trichohepatoenteric syndrome and IBD. The study suggests that TTC37 mutations may influence the progression of CD by altering mitochondrial structure and function. Further research is needed to understand the precise mechanisms involved. [Extracted from the article]

The exact nature of the 2175 |$\mathring{\rm A}$| extinction bump, the strongest spectroscopic absorption feature superimposed on the interstellar extinction curve, remains unknown ever since its discovery in 1965. Popular candidate carriers for the extinction bump include nano-sized graphitic grains and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules. To quantitatively evaluate PAHs as a possible carrier, we perform quantum chemical computations for the electronic transitions of 30 compact, pericondensed PAH molecules and their cations as well as anions with a wide range of sizes from 16 to 96 C atoms, and a mean size of 43 C atoms. It is found that a mixture of such PAHs, which individually exhibit sharp absorption features, show a smooth and broad absorption band that resembles the 2175 |$\mathring{\rm A}$| interstellar extinction bump. Arising from π* ← π transitions, the width and intensity of the absorption bump for otherwise randomly selected and uniformly weighted PAH mixtures, do not vary much with PAH sizes and charge states, whereas the position somewhat shifts to longer wavelengths as PAH size increases. While the computed bump position, with the computational uncertainty taken into account, appears to agree with that of the interstellar extinction bump, the computed width is considerably broader than the interstellar bump if the molecules are uniformly weighted. It appears that, to account for the observed bump width, one has to resort to PAH species of specific sizes and structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most striking characteristics of the mysterious 2175 |$\mathring{\rm A}$| extinction bump, the strongest spectroscopic absorption feature seen on the interstellar extinction curve, are the invariant central wavelength and variable bandwidth: its peak position at 2175 |$\mathring{\rm A}$| is remarkably constant, while its bandwidth varies from one line of sight to another. However, recent studies of the lines of sight towards a number of Herbig Ae/Be stars have revealed that the extinction bump exhibits substantial shifts from the canonical wavelength of 2175 |$\mathring{\rm A}$|⁠. In this work, we revisit these lines of sight and take a physical approach to determine the ultraviolet (UV) extinction curve for each line of sight. It is found that the wavelengths of the derived UV extinction bumps are around 2200 |$\mathring{\rm A}$| and the scatters are considerably smaller than those of the previous study based on the same set of Herbig Ae/Be stars, consistent with the conventional wisdom of a stable bump position. Nevertheless, the scatters are still appreciably larger than those associated with the nominal bump position of 2175 |$\mathring{\rm A}$|⁠. This is discussed in the context that Herbig Ae/Be stars are not well suited for interstellar extinction studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free-electron-laser-based beamlines utilize fully coherent laser pulses with extremely narrow bandwidth allowing direct use of X-rays without monochromators. This could be very beneficial for all users of current and future fourth-generation diffraction-limited synchrotron light sources (DL-SLSs) who need narrowband full-coherence high-brightness X-ray pulses. Based on our previous finding, i.e. that separating the two stages of echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) with a few extra bending-magnet sections provides an effective way to increase the momentum compaction of chicane 1, one can simultaneously achieve adequate prebunching at extremely high harmonics as well as keep the energy modulation to the ideal minimum. This could open the door for cascaded EEHG, toward fully coherent tender and hard X-ray wavelengths. Built on our compact design of a twin-pulse seeding electron beam with an adjustable delay and timing jitter at the level of a few femtoseconds, a cascaded EEHG can be implemented, which includes two EEHG beamlines, where the radiation pulse generated by the first beamline with harmonic h1 could be used as the input seed laser pulse to the second beamline with harmonic h2. Hence, the second radiator could potentially reach very high harmonics [h = h1(20)h2(25-100)] from 500 to 2000, corresponding to tender and hard X-ray wavelengths. It is demonstrated that the cascaded EEHG scheme is compatible with almost any current or planned fourth-generation DL-SLS, with significant benefits for space-limited storage rings in particular. The main advantage is that this scheme requires almost no change of the storage-ring lattice and is fully compatible with other beamlines. Current proposals for rings with much longer straight sections would add self-amplified spontaneous emission as another viable option for storage-ring-based free-electron lasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We examine how human operators adjust their trust in automation as a result of their moment-to-moment interaction with automation. Background: Most existing studies measured trust by administering questionnaires at the end of an experiment. Only a limited number of studies viewed trust as a dynamic variable that can strengthen or decay over time. Method: Seventy-five participants took part in an aided memory recognition task. In the task, participants viewed a series of images and later on performed 40 trials of the recognition task to identify a target image when it was presented with a distractor. In each trial, participants performed the initial recognition by themselves, received a recommendation from an automated decision aid, and performed the final recognition. After each trial, participants reported their trust on a visual analog scale. Results: Outcome bias and contrast effect significantly influence human operators' trust adjustments. An automation failure leads to a larger trust decrement if the final outcome is undesirable, and a marginally larger trust decrement if the human operator succeeds the task by him/herself. An automation success engenders a greater trust increment if the human operator fails the task. Additionally, automation failures have a larger effect on trust adjustment than automation successes. Conclusion: Human operators adjust their trust in automation as a result of their moment-to-moment interaction with automation. Their trust adjustments are significantly influenced by decision-making heuristics/biases. Application: Understanding the trust adjustment process enables accurate prediction of the operators' moment-to-moment trust in automation and informs the design of trust-aware adaptive automation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are mysterious astronomical phenomena, and it is still uncertain whether they consist of multiple types. In this study, we use two nonlinear dimensionality reduction algorithms – Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) and t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE) – to differentiate repeaters from apparently non-repeaters in FRBs. Based on the first Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) FRB catalogue, these two methods are applied to standardized parameter data and image data from a sample of 594 sub-bursts and 535 FRBs, respectively. Both methods are able to differentiate repeaters from apparently non-repeaters. The UMAP algorithm using image data produces more accurate results and is a more model-independent method. Our result shows that in general repeater clusters tend to be narrowband, which implies a difference in burst morphology between repeaters and apparently non-repeaters. We also compared our UMAP predictions with the CHIME/FRB discovery of six new repeaters, the performance was generally good except for one outlier. Finally, we highlight the need for a larger and more complete sample of FRBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The visibility of fishes and invertebrates is highly impacted by the complexity of the environment. Images acquired in underwater environments suffer from blurriness and low contrast. This results in a low classification accuracy. To address this problem, this study uses a pre-trained Resnet50 neural network as the feature extractor, which avoids over-fitting and accuracy saturation while realizing improved feature extraction capabilities. It also proposes an enhancement of the error-minimized random vector functional link (EEMRVFL) neural network, which is used as the classifier in the convolutional neural network (CNN) model instead of the original softmax classifier. EEMRVFL reduces the maximum residual error in each incremental process. The selected hidden nodes are added to the network, which improves the compactness of its structure. The proposed residual CNNs model exhibits improved classification accuracy for underwater image classification compared to existing methods. This is demonstrated experimentally on available datasets such as URPC, LifeCLEF 2015, and Fish4Knowledge with accuracy rates reaching 99.68%, 97.34%, and 99.77%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the local corrosion mechanism of the riveted zone of aluminium-based skins under coating pre-damage, COMSOL Multiphysics was utilized to simulate a physico-chemical model with the laboratory test results of electrochemical parameters as boundary conditions. The time-domain variation of electrochemical behaviour parameters was analysed, and the dynamic corrosion characteristics in the riveted zone were revealed. Results show that after coating damage, with the simulation time going on from 0 day to 30 days, erosive ions continuously invade, and the corrosion reaction is gradually aggravated in the riveted zone, leading to a growth trend of the electrolytic electrode potential. At 30 days, the thickness of electrode deposits increases by 0.16 μm, and the electrolytic potential distribution ranges from 0.025 V to 0.028 V. By setting the electrolytic ion concentration in the coating pre-damage zone reasonably, the corrosion mechanism and morphology of the riveted zone of aluminium-based skins under different electrolyte concentrations can be explored, which can save laboratory check and verification time as well as improve work efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-local heat transport of hot electrons during high-intensity laser interaction with plasmas can preheat the fuel and limit the heat flow in inertial confinement fusion. It increases the entropy of the fuel and decreases the final compression. In this paper, the non-local electron transport model that is based on the improved Schurtz–Nicolaï–Busquet (SNB) algorithm has been embedded into the radiation hydrodynamic code and is benchmarked with two classical non-local transport cases. Then, we studied a 2ω laser ablating a CH target by using the non-local module. It is found that the non-local effect becomes significant when the laser intensity is above 1 × 10 14 W / cm 2 . The mass ablation rate from the SNB model is increased compared to that of the flux-limited model due to the lower coronal plasma temperature. This non-local model has a better agreement with the experimental results compared to that of the flux-limited model. The non-local transport is strongly dependent on the laser frequency, and the thresholds that the non-local transport should be considered are obtained for lasers of different frequencies. The appropriate flux-limiters that should be employed in the flux-limited model for different lasers are also presented. The results here should have a good reference for the laser-target ablation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Gravel algorithm and the MLEM algorithm, the neutron energy spectrum unfolding algorithms has been developed by using the SY2001 plastic scintillator detector in its entirety to experimentally measure neutron source characterization of the compact D–D neutron generator. In particular, the degree of optimization of the Mean Relative Error (MRE) is proposed as a determinant of the appropriate termination point for iterations to improve the adaptive nature of the algorithm. The developed neutron energy spectrum unfolding algorithms measure the neutron energy spectra and the neutron angular yields of the compact D–D neutron generator, which are compared with Monte Carlo calculated results. Given the good agreement with the existing results, the developed unfolding algorithms can be used to accurately unfolding neutron energy spectrum, especially, for non-pulsed neutron sources. The measured neutron source characterization results show that the compact D–D neutron generator can produce high yields and quasi-mono-energetic neutrons in the range from 2.2 to 2.8 MeV. The D–D neutron angular yields are anisotropic distributions, particularly, which are relatively higher with neutron emission angles ranging from 40 ∘ to 120 ∘ . This work measure the neutron energy spectra and the neutron angular yields of the compact D–D neutron generator in Lanzhou University, which provide detailed neutron source characterization for using it in neutron physics and neutron application technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction between the joints and the rock bridge beforehand is very complex, which is mainly reflected in the sequence of mobilization and stress distribution between them. To better understand the influence of the rock bridge, direct shear tests were carried out through a newly proposed method on rock specimens which contain two parallel incipient joints. As an innovative study, a method of preparing specimens using 3D printing technology is presented and the localized deformation in rock bridge and joint area is of interest. Test results showed that the failure process of nonpersistent closed rough joints can be divided into seven stages. The seven stages have been successfully verified using PFC2D (Particle Flow Code 2D). The joint surface roughness influences the mobilization pattern by altering the failure process, while rock bridges can weaken the transmission of shear stress, causing the mobilization displacements of the joints on either side of the rock bridge to be out of sync. The roughness of the joint surface after shearing increases with increasing initial JRC. The rock bridge reduces the peak displacement of the joint surface by altering the degree of wear of the joint surface; and the peak displacement of the rock bridge increases due to the unsynchronised mobilization of the joint surface on either side of the rock bridge, thus altering the failure behavior of the rock joints. Highlights: By analyzing the localized deformation of a rock bridge and joint surfaces, the interaction between them and the shear failure characteristics of the whole joint plane were investigated. Rock bridge in nonpersistent joints weakens the transmission of shear stress, causing the mobilization displacements of the joints on either side of the rock bridge to be out of sync. The peak displacement of the rock bridge increases due to the unsynchronized mobilization of the joint surface on either side of the rock bridge, thus altering the failure behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having previously reported that separating the two stages of echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) with one or more bending magnet (BM) sections allows the BMs to serve as the desired source of momentum compaction, here we demonstrate that this arrangement can greatly reduce the total energy modulation required by any 4th generation synchrotron light source, leading to higher repetition rates as well as stronger coherent radiation output power, with significant benefits. Since the EEHG beamline performance is mainly determined by the momentum compaction, beam emittances and beta functions of a storage ring lattice, allowing for different separations between the two stages is a straightforward way to increase the momentum compaction of chicane 1. This also enables pump-probe capabilities in a novel context, where twin-pulse seeding on the same electron bunch would allow two distinct radiation pulses with an adjustable delay in the range of 0.1 to 10 ps. In the twin-pulse seeding scheme, the same electron bunch could undergo modulation from two distinct laser pulses. Later stages would produce independent harmonics in subsequent straight sections. There are two variations of this twin-pulse seeding scheme, supporting different scientific applications. With a common modulation in stage 1, the first option allows simultaneously two independent radiation sources, with a full coverage of the EUV (2.5 to 50 nm) to soft X-ray (1.25 to 2.5 nm) spectrum; for the second option, the same stage 2 undulator could generate two coherent pulses both fitting within the FEL bandwidth, or at distinct harmonics. We present particle tracking simulation studies based on the APS-U lattice, including quantum excitation and radiation damping. These simulations indicate that there is no degradation of the modulated longitudinal phase space even when the two stages are separated by as many as 10 BM sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cracks broadly exist within slopes due to desiccation, weathering, or wetting–drying cycles in Nature. The presence of cracks inevitably reduces slope stability. However, such fissured slopes have received little attention, especially when subject to earthquake action, which is considered one of the most significant inducements of slope instability. In practice, antislide piles have proven useful measures to stabilize slopes, while the performance of antislide piles in fissured slopes subjected to seismic action is inexplicit. To this end, this study aims to develop an effective method to assess the seismic stability of three-dimensional (3D) fissured slopes reinforced with piles. The modified pseudodynamic approach is introduced to properly present the dynamic characteristic of seismic waves in real cases. Based on the kinematic approach of limit analysis, a 3D failure mechanism integrating cracks and antislide piles is developed to describe the slope failure. Open cracks (cracks existing before slope failure) and formation cracks (cracks forming as part of the failure mechanism) are both considered. The effect of seismic action is expressed by incorporating the work rates of seismic force. Thanks to the principle of work–energy balance, solutions of safety factors can be obtained by the application of an optimization scheme. The proposed method is verified through a detailed comparison with previous investigations. This paper ends with a description of a parametric study to reveal the effects of cracks, pseudodynamic seismic action, and the design of antislide piles on slope stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tectono-sedimentary history of Gippsland Basin from the Early Cretaceous to present was modelled using Badlands landscape software constrained by a 3D structural and stratigraphic Petrel model. The aim is to assess the theoretical sedimentary models using empirical data to better understand the sedimentary history for this rift basin. The models measure the relative effects and most significant variables for basin evolution, including climate, deposition and erosion with extension, subsidence, uplift and eustacy. They show how the detailed basin landscapes evolved and provide new insights to understand facies development in the basin. Early Cretaceous paleotopography ca 137 Ma had extensive highland areas to north, east and south of a rapidly subsiding intracratonic rift with sediment transport east to west. The simulated paleoenvironments are alluvial and fluvial with floodplain lakes developing into extensive lake systems further west. The mid-Cretaceous uplift changed basin architecture, initiating the Strzelecki Ranges and regional erosion. Tasman Sea rifting in early Late Cretaceous formed the Central Deep further east and flipped the paleodrainage eastwards. Latrobe Group sediments filled this smaller depocentre to the east starting with rapidly deposited very thick intracratonic fluvial and lacustrine sediments becoming more coastal plain and shallow marine up section, with Emperor, Golden Beach and Halibut subgroups containing reservoirs and potential source rocks for petroleum. Rising sea-levels in the Late Cretaceous transgressed most of the Latrobe Group by the Oligocene. Simulations from Oligocene to Holocene show less extensive non-marine deposition onshore with incised valleys and very thick coals, while a widespread carbonate shelf built and prograded offshore, periodically cut by submarine canyons. Scenario analysis for 13 variables shows that no single factor is the main control on rift basin evolution; rather basin history is shaped by interactions between climate, uplift, erosion, subsidence and deposition. These controls usually balance sea-level except where it changes rapidly. Numerical tectono-sedimentary basin history reconstruction constrained by empirical data requires a balance of uplift, sediment supply and subsidence. Paleolandscape simulation in the Gippsland Basin from Early Cretaceous to present-day shows how the detailed facies distribution changed with time. New potential reservoirs and source rocks are recognised within the Cretaceous Strzelecki Group, Emperor and Golden Beach subgroups. Organic-rich Turonian source rocks were deposited in restricted lacustrine intra-rift settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce generalized structures of L-algebras, called pseudo L-algebras, which are the multiplication reduct of pseudo hoops and are structures combining two L-algebras with one compatible order. We prove that every pseudo hoop gives rise to a pseudo L-algebra and every pseudo effect algebra gives rise to a pseudo L-algebra. The self-similarity is the most important property of an L-algebra L, which guarantees to induce a multiplication on L. We introduce a notion of self-similar pseudo L-algebras and prove that a self-similar pseudo L-algebra becomes an L-algebra if and only if the multiplication ⊙ is commutative. We get some interesting results for self-similar pseudo L-algebras: (1) The negative cone G− of an ℓ-group G can be seen as a self-similar pseudo L-algebra. (2) Every self-similar pseudo L-algebra is a pseudo hoop. Next, we introduce the notion of self-similar closures of pseudo L-algebras and obtain a self-similar closure by a recursive method. Given a pseudo L-algebra (L, →,⤳, 1), we can generate a free semigroup (A, ∗) by the set L\ {1}. Furthermore, we let S(L) = A∪ {1} and define a binary operation ⊙ on S(L). Then we extend the operations → and from L to S(L), and prove that (S(L), →, 1) and (S(L), →, 1) are two cycloids, respectively. Furthermore, under some conditions, (S(L), →,⤳, 1) becomes a self-similar pseudo L-algebra. Finally, we introduce the notion of the structure group of pseudo L-algebras, and give an interesting example to show how to extend a pseudo L-algebra L into the pseudo self-similar closure S(L), and furthermore, derive it’s structure group G(L). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian house rat Rattus tanezumi, a common commensal rat in southern China, was first discovered in Shanxi Province, northern China, in the early 1990s. Its rapid expansion threatens to reduce the diversity of native species and poses a serious threat to local biodiversity. In this study, samples were collected from fourteen different locations using onenight trapping method, and eight populations of Rattus tanezumi were captured. Seventy-six samples were successfully genotyped at 12 microsatellite loci and 70 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences were amplified and sequenced. The analysis of genetic diversity and population structure about R. tanezumi significantly reveal evolutionary forces and non-random mating within populations in Shanxi, which could be concluded as a bottleneck or selective sweep. The genetic and geographical distances were uncorrelated, suggesting that geographic distance had no (or a weak) effect on genetic distance. Furthermore, we found four new haplotypes that are most similar to a nonrandom subset of those in their native range in southern China. The haplotypes could be more common in Shanxi due to a genetic bottleneck or natural selection. Further evidence is needed to reveal the mechanisms of genetic exchange and molecular evolution underlying these patterns. Our results provide fundamental insights into the potential introduction routes and the relevant features of successful invasions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor landslide model tests, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulations were performed to explore the occurrence mechanism and stability of large high-accumulation body landslides under heavy rainfall conditions. An unbalanced thrust method that considers the seepage force is derived, and a landslide stability algorithm under rainfall is established. The results show that landslide failure under the effect of heavy rainfall is mainly in the form of erosion failure and overall sliding, in addition to extensive localized damage at the leading edge of the landslide near the slope foot. The obtained results are in better agreement with the experimental results than those obtained using the traditional algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture requires the development of new herbicides to control weeds. The synthesis of molecules totally or partially based on the combination of basic allelochemical structures viz., chalcone, pyrimidine and diphenyl ether skeletons may provide phytotoxic compounds more active and environmentally friendly than present herbicides. In this work, chloride aryl pyrimidine benzyl ether (CAPBE) compounds 4a-4f and diphenyl pyrimidine propenone (DPPP) compounds 6a-6g were synthesized and tested on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa cruss-galli) and rape (Brassica napus). These compounds were designed by combining the pyrimidine-diphenyl ether and pyrimidine-chalcone structures, respectively. The herbicidal activity was tested in Petri dish bioassays at 100 mg/L, 10 mg/L and 1 mg/L. The CAPBE compound 4b bearing a 2,4-fluoride substitution in the benzyl ring, exerted the strongest herbicidal activity at 100 mg/L. The CAPBE structure by itself and its benzyl substituted derivatives 4-NO2 (4c) and 4-OCF3 (4e) had the strongest herbicidal activity to barnyardgrass, while the remaining CAPBE compounds, were similarly inhibitory to both test species. The DPPP compounds showed selective herbicidal activity on rape, with compound 6a as the most phytotoxic. However, phytotoxicity decreased with substitutions in the phenyl propenone moiety of the DPPP skeleton. Compounds 4b and 6a deserve further investigations as herbicide lead molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having previously reported on bunching via echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) as an effective way to improve the longitudinal coherence in the NSLS-II storage ring [X. Yang et al., Sci. Rep. 12, 9437 (2022)], we demonstrate that this EEHG scheme can be easily adopted to any fourth generation diffraction-limited synchrotron light source with significant benefits. The advantage of the scheme is that it requires no change of the lattice and is fully compatible with other beamlines. Since the EEHG performance is mainly determined by the momentum compaction, beam emittances, and beta functions of a SR lattice, we have identified these crucial parameters and successfully built a generalized model, which can predict the performance of nearly any SLS. Regarding the fourth generation SLSs, momentum compactions are often significantly smaller; thus, to cover the x rays with a photon energy of up to 1 keV, we utilize a specific design, including a 250 nm seed-laser wavelength. Our model predicts that for most of the current and future fourth generation SLSs, the EEHG scheme can produce significant prebunching up to harmonic 200 and, thus, generate a few MW scale peak power at 1.25 nm wavelength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the temperature and microstructure uniformity in the thickness direction of online‐quenching 960 MPa high strength steel, the finite element software ADINA and the experiments have been used to analyze the effect of internal air cooling on temperature variation in the thickness direction during the online quenching process. The results showed that the interval air cooling could effectively improve the uniformity of temperature, microstructure and hardness in the direction of thickness of steel plate during the online quenching process. When air cooled for 3.2 s, the temperature difference between the surface and the core of the steel plate could be reduced by 90.13 %, and the cooling rate in the core could be reduced by about 85.20 % compared with continuous water cooling condition. The hardness difference between the surface and the core could reduce from 23 HV 5 to 5 HV 5. The internal air cooling process had an influence on the matensite lath morphology compared with continuous water cooling process. The microstructures with the different cooling conditions were martensite and the properties could still meet the requirements of 960 MPa high strength steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have revealed that deleterious I ANKZF1 i mutations may disrupt mitochondrial integrity and play a pathogenic role in the development of IBD in human.[5] No other meaningful mutations related to IBD have been identified in the proband. Learning point for clinicians At present, only five mutations of I ANKZF1 i have been identified in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our findings demonstrate the first case of IBD attributed to I ANKZF1 i heterozygous mutation (NM 018089.2: c.1243T>G; p.Leu415Val) in Asia, which expands our understanding of I ANKZF1 i mutations. [Extracted from the article]

The linear and the non-linear behaviors of the ion temperature gradient (ITG) mode in a plasma with regularized κ-distributed electrons are investigated using the fluid model. The dispersion relation of the ITG mode obtained on the basis of the local approximation shows that the growth rate of the ITG mode decreases with the increase in the spectral index κ and the exponential cut-off parameter α. It indicates that the presence of the superthermal electron leads to destabilization of the ITG mode, especially in the low κ (κ < 1.5) region. In addition, the existence and the nature of the soliton structure driven by the ITG are studied using the pseudopotential technology. The soliton amplitude increases with the increase in the exponential cut-off parameter α and the spectral index κ, whereas the width of the soliton varies inversely. The present results will help to understand the low-frequency electrostatic wave and nonlinear structure in space and experimental plasmas with non-thermal electrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) is a metalloid mineral nutrient for human and animal health. Plants are the main foodstuff source of the Se intake of humans. For plants, the addition of an appropriate amount of Se could promotes growth and development, and improves the tolerance to environmental stress, especially stress from some of heavy metals (HM) stress, such as cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg). This paper mainly reviews and summarizes the physiological mechanism of Se in enhancing HM stress tolerance in plants. The antagonistic effect of Se on HM is a comprehensive effect that includes many physiological mechanisms. Se can promote the removal of excessive reactive oxygen species and reduce the oxidative damage of plant cells under HM elements stress. Se participates in the regulation of the transportation and distribution of HM ions in plants, and alleviates the damage caused by of HM stress. Moreover, Se combine with HM elements to form Se‐HM complexes and promote the production of phytochelatins (PCs), thereby reducing the accumulation of HM ions in plants. Overall, Se plays an important role in plant response to HM stress, but current studies mainly focus on physiological mechanism, and further in‐depth study on the molecular mechanism is essential to confirm the participation of Se in plant response to environmental stress. This review helps to comprehensively understand the physiological mechanism of Se in plant tolerance against to HM stress of plants, and provides important theoretical support for the practical application of Se in environmental remediation and agricultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quasi-isentropic compression is required for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) to compress the target to a high density and high temperature status, where to match the laser pulse shape and target structure is of great significance to the implosion. However, many parameters for the laser pulse shape and the target structure should be optimized in order to realize such match. In this paper, the drive laser pulse and the target structure are designed using a random optimization method for a direct-drive ICF implosion driven by a 358.40 kJ laser pulse. This method can quickly optimize the laser pulse and target structure parameters for an efficient quasi-isentropic compression of the plasmas, leading to an areal density of 9.30% higher than that given by the hydrodynamic scaling. A correlation matrix is also constructed to analyze the correlation between the parameters. This provides a reference for further optimization and improvement. The method should have potential applications in the target design for future ICF experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In small seeds, light often promotes germination and longer-term exposure to darkness reduces light sensitivity. In cacti inhabiting harsh environments, a rapid response to light exposure is potentially advantageous for seedling establishment. We exposed dark-imbibed seeds of the cactus Cereus repandus to doses of red (RED) light and far-red (FR) light. The seeds exhibited positive photoblastism to RED light. Although the initial levels of germination varied between seed lots, the sensitivity to increasing the RED dose did not. As little as 5 min per day for 4 d was sufficient to saturate the light requirement for germination. The effects of RED light were reversed by FR exposure as long as the interval between RED and FR did not extend to 2 d, by which time the seeds had 'committed' to germinate. Dark incubation for 1–2 weeks prior to RED exposure reduced light sensitivity in two seed lots, such that RED only promoted around 20% germination. Phytochrome is assumed to mediate the reversibility of the RED:FR response. High sensitivity to light spectral quality suggests that seeds of C. repandus are able to germinate quickly in high-quality microsites, but seed burial or shading may commit the seeds to form a soil seed bank. The light characteristics of the germination trait in this species are typical of many small seeded species of the drylands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity and phylogeny pattern in five chicken populations from Chongqing, China, using a part of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop sequences. The results revealed that the overall haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (Pi) among the five chicken populations were 0.91646 and 0.01273, respectively. Forty-one polymorphic sites were identified within the 506-bp length of the mtDNA D-loop sequence in 239 animals. The Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic tree based on FST values demonstrated that the five Chongqing local chicken populations are divided into three clusters. We discovered 35 haplotypes clustered into six mtDNA haplogroups (A, B, C, E, G, and Y). Among the haplogroups, haplogroup A had the highest frequency of approximately 54.3%, whereas haplogroups G and Y had the lowest frequencies of approximately 2.9% each. Furthermore, all the five populations carried multiple haplogroups. Haplogroups A, B and E were shared by all the populations. Mismatch distribution analysis showed that no population expanded, and pairwise comparison of the populations revealed that a significant divergence (p < 0.05) existed among all the populations. The results of this study suggested that all the five chicken populations in Chongqing possessed a rich genetic diversity. The phylogenetic network demonstrated the existence of gene flows from commercial populations. This study provides theoretical basis for the conservation and further utilization of these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past century, drought events were likely to be frequent and severe in the arid areas under climate change impact. In this study, a Bayesian copula multivariate analysis (BCMA) method is developed for assessing the impact of spatial–temporal variation on drought risk, through coupling Bayesian copula with multivariate analysis. BCMA can reveal the dynamic characteristics of droughts and deal with the uncertainty caused by copula parameters when modeling the dependent structures of variable pairs (duration-severity-affected area). BCMA is applied to the Balkhash Lake basin in Central Asia for assessing multivariate drought risk during 1901–2020. Some major findings can be summarized: (1) in 1901–2020, the basin suffered 53 droughts; the most severe drought occurred from October 1973 to January 1977 (39 months), and 95% of the basin was affected (335,800 km2); (2) droughts usually develop in the direction of "east–west," and Ili River delta and alluvial plain are the most frequent areas (47.2%) in the basin; (3) droughts show significant seasonality and frequently occur in spring and summer (64.2%), and drought risks of the middle and lower reaches of Ili River are the highest in spring and summer; (4) multivariate characteristics significantly affect drought risk, and drought risk ranges from 1.9 to 18.1% when the guarantee rate is 0.99; (5) the possible causes of drought risk dynamics are meteorological factors (e.g., precipitation and evapotranspiration) and underlying surface factors (e.g., runoff and soil moisture). The findings suggest that droughts in the Balkhash Lake basin are affected by climatic factors, and BCMA can provide methodological support for the studies of drought in other arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A periodic open-cell AlSi10Mg alloy with a porosity of 54% was prepared using selective laser melting (SLM), and the microstructure, mechanical properties and deformation behaviour during compression were studied. The eutectic Si precipitated in the network. The average surface roughness along the building direction was 8.96 µm and along the vertical building direction was 4.22 µm. This finding could be attributed to the fact that there were more unmelted particles attached to the building direction than to the vertical building direction. The open cell AlSi10Mg alloy designed in this study has typical elastoplastic deformation, collapse and densification stages during the compression deformation process; however, its joints have not fractured during the compression deformation process due to the high compressive strength. All of the pillars connected at the joint fractured after compression, ductile fracture occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass microfluidic chips could be used for the detection of fluorescent molecules, since they have no auto-fluorescence background. Laser engraving is a low cost, simple and flexible tool to fabricate microstructures into glass substrates; however, cracks are always formed near the microchannel during laser engraving because of non-uniform thermal stress distribution. In this work, we portrayed a simple method to avoid the formation of cracks by employing the commonly used adhesive tape. With the protection of adhesive tape, microchannels could be fabricated without any cracks at laser power less than 30%. The effect of laser parameters (laser power, scanning speed, and scanning passes) on the width and depth of the microchannel was investigated. To fully bonded the chip with perm-selective membrane, the influence of bonding pressure on the channel deformation and leakage area was analysed by numerical simulation. The final protein enriching experiments demonstrated the practicability of the proposed fabrication method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-speed railway is a major stimulant for free flow of economic factors, optimal allocation of resources, and upgrading of regional industry. This paper constructs a difference-in-differences (DID) model to analyze the panel data on the 13 cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region of 2003-2020, aiming to disclose how the opening of Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway affects the economic growth in BTH city cluster. The results show that the Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway clearly improves the level of economic development in the BTH region; the improving effect on Hebei is faster than that on Beijing and Tianjin. Therefore, it is suggested that Hebei should step up the development of high-speed railway, so as to promote the industrial transfer from Beijing and Tianjin and attract outstanding talents to Hebei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prebunching via echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) is an efficient way to reduce the radiator length and improve the longitudinal coherence as well as output stability in storage-ring-based free-electron lasers. We propose a conceptual design, which uses two straight sections to seed coherent extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) and soft X-ray emission with nearly MHz repetition rate. To take the large energy spread (10−3) of a storage ring into account and utilize the existing bending magnets between the two straight sections as the first chicane, we implement a special modeling tool, named EEHG optimizer. This tool has been successfully applied to maximize the prebunching with a reasonably low energy modulation, thereby generating intense coherent X-ray pulses within a short undulator length (a few meters) limited by the available space of a storage ring. Numerical simulations confirm that the optimized EEHG parameters can be directly applied to generate a 10 MW scale peak power with fully coherent ultrafast EUV to soft X-ray pulses based on the NSLS-II parameters. This method can be easily extended to other types of diffraction-limited storage rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the benefits of automated vehicles (AVs), there are still barriers to their widespread adoption. Expectations about AVs have been identified as one of the most important factors in understanding AV adoption. Therefore, by understanding the public's expectations of AVs, we can better understand whether or when AVs are likely to be adopted on a wide scale. Individual differences, including demographics and personality, have been identified as factors that impact technology expectations and adoption. However, it is not clear whether and how individual differences can influence expectations of AVs. To examine this, we conducted an online survey with 443 U.S. drivers who were recruited and divided into subpopulations by age, gender, ethnicity, census region, educational level, marital status, income, driving frequency, driving experience, and personality traits. Results revealed that drivers' expectations of AVs differ significantly by age, gender, ethnicity, education levels, marital status, drive frequency, drive experience, and personality. More specifically, higher expectations are more often generated by drivers who are younger, men, White non-Hispanic, more highly educated, never married, with a higher frequency of driving, with less driving experience, and who are high in extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability. The results of this study provide a foundation for future research related to expectations and have important implications on future design and development of AVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The FeSexTe1-x has been proved to be a novel superconductivity with topological properties. Iron chalcogenide FeSexTe1-x attracted much attention because of its simple structure, which is favorable for probing the superconducting mechanism. The superconducting properties are significantly affected by different microstructures. In this work, FeSe0.5Te0.5 crystals with different structures including morphology, crystal structure, electronic structure, phonon mode, chemical states of the elements caused by different grinding techniques were grown. The structure related magnetism, transport properties, band structure, critical temperature, and critical current were studied. The Fe atoms contribute to the density of state around the Fermi level. The highest superconducting shielding volume fraction as well as the maximum critical current value existed in the sample having the minimum lattice parameter and highest Te element content deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]