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A non-thermal atmospheric jet plasma pre-treatment technique was introduced to help the growth of extremely sticky copper films on fused silica glass substrates. A tape test was utilized to assess the bonding quality between copper films and fused silica glass substrates. AFM was used to characterize the sample surface roughness and XPS for chemical bonding characterization. The Owens–Wendt method and a Theta Lite Optical Tensiometer were used to analyze the contact angle and surface energy. The results showed that the surface energy greatly increased from 34.6 ± 0.3 mJ·m−2 to 55.9 ± 0.4 mJ·m−2 after 25 s plasma pre-treatment due to the increasing Si-O and Si-N concentrations, which brought about the electrostatic force increasing at the copper/glass interface. After 25 s plasma pre-treatment, the average surface roughness (Sa) grew from 0.8 ± 0.1 nm to 2.4 ± 0.3 nm. With higher surface roughness, there were more spaces and vacancies for the copper atoms to make contact on the bonded surfaces and increase the mechanical bite force. The electrostatic force and the mechanical bite force on the interface helped to form an atomic diffusion connection layer and improved the interactions between the copper film and the glass substrate. The findings in the SEM supported the conclusions stated above. Therefore, the adhesion between copper films and fused silica glass substrates increased by about 20% by 25 s plasma pre-treatment compared with the untreated glass substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichothecenes are the most common Fusarium toxins detected in grains and related products. Type A trichothecenes are among the mycotoxins of greatest concern to food and feed safety due to their high toxicity. Recently, two different trichothecene genotypes within Fusarium species were reported. The available information showed that Tri1 and Tri16 genes are the key determinants of the trichothecene profiles of T-2 and DAS genotypes. In this review, polymorphisms in the Tri1 and Tri16 genes in the two genotypes were investigated. Meanwhile, the functions of genes involved in DAS and NEO biosynthesis are discussed. The possible biosynthetic pathways of DAS and NEO are proposed in this review, which will facilitate the understanding of the synthesis process of trichothecenes in Fusarium strains and may also inspire researchers to design and conduct further research. Together, the review provides insight into trichothecene profile differentiation and Tri gene evolutionary processes responsible for the structural diversification of trichothecene produced by Fusarium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of information technology, the application of information technology in the field of environmental protection tends to be frequent, which is of great significance to environmental protection. This paper analyzes the application status and existing problems of information technology in the field of environmental protection from the aspects of monitoring, benefit evaluation and prevention, and puts forward the application of information technology in the field of environmental protection from three perspectives: constructing carrier, building platform and innovation mechanism. The path is intended to provide valuable advice to relevant researchers for reference.

Pumpkin is one of the region's main cashcrops in northeast China cultivated for its edible seed and sarcocarp. Gummy stem blight (GSB), caused by the main pathogenic fungus of Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum (Sc.) which was identified in our previous study, has hampered pumpkin industry development with the affection of its reduced biological yield and edible quality. To clear the plant immune response mechanisms against Sc. infection, RNA-seq technology was employed to sequence pumpkin leaf transcriptome, the total number of distinct differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the treatments and control was 2351, 4892, 5285, 4698, and 4213 for 2, 6, 12, 24, and 96 h treatments, respectively. KEGG analysis results revealed 16 distinct significantly up-regulated DEGs associated with MAPK signaling and plant-pathogen interaction pathways that may actively participate in Sc. infection-associated processes, while other five DEGs exhibited significantly altered expression during GSB infection. An apyrase-like gene, Gene3360 (LOC111476496), with significantly different expression levels, was possessing an early-stage primary infection-based function, which was hypothesized an important role in the resistance of pumpkin to Sc. infection. This study further deepens our understanding of the mechanism and mechanism of pumpkin leaf resistance to fungal infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]