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In this paper, a new sub-family of Hypercubes called the \textit{associated Mersenne graphs} $\mathcal{M}_{n}$ are introduced. The definition of associated Mersenne graphs is motivated from the Fibonacci-run graphs ({\"O}. E\v{g}ecio\v{g}lu, V. Ir\v{s}i\v{c}, 2021) by extending run-constrained strings to circularly-run-constrained strings. The name of this new family of graphs is identified with the interesting fact that $|V(\mathcal{M}_{n})|$ is equal to the $n$-th associated Mersenne number. Various interesting structural and enumerative properties of associated Mersenne graphs are investigated, including the analogue of the fundamental recursion, number of vertices and edges, radius, diameter, center, periphery and medianicity. Some future research directions and open problems concerning associated Mersenne graphs are also proposed.

Let $G$ be a connected graph. The resistance distance between two vertices $u$ and $v$ of $G$, denoted by $R_{G}[u,v]$, is defined as the net effective resistance between them in the electric network constructed from $G$ by replacing each edge with a unit resistor. The resistance diameter of $G$, denoted by $D_{r}(G)$, is defined as the maximum resistance distance among all pairs of vertices of $G$. Let $P_n=a_1a_2\ldots a_n$ be the $n$-vertex path graph and $C_{4}=b_{1}b_2b_3b_4b_{1}$ be the 4-cycle. Then the $n$-th block tower graph $G_n$ is defined as the the Cartesian product of $P_n$ and $C_4$, that is, $G_n=P_{n}\square C_4$. Clearly, the vertex set of $G_n$ is $\{(a_i,b_j)|i=1,\ldots,n;j=1,\ldots,4\}$. In [Discrete Appl. Math. 320 (2022) 387--407], Evans and Francis proposed the following conjecture on resistance distances of $G_n$ and $G_{n+1}$: \begin{equation*} \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}\left(R_{G_{n+1}}[(a_{1},b_1),(a_{n+1},b_3)]-R_{G_{n}}[(a_{1},b_1),(a_{n},b_3)]\right)=\frac{1}{4}. \end{equation*} In this paper, combining algebraic methods and electrical network approaches, we confirm and further generalize this conjecture. In addition, we determine all the resistance diametrical pairs in $G_n$, which enables us to give an equivalent explanation of the conjecture., Comment: 19 pages,8 figures

In 2021, {\"O}. E\v{g}ecio\v{g}lu, V. Ir\v{s}i\v{c} introduced the concept of Fibonacci-run graph $\mathcal{R}_{n}$ as an induced subgraph of Hypercube. They conjectured that the diameter of $\mathcal{R}_{n}$ is given by $n-\lfloor(1+\frac{n}{2})^{\frac{1}{2}}-\frac{3}{4}\rfloor$. In this paper, we introduce the novel concept of distance-barriers between vertices in $\mathcal{R}_{n}$ and provide an elegant method to give lower bound for the diameter of $\mathcal{R}_{n}$ via distance-barriers. By constructing different types of distance-barriers, we show that the conjecture does not hold for all $n\geq 230$ and some of $n$ between $91$ and $229$. Furthermore, lower bounds for the diameter of some Fibonacci-run graphs are obtained, which turn out to be better than the result given in the conjecture.

We have investigated the angle-resolved ATI spectrum of oriented molecules in the IR+XUV co-rotating circular laser fields. According to the different roles of IR and XUV laser in the ionization process, we purposefully adjust the photon energy of XUV and the intensity of IR laser to make the ionization spectrum of the molecule distributed in a suitable momentum region. Moreover, under the same laser conditions, the background fringes in the ionization spectrum of the molecule can be removed by using the ionization spectrum of the atom with the same ionization energy as the molecule, so that the molecular orbital density distribution in the suitable momentum region can be obtained. That is, for any unknown molecule, as long as the ionization energy of the molecule can be measured, the density distribution of the molecular orbital can be imaged in a definite momentum region by adjusting the laser field conditions, which may shed light on the experimental detection of molecular orbitals.

Let $\tau(G)$ and $\tau_G(e)$ be the number of spanning trees of a connected graph $G$ and the number of spanning trees of $G$ containing edge $e$. The ratio $d_{G}(e)=\tau_{G}(e)/\tau(G)$ is called the spanning tree edge density of $e$, or simply density of $e$. The maximum density $\mbox{dep}(G)=\max\limits_{e\in E(G)}d_{G}(e)$ is called the spanning tree edge dependence of $G$, or simply dependence of $G$. Given a rational number $p/q\in (0,1)$, if there exists a graph $G$ and an edge $e\in E(G)$ such that $d_{G}(e)=p/q$, then we say the density $p/q$ is constructible. More specially, if there exists a graph $G$ such that $\mbox{dep}(G)=p/q$, then we say the dependence $p/q$ is constructible. In 2002, Ferrara, Gould, and Suffel raised the open problem of which rational densities and dependences are constructible. In 2016, Kahl provided constructions that show all rational densities and dependences are constructible. Moreover, He showed that all rational densities are constructible even if $G$ is restricted to bipartite graphs or planar graphs. He thus conjectured that all rational dependences are also constructible even if $G$ is restricted to bipartite graphs (Conjecture 1), or planar graphs (Conjecture 2). In this paper, by combinatorial and electric network approach, firstly, we show that all rational dependences are constructible via bipartite graphs, which confirms the first conjecture of Kahl. Secondly, we show that all rational dependences are constructible for planar multigraphs, which confirms Kahl's second conjecture for planar multigraphs. However, for (simple) planar graphs, we disprove the second conjecture of Kahl by showing that the dependence of any planar graph is larger than $\frac{1}{3}$. On the other hand, we construct a family of planar graphs that show all rational dependences $p/q>\frac{1}{2}$ are constructible via planar graphs.

Cooper minimum structure of high-order harmonic spectra from atoms or molecules has been extensively studied. In this paper, we demonstrate that the crystal harmonic spectra from an ultrashort mid-infrared laser pulse also exhibit the Cooper minimum characteristic. Based on the accurate band dispersion and k-dependent transition dipole moment (TDM) from the first-principle calculations, it can be found that the harmonic spectra from MgO crystal along {\Gamma}-X direction present a dip structure in the plateau, which is originated from the valley of TDM by examining the distribution of the harmonic intensity at the k-space. The Cooper minimum feature in crystal HHG will pave a new way to retrieve the band information of solid materials by using HHG from the ultrashort mid-infrared laser pulse., Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures

In this paper, first it is shown that the "FSibonacci $(p,r)$-cube"(denoted as $I\Gamma_{n}^{(p,r)}$) studied in many papers, such as \cite{OZY}, \cite{K1}, \cite{OZ}, \cite{KR} and \cite{JZ}, is a new topological structure different from the original one (denoted as $O\Gamma_{n}^{(p,r)}$) presented by Egiazarian and Astola $\cite{EA}$. Then some topological properties of $I\Gamma_{n}^{(p,r)}$ and $O\Gamma_{n}^{(p,r)}$ are studied, including the recursive structure of them, the cubes $O\Gamma_{n}^{(p,r)}$ which are partial cubes and median graphs, some distance invariants of $I\Gamma_{n}^{(p,r)}$ and $O\Gamma_{n}^{(p,r)}$, and the maximum and minimum degree of these two types of cubes. Finally, several problems and conjectures on $I\Gamma_{n}^{(p,r)}$ and $O\Gamma_{n}^{(p,r)}$ are listed

By using the B-spline numerical method, we investigate a two-photon double-ionization (TPDI) process of helium in a high-frequency laser field with its frequency ranging from 1.6~a.u. to 3.0~a.u. and the pulse duration ranging from 75 to 160~attoseconds. We found that there exists a characteristic time $t_{c}$ for a TPDI process, such that the pattern of energy distribution of two ionized electrons presents a peak or two, depending respectively on whether the pulse duration is shorter or longer than $t_{c}$. Especially, as the pulse duration is larger than $t_c$, the TPDI spectrum shows a double-peak structure which is attributed to the fact that most of the electron-electron Coulomb interaction energy is acquired by single electron during their oscillation around the nucleus before the two electrons leave. Additionally, if the photon energy is less than the ionization energy of He$^{+}$, $t_{c}$ is not a fixed value, and it increases as the photon energy decreases; while if the energy of a photon is greater than the ionization energy of He$^{+}$, $t_{c}$ is fixed at about 105 attoseconds. We further found that, for a helium-like ion in its ground state, the characteristic time for the case of the photon energy larger than the ionization energy of the second electron has a key relation with the Coulomb interaction energy $\overline{V}_{12}$ between the two electrons, which can be expressed as $t_{c}\overline{V}_{12}=4.192$, a type of quantum mechanical uncertainty relation between time and energy. In addition, this relation can be attributed to the existence of a minimal evolution time from the ground state to a double ionization state with two electrons carrying different energies. These results may shed light on deeper understanding of many-electron quantum dynamical processes., Comment: 9 figures

The collision-ionization mechanism of nonsequential double ionization (NSDI) process in IR+XUV two-color laser fields [\PRA \textbf{93}, 043417 (2016)] has been investigated by us recently. Here we extend this work to study the collision-excitation-ionization (CEI) mechanism of NSDI processes in the two-color laser fields with different laser conditions. It is found that the CEI mechanism makes a dominant contribution to the NSDI as the XUV photon energy is smaller than the ionization threshold of the He$^+$ ion, and the momentum spectrum shows complex interference patterns and symmetrical structures. By channel analysis, we find that, as the energy carried by the recollision electron is not enough to excite the bound electron, the bound electron will absorb XUV photons during their collision, as a result, both forward and backward collisions make a comparable contributions to the NSDI processes. However, it is found that, as the energy carried by the recollision electron is large enough to excite the bound electron, the bound electron does not absorb any XUV photon and it is excited only by sharing the energy carried by the recollsion electron, hence the forward collision plays a dominant role on the NSDI processes. Moreover, we find that the interference patterns of the NSDI spectra can be reconstructed by the spectra of two above-threshold ionization (ATI) processes, which may be used to analyze the structure of the two separate ATI spectra by NSDI processes., Comment: 10 figures