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A new era of medicine and surgery began in the mid-16th century, driven by upheavals in religion, art, and science as well as advancements in printing. Two notable contributions were the clinical applications of Andreas Vesalius's anatomy and the surgical innovations of Ambroise Paré. Vesalius and Paré were contemporaries, overlapping in their education, anatomic interests, military experience, professional stature, and visionary use of anatomical illustrations. Nevertheless, their personal intersections, mutual adventures, and conjoint contributions have not been adequately described. During the mid-1530s, Vesalius and Paré performed dissections at the Paris Faculty of Medicine under Jacobus Sylvius. At the battle of Metz in 1552, the two served opposing armies, Vesalius with Charles V and Paré with Francis I. After Paré surrendered to Spanish forces at Hesin in 1553, Vesalius, then a surgeon to the Spanish emperor, bade Paré demonstrate his surgical techniques. Vesalius also attempted to convince Paré to change sides, but he demurred. In 1559, Henry II of France was mortally injured while jousting. Paré, the royal surgeon, took charge, but Vesalius was also summoned from Brussels, and both were engaged in Henry's management. Later, Vesalius permitted Paré to reproduce his illustrations in Paré's 1561 Anatomie Universelle and 1575 Oeuvres. Paré's Oeuvres, reprinted through the mid-1800s, perpetuated Vesalian images and helped ensure their ongoing survival. Although Vesalius's Fabrica and Paré's Oeuvres were at the forefront of medical science, both men faced years of criticism, likely stemming from their challenges to established norms of practice and the jealousy of their peers., (Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Brain cross-sectional images, tractography, and segmentation are valuable resources for neuroanatomical education and research but are also crucial for neurosurgical planning that may improve outcomes in cerebellar and brainstem interventions. Although ultrahigh-resolution 7-Tesla (7T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) reveal such structural brain details in living or fresh unpreserved brain tissue, imaging standard formalin-preserved cadaveric brain specimens often used for neurosurgical anatomic studies has proven difficult. This study sought to develop a practical protocol to provide anatomic information and tractography results of an ex vivo human brainstem-cerebellum specimen., Materials and Methods: A protocol was developed for specimen preparation and 7T MRI with image postprocessing on a combined brainstem-cerebellum specimen obtained from an 85-year-old male cadaver with a postmortem interval of 1 week that was stored in formalin for 6 months. Anatomic image series were acquired for detailed views and diffusion tractography to map neural pathways and segment major anatomic structures within the brainstem and cerebellum., Results: Complex white matter tracts were visualized with high-precision segmentation of crucial brainstem structures, delineating the brainstem-cerebellum and mesencephalic-dentate connectivity, including the Guillain-Mollaret triangle. Tractography and fractional anisotropy mapping revealed the complexities of white matter fiber pathways, including the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles and visible decussating fibers. 3-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and quantitative and qualitative analyses verified the anatomical precision of the imaging relative to a standard brain space., Discussion: This novel imaging protocol successfully captured the intricate 3D architecture of the brainstem-cerebellum network. The protocol, unique in several respects (including tissue preservation and rehydration times, choice of solutions, preferred sequences, voxel sizes, and diffusion directions) aimed to balance high resolution and practical scan times. This approach provided detailed neuroanatomical imaging while avoiding impractically long scan times. The extended postmortem and fixation intervals did not compromise the diffusion imaging quality. Moreover, the combination of time efficiency and ultrahigh-resolution imaging results makes this protocol a strong candidate for optimal use in detailed neuroanatomical studies, particularly in presurgical trajectory planning., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (Copyright © 2024 Hanalioglu, Bahadir, Ozak, Yangi, Mignucci-Jiménez, Gurses, Fuentes, Mathew, Graham, Altug, Gok, Turner, Lawton and Preul.)

Intraneural ganglion cysts (IGCs) are mucinous cysts located within peripheral nerves, often associated with an articular nerve branch and the adjacent synovial joint capsule. These cysts, while rare, can occur in various nerves, with the tibial nerve being an infrequent site. Tibial nerve IGCs are rare pathologies. We present a case of a tibial nerve IGC in a 78-year-old male patient with pre-existing grade III gonarthrosis. Furthermore, we performed a brief review of the existing literature for tibial nerve IGCs. To our knowledge, we present the second case of an IGC in a patient with known pre-existing gonarthrosis. This case raises the potential association between IGCs and degenerative knee pathologies and underscores the crucial role of early and accurate diagnosis. Differential diagnosis of nerve sheath tumors and extra-articular calf neuropathy is essential not only for definitive treatment but also to rule out more serious alternative diagnoses. While ultrasound-guided aspiration of cystic fluid with steroid injection and conservative management are also treatment methods defined in the literature, we believe that exploratory surgery is the critical point of treatment. Early and accurate diagnosis is paramount, as delayed diagnosis and treatment may cause persistent functional and sensory deficits., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Yangi et al.)

Background and Aim: We propose a vast study to examine the effect of high-frequency bipolar coagulation used in the operating room to prevent the development of epidural fibrosis after lumbar microdiscectomy., Materials and Methods: A total of 1004 participants were divided into two groups: no high-frequency bipolar coagulation (NC group) and high-frequency bipolar coagulation (C group). Postoperative epidural fibrosis, infection rates, reoperation status, and dural injury complications during the operation were recorded., Results: Considering the epidural fibrosis rates of the two groups, epidural fibrosis was seen in 10.6% of the patients in the NC group. In contrast, it was seen in only 6.2% of the patients in the C group., Conclusion: The complication of epidural fibrosis that develops after lumbar microsurgery operations both impairs patient comfort and brings with it the complications of reoperation. After performing hemostasis with bipolar, coagulating the annulus may effectively reduce epidural fibrosis and prevent reoperation., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Yavuz et al.)

A collision tumor complex is composed of at least two different tumors, benign or malignant, with at least two different histopathological features located adjacent to each other in the exact anatomical localization. Pathologies such as meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, gliomas, and schwannomas may be involved in a collision tumor complex. However, co-occurrence of pituitary adenomas and meningiomas as skull base collision tumors is rare. Here, we present a 65-year-old male patient who presented with olfactory groove meningioma and non-functioning pituitary adenoma as a collision tumor. The patient was admitted with a headache and right-sided vision loss. The patient's first neurologic examination was consistent with temporal anopsia in the right eye. Subsequent contrast-enhanced cranial MRI revealed a 65x55x40 mm heterogeneously contrast-enhanced lesion in the anterior skull base extending from the sellar region to the corpus callosum. Because of the tumor size, a two-staged operation was planned. First, the tumor was partially excised via a right frontal craniotomy with a transcranial approach, and the tumor in the sellar region was left as a residue. The pathology reports after the first surgery showed pituitary adenoma and meningeal epithelial type meningioma (WHO Grade I). The residual tumor tissue was resected seven months later via an endoscopic endonasal approach, except for the part that invaded the right anterior cerebral artery. The optic nerve was decompressed. The patient was then referred to the radiation oncology clinic for radiosurgery. Collision tumors should be considered in the differential diagnosis in preoperative evaluation and surgical planning when heterogeneously contrast-enhanced areas significantly localized adjacent to each other are seen on cranial MRI. On the other hand, when the surgeon encounters sudden changes in the appearance or consistency of the tumor during the surgery, they should suspect these tumor complexes. The diagnosis of collision tumors is quite challenging but is of great importance regarding the patient's need for postoperative radiation therapy or the recurrence characteristics of tumors. However, more studies are needed on these complexes' etiology, surgical planning, and postoperative management., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Aydin et al.)

Intramedullary ependymomas should be treated with surgical resection. Different surgical techniques are described for these tumors, such as skipped and long-segment myelotomies. A 31-year-old male patient with a giant thoracic spinal cord ependymoma extending from the level of T5 to T10 was operated on with a skipped myelotomy technique. Although the patient had urinary incontinence and muscle weakness in both legs, the patient's complaints were nearly completely resolved in the fourth postoperative month. Operating with the smallest possible myelotomy has given us preferable results; however, more studies are needed to hypothesize the superiority of this technique over conventional myelotomy., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Gok et al.)

Objective: We retrospectively reviewed and evaluated our treatment protocols in epidural hematoma (EDH) cases to compare surgical versus nonsurgical treatment subsections with their trauma mechanism, injury type, clinical pattern, radiological details, functional outcome, and mortality rates., Methods: This study included 350 patients (142 females and 208 males) treated for EDH between 2010 and 2018. Two hundred seven operated and 143 observed patients for EDH were compared for demography, injury type, treatment, and outcome scores retrospectively. Glasgow Coma Scale and Glasgow Outcome Scale were used to standardize the clinical findings. Marshall and Rotterdam classifications classified radiological abnormalities. The Infinity PACS system measured hematoma volume, and volume parameters were evaluated differently in pediatric and adult groups., Results: Radiological parameters showed that the observation was more favorable when the EDH volume was <30 ml in the adult and <20 ml in the pediatric group. However, close clinical follow-up with repeated computerized tomography scans suggested that when the hematoma increases in volume in the first 24 hours, it should be treated surgically. Headache, vomiting, and paresis were significant clinical symptoms in this period. Only 11% of conservatively followed cases required delayed surgical intervention. When we analyzed the findings of the 2 groups of the patient, pediatric and adult, we noticed that rebleeding after the first surgery was more common in the adult group than the pediatric group, whereas surgery due to a growing hematoma was less common in the pediatric group., Conclusions: Age, trauma severity, initial neurological statuses, and accompanying comorbidities can affect the functional outcome in acute EDH. We found that urgent surgical intervention and conservative treatment may lead to excellent results in most cases. Thus, EDH can be managed both conservatively and surgically in certain conditions. We made a comparison between pediatric and adult age groups according to treatment modalities. Both rebleeding and mortality rates are relatively lower in the pediatric operated group than in the adult operated group. In the adult observation group, rates of delayed surgery because of growing hematoma seem relatively higher than in the pediatric observation group. During radiological follow-up, we found that the progression rate of EDH in the adult observed group according to time is faster than in the pediatric observed group (P < 0.05)., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Brain stone is an umbrella term for benign intracerebral calcifications and may be associated with various diagnoses. The surgical decision should be made on a case-by-case basis. Sometimes, conservative management should be considered, irrespective of the underlying pathology. We present a critical case with a brain stone treated conservatively. A 17-year-old female patient was admitted to our department with a headache. The neurological examination revealed no abnormal findings. Cranial CT and MRI scans showed a contrast-enhanced, highly calcified lesion located deep in the white matter at the level of the left centrum semiovale. Surgery was found unnecessary. The patient presented no neurologic deficits or symptoms during the three-year follow-up period. In this case, the differential diagnosis included arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), cavernomas, calcifying pseudoneoplasms of the neuroaxis (CAPNON), etc. The localization of the lesion, expression of the symptoms, and potential outcomes of a possible surgery should be carefully estimated before making the final decision. In summary, conservative treatment should also be considered for critically located, benign calcified lesions, irrespective of pathology, unless they cause intense neurologic symptoms or deficits., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Yangi et al.)

The Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected over 700 million people worldwide and caused nearly 7 million deaths. Vaccines currently developed or in development are the most effective tools for curbing the pandemic and mitigating its impacts. In Turkey, inoculation with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2, also known as tozinameran) has been approved. We report a 56-year-old female patient with underlying essential hypertension who experienced intracranial hemorrhage after receiving her first dose of tozinameran. The patient underwent immediate surgical evacuation of the hematoma, during which a left middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysm was macroscopically identified and clipped. The patient was pronounced deceased on the second postoperative day. This is the second case of intracranial hemorrhage following tozinameran administration caused by a ruptured middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysm. Upon analyzing the case, there might be a connection between the vaccine's potential immune-triggering effect on hemodynamic patterns and the rupture of the previously unknown cerebral aneurysm. However, these severe complications do not justify avoiding vaccines; further studies are needed. This study emphasizes the need for increased vigilance in patients with underlying systemic comorbidities who have recently been vaccinated and to share our insights into the potential relationship between tozinameran and intracranial hemorrhage., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Yangi et al.)

Tanycytic ependymoma has been marked as Grade II by the World Health Organization (WHO), requiring considerable treatment. However, according to the fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System published in 2021, tanycytic ependymoma is no longer identified as a subtype of ependymoma. Herein, we offer an unusual case of a supratentorial ependymoma, previously tanycytic ependymoma. Which radiologically mimic pineal region tumors; however, they pathologically mimic meningiomas, schwannomas, medulloblastomas, or astroblastomas. A three-year-old girl presented to our neurosurgery department with sudden onset gait disturbance and balance impairment; we detected no additional neurologic deficit. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed a giant, multilobulated, well-circumscribed right pineal mass, approximately 4.5 x 4.5 x 4.5 cm in size, crossing the midline and extending posteriorly, invading the pineal region. The initial diagnosis was a pineal region tumor. Following gross-total resection of the tumor, pathology reports showed tanycytic ependymoma. Postoperatively the patient's gait disturbance was improved, and there was no balance impairment. Follow-ups at three and six months, no sign of recurrence has been encountered. Our case demonstrates that supratentorial ependymomas may also occur in the pineal region and requires an accurate neuropathologic diagnosis. Early accurate diagnosis is essential; since those tumors may be related to a wide range of prognoses and necessitate different treatment modalities., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Yangi et al.)

Intradiploic arachnoid cysts are infrequent but benign lesions of the central nervous system. Etiologically, they can be non-traumatic or post-traumatic in origin. We present an unusual case of a post-traumatic intradiploic arachnoid cyst presented with recurrent meningitis episodes. A 68-year-old female patient was admitted to the emergency department with fever and loss of consciousness, with a history of cranial operation due to a gunshot injury to the left occipital bone 45 years ago. On the patient's initial examination, nuchal rigidity was detected; Kernig's and Brudzinski's signs were positive. A lumbar puncture has been performed, and the patient is diagnosed with meningitis. The patient had been admitted to the emergency department with rhinorrhea after a minor blunt head trauma six years ago. As we understood from the patient's medical records, a couple of millimetric non-specified pneumocephalus areas, located next to the sella turcica, were detected on the cranial non-contrast-enhanced CT scan after the minor blunt trauma to the frontal bone. However, there was no sign of any obvious skull base fracture. The patient was hospitalized for five days and discharged on the sixth day without any complaints. After the discharge, the patient was admitted to other hospitals five times in the last five years with fever and anxiety. On all her admissions, the patient was diagnosed with CSF-culture-negative meningitis and treated with different unknown antibiotics. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed some irregularities and thinning at the inner table of the left occipital bone; there was an enlargement of the diploic distance of the occipital bone on the left side. MR cisternography showed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulizing areas just below the thickened and irregular part of the occipital bone. CSF fistula was communicated with the left lateral ventricle. The occipital horn of the left lateral ventricle was enlarged. We performed a surgical repair in order to cover the defective areas of the occipital and mastoid bones. The retromastoid approach was used. Pedunculated muscle flaps to cover the defective bony areas are used and secured with fibrin glue. There is no evidence of recurrence during the one-year follow-up period of the patient. We present this unusual case to emphasize that if post-traumatic intradiploic arachnoid cysts remain untreated, severe complications, such as episodes of recurrent meningitis, may occur. Although a few cases of these cysts are reported in the literature, a case of post-traumatic intradiploic arachnoid cyst presenting with recurrent meningitis has not been reported. In patients with recurrent meningitis, when no prominent etiology is found and if there is a trauma to the related bone in the patient's history, post-traumatic intradiploic arachnoid cyst should be included in the differential diagnosis., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Yangi et al.)

We present the first known case of cyst fluid localized to an articular branch without involvement of the larger parent nerve. During a routine tarsal tunnel decompression in a patient with fluctuating plantar foot symptoms and "normal" magnetic resonance imaging findings, we identified cyst fluid within an articular branch of the lateral plantar nerve to the subtalar joint. Our incidental intraoperative discovery was corroborated by retrospective review of the magnetic resonance images. Although we do not know whether this cyst was responsible for the patient's complaints, we believe this finding represents a snapshot into the life cycle of intraneural ganglion cysts: either the "birth" of an ultra-early one or the remnant of a once larger one. Both interpretations are consistent with the unifying articular theory and add further insight into the dynamic phases of the progression of intraneural ganglion cysts., (Copyright © 2016 American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)