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Abstract This study aimed to determine whether remnant cholesterol (RC) and its variability can predict the onset of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) independently of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. A longitudinal cohort study involving 43,065 participants who underwent at least two physical examinations was conducted. This study used Cox proportional hazards models to assess the relationships among RC quartile levels (Q1–Q4), visit-to-visit variability, and the risk of MASLD. This variability was quantified using several metrics: standard deviation (SD), logSD, average real variability (ARV), logARV, mean absolute deviation (MAD), and logMAD. Concurrently, this study utilized a combined analysis of RC and LDL-C groups to assess the independent risk of MASLD associated with RC. During a mean visit-to-visit of 3.19 years (SD 2.06 years), 8374 patients (19.45%) developed MASLD. Compared with Q1, Q4 was associated with a significantly greater risk of MASLD (hazard ratio [HR] 1.309, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.220–1.403, P

BackgroundPrevious studies on the liner associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and lipid profiles revealed ambiguous findings. The current study therefore tried to elucidate the possible non-linear associations between 25(OH)D and lipid profiles.MethodsThis study involved 8,516 adult participants (aged 18–74 years, males N = 3,750, females N = 4,766) recruited from the Dalian health management cohort (DHMC). The risk (OR) for specific dyslipidemias was estimated across the serum 25(OH)D levels and the cut-off value for serum 25(OH)D were determined by using logistic regression, restricted cubic spline, and piecewise linear regression methods, adjusted for age, sex, season, and ultraviolet index.ResultsIn this study, a high prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency was observed in the participants (65.05%). The level of 25(OH)D showed the inverse U-shaped correlations with the risks (ORs) of abnormal lipid profile, with inflection points observed at 23.7 ng/ml for hypercholesterolemia, 24.3 ng/ml for hypertriglyceridemia, 18.5 ng/ml for hyper-low-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia, 23.3 ng/ml for hypo-high-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia, 23.3 ng/ml for hyper-non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and 24.3 ng/ml for high remnant cholesterol. The stratified analyses showed that the risk for most dyslipidemias related to deficiency of 25(OH)D was particularly increased among females aged 50–74 (except for hypertriglyceridemia, where the highest risk was among men aged 50–74 years), during winter/spring or under low/middle ultraviolet index environments.ConclusionsNonlinear inverse U-shaped associations were observed between 25(OH)D levels and abnormal lipid profile. The risk was particularly increased among females aged 50-74, during winter/spring period or under lower ultraviolet index environments. In vitamin D deficient subjects [25(OH)D