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Background: Confinement and its possible impact on lifestyle make people with multimorbidity more vulnerable to modifications of their mental health and health behaviours that could persist beyond confinement.Objective: To understand the mental health status and health behaviour modifications among individuals with multimorbidity during and post COVID-19 confinement.Methods: Longitudinal multinational cohort study consisting of two online questionnaires with its first wave taken place during the first COVID-19 confinement (May 2020) and its second wave post-deconfinement (November 2020). Including 559 (wave 1) and 144 (wave 2) participants with an average age of 34.30±12.35 and 36.21±13.07 years old. Mostly females living in Canada, France, India and Lebanon. Results: The prevalence of multimorbidity was 27.68%. During confinement, people with multimorbidity were 2 to 3 times more likely to experience psychological distress, depressive symptoms, increased stress or isolation, and the prevalence of stress and psychological distress increased post-deconfinement. Health behaviours were also modified during confinement with people with multimorbidity being more likely to reduce their physical activity and increased their fruit and vegetable consumption. Post-deconfinement, people with multimorbidity had increased sleep problems. Also, regardless of multimorbidity status, sexual desire continuously decreased post-deconfinement. Conclusion: Mental health and health behaviours modifications occurred during the COVID-19 confinement period and people with multimorbidity were more severely impacted on these two outcomes than those without multimorbidity, indicating a need for a more adapted approach of care to future confinement periods or pandemic for this population.

Resume Introduction La duree de psychose non traitee est un facteur important de mauvais pronostic, toutefois il manque des outils pour faciliter le reperage des situations a risque d’evolution vers la psychose. Nous presentons ici la validation d’une version francaise de l’auto-questionnaire 16-items Prodromal Questionnaire (fPQ16). Methodes Entre novembre 2016 et mai 2018, le fPQ16 a ete propose a tous les patients d’une consultation pour adolescents et jeunes adultes. La « comprehensive assesment of at-risk mental state » (CAARMS) permettait de determiner si la personne atteint les criteres d’etat a ultra haut risque (UHR) ou de psychose. L’analyse de la validite concurrentielle du fPQ16 avec la CAARMS a ete realisee au moyen de courbes ROC. Resultats Cent sujets ont ete inclus. La moyenne d’âge etait de 19,85 ans (± 3,3 ans). Cinquante-huit pour cent des patients inclus presentaient un etat UHR (40 %) ou de psychose (18 %) a la CAARMS. Le score cut-off retenu en faveur d’un etat UHR ou de psychose etait a 4 items cotes positivement, avec une sensibilite a 91 % et une specificite a 60 %. La valeur predictive positive du fPQ16 etait de 76 %. L’aire sous la courbe etait de 0,85 (p Discussion Le fPQ16 montre de bonnes performances de screening dans notre population, avec un cut-off de 4, plus bas que lors de precedentes etudes. Sa bonne acceptabilite et sa brievete en font un outil pertinent de screening a evaluer maintenant dans des services de soin de premiere ligne. L’adjonction d’items testant la desorganisation pourrait ameliorer sa specificite.

International audience; Background and context: Problematic use of physical activity is frequent in subjects with anorexia nervosa (AN). Although it increases resistance to therapeutic treatment, paradoxically, physical activity in AN can also improve mental and physical health. Based on the literature review we hypothesized that adding an adapted physical activity (APA) program to treatment programs could be more beneficial than a total suppression of physical activities. We designed this open study to evaluate the outcome of AN inpatients after an APA program implementation as well as the perceived effect of APA. Method: Forty-one women with AN (17.2 (±2.5) years old, BMI of 16.86 (±2.0)) were included. An eight-session (1 h30/session/week) standardized APA program was delivered and evaluated by structured questionnaires assessing exercise dependence, perceived physical activity, eating disorder (ED) symptoms, body mass index (BMI), along with an interview before and after the APA program. Results: Twenty-nine women complete the PA program and evaluation. BMI and perceived PA score significantly increased, ED and exercise dependence scores significantly decreased (p

International audience; Background: Medical students' mental health is a public health problem that has worsened with COVID 19's pandemic. There is a lack of French data. The principal aim was to assess French medical students' mental health. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was performed between May 27 and June 27, 2021. An anonymous questionnaire was sent via academic email addresses by medical faculties and secondly on social media. We assessed 7-day anxiety and depressive symptoms were evaluated with the Hospitalization Anxiety and Depression scale, 12-month major depressive episode (MDE) with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form, burnout with the Maslach Burnout Inventory, 12-month suicidal ideation, humiliation, sexual harassment, and sexual aggression during their curriculum. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify main MDE associated factors. Outcomes: 11,754 participants (response rate: 15.3%) were included. Prevalence of 7-day anxiety symptoms, 7day depressive symptoms, 12-month MDE, and 12-month suicidal thoughts were 52%, 18%, 25%, and 19% respectively. Burnout syndrome concerned 67% of clinical students and residents and 39% of preclinical students. Prevalence of humiliation, sexual harassment, and sexual abuse during their curriculum were 23%, 25%, and 4%, respectively. Having important (OR = 1.44, IC 95 [1.31-1.58], p < 0.001) or very important financial issues (OR = 2.47, IC 95 [2.15-2.85], p < 0.001), experienced humiliation (OR = 1.63, IC 95 [1.46-1.81], p < 0.001), sexual harassment (OR = 1.43, IC 95 [1.28-1.59], p < 0.001) and sexual abuse (OR = 1.52, IC 95 [1.24-1.85], p < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of MDE. Interpretation: This is the largest study on French medical students' mental health. These results point to very particular conditions in French students environment that need to be addressed to improve their mental health.

La santé psychique des étudiants est un problème de santé publique qui semble sous-considéré, en partie en raison de l’hétérogénéité des résultats obtenus dans les différentes enquêtes. Cette hétérogénéité a différentes causes : imprécision dans les termes utilisés ; confusion dans les périodes de temps étudiées ; variabilité des questionnaires utilisés qui ne mesurent pas les mêmes symptômes et dont les seuils de détection varient selon les études ; modélisation d’analyse des données conduisant à des construits narratifs trop simplistes. Ces problématiques sont inhérentes tant au processus scientifique qu’à son utilisation dans le discours social., Students’ mental health is a public health problem that seems under-considered, partly because of the heterogeneity of the results obtained in the different surveys. This heterogeneity has different causes: inaccuracy in the terms used; confusion in the time periods studied; variability of questionnaires used that do not measure the same symptoms and whose detection thresholds vary by study; data analysis modeling leading to overly simplistic narrative constructs. This problematic is inherent in both the scientific process and its use in social discourse.

QuestionAlthough mental pain is present in many mental disorders and is a predictor of suicide, it is rarely investigated in research or treated in care. A valid tool to measure it is a necessary first step towards better understanding, predicting and ultimately relieving this pain.Study selection and analysisFollowing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we performed a systematic review to identify all published standardised measures of mental pain. We used qualitative content analysis to evaluate the similarity of each measure, quantified via Jaccard Index scores ranging from no similarity (0) to full similarity (1). Finally, using the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) methodology, we evaluated each measure’s development (assessing 35 features), its content validity (31 features) and if the latter was rated at least adequate, its other psychometric properties.FindingsWe identified 10 self-reported scales of mental pain in 2658 screened studies relying on diverse definitions of this construct. The highest average similarity coefficient for any given measure was 0.24, indicative of weak similarity (individual pairwise coefficients from 0 to 0.5). Little to no information was provided regarding the development and the content validity of all 10 scales. Therefore, their development and content validity were rated ‘inadequate’ or ‘doubtful’.Conclusions and clinical implicationsThere is not enough evidence of validity to recommend using one measure over others in research or clinical practice. Heterogeneous use of disparate measures across studies limits comparison and combination of their results in meta-analyses. Development by all stakeholders (especially patients) of a consensual patient-reported measure for mental pain is needed.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021242679.

Mental health represents a high cost for society, estimated at 109 billion euros per year in France, 80 % of which are indirect costs. Mental diseases start before the age of 24 for 75 % of patients. Students, whose age is predominantly between 18 and 25, are a particularly high-risk population and for whom mental illness can have very serious consequences. The Observatoire de la vie Etudiante surveys from 2016 found a 12 month prevalence of depression of 15 % with suicidal thoughts in 8 % of the students higher than what is observed in the French general population, respectively 10 % and 5 %. The confinement itself and its consequences both economic (unemployment, difficulty for young people to find a job…) and social (isolation) could have a very bad effect on their mental health. The survey made by a governmental organization (Santé Publique France) revealed a significant increase in the prevalence of anxiety disorders at the start of confinement in the general population. This prevalence decreased during confinement but remained significantly higher than in 2017. Economic simulated data indicate that prevention in mental health could not only be effective but also profitable. In France, reimbursement by national health insurance of 12 sessions of psychologists for young people (between 11 to 21) is being tested in order to further and widely implement psychological prevention strategies rather than relying on already widely reimbursed pharmacological treatments. There are, however, several issues to discuss. First of all, is the need to define what psychopathology is considered to be. Then, it should be understood how measures of these concepts are created, how tools are constructed and how they operate in their environment. For depression, many different scales exist and even if the most used one are taken into account, they have very little content or symptoms in common. In addition, for the same scale, many different cut-offs exist to define whether a case should be considered as pathological or not, and so it is with the period of time studied being considered that may vary, both leading to consequences such as the differences observed in prevalence. Other biases should also be considered such as the age of the participants, the gender, the size of the sample, the response rate, the method of assessment and recruitment. Finally, it is necessary to question the assumptions and models used concerning the causes of psychic pathologies. Biological hypotheses on the origin of depression involve genetics and inflammation, but sociological and psychological factors must also be considered as well as the underlying complexity both in their nature and interactions at different structural levels of space and time. We should avoid drifting towards a biological or a sociological reductionism and move forward through complex systems approaches and models. With regard to student mental health in France, unfortunately, quality data are still lacking, and existing studies are difficult to compare as some may also have methodological issues. This article leads to the conclusion that there is a need for policies to assess student mental health at both local and national levels with a reflexional thinking on the tools and scales to use as measurements of these phenomena. This approach does not require being too assertive, but should have full transparency on the way the measures were designed and obtained. Measures are as much needed as are the needs for coordinated prevention and care in mental health.

Purpose The study estimates the prevalence of probable psychiatric disorder in the working population, determines the proportion of people presenting a probable psychiatric disorder among people exposed to work-related psychosocial risk factors (PSRFs), and identifies which PSRF has the strongest association with having a probable psychiatric disorder. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted in March 2018 involved a representative sample of the French working population. The General Health Questionnaire 28 (GHQ-28) was used to estimate the prevalence of probable psychiatric disorder and 44 items were gathered from theoretical models of PSRFs. We used multiple logistic regression to estimate the association of each PSRF with having a probable psychiatric disorder, adjusted on individual, health, and job confounders. Results This study involved 3200 French participants. The proportion of probable psychiatric disorder was 22.2% [20.6; 24.0]. Ten PSRFs were significantly associated with it. The strongest association was for having problems handling professional and personal responsibilities (reported by 15% of the study population) (OR = 1.97 [1.52; 2.54]), with 45% pathological GHQ-28 scores (potential psychiatric cases) for people exposed to this PSRF versus 18% non-exposed. The next strongest association was lack of support of colleagues (reported by 28%) (OR = 1.63 [1.29; 2.06]). The third strongest association was feeling sometimes afraid when doing the job (reported by 63%) (OR = 1.53, [1.21; 1.93]). Conclusions Our study identified 10 PSRFs associated with psychiatric disorder, with substantial exposure rate among the population. The results of our research could help develop recommendations to improve work environment.

Background:Applying the concept of burnout to medical students before residency is relatively recent. Its estimated prevalence varies significantly between studies. Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of burnout in medical students worldwide.Methods:We systematically searched Medline for English-language articles published between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2017. We selected all the original studies about the prevalence of burnout in medical students before residency, using validated questionnaires for burnout. Statistical analyses were conducted using the OpenMetaAnalyst software.Results:Prevalence of current burnout was extracted from 24 studies encompassing 17,431 medical students. Among them, 8060 suffered from burnout and we estimated the prevalence to be 44.2% [33.4%–55.0%]. The information about the prevalence of each subset of burnout dimensions was given in nine studies including 7588 students. Current prevalence was estimated to be 40.8% for ‘emotional exhaustion’ [32.8%–48.9%], 35.1% [27.2%–43.0%] for ‘depersonalization’ and 27.4% [20.5%–34.3%] for ‘personal accomplishment’. There is no significant gender difference in burnout. The prevalence of burnout is slightly different across countries with a higher prevalence in Oceania and the Middle East than in other continents.Conclusions:The results of this meta-analysis suggest that one student out of two is suffering from burnout, even before residency. Again, our findings highlight the high level of distress in the medical population. These results should encourage the development of preventive strategies.

Resume La remediation cognitive (RC) vise a reduire des deficits cognitifs et fournir des strategies palliatives en vue d’une reinsertion de patients avec handicap psychique. Elle s’inscrit dans un parcours de soin personnalise et necessite une evaluation et une prise en charge multidisciplinaires, incluant eventuellement d’autres therapies psychosociales. Cette etude, realisee en 2016, a pour ambition d’etablir un etat des lieux de l’accessibilite et de la pratique de la RC en Ile-de-France, pour promouvoir un acces large en systematisant l’integration de la RC dans un parcours global et coherent. Si la RC est proposee par pres de 58 % des structures ayant repondu a l’enquete, sa mise en œuvre gagnerait a etre amelioree : elle s’inscrit a 58 % dans un projet de rehabilitation precis et l’evaluation multidisciplinaire avant/apres est realisee a 51 % en psychiatrie adulte et 20 % en psychiatrie infanto-juvenile (PIJ), peut-etre du fait d’un manque de personnel qualifie (neuropsychologues). Les programmes utilises en PIJ sont peu specifiques. La capacite d’accueil, encore faible, devrait etre majoree par des programmes de groupe. Malgre un manque de connaissance a combler, il ressort un interet important pour la RC avec une volonte exprimee par douze structures a se former. Les autres therapies psychosociales, bien que mieux connues, gagneraient a etre plus souvent proposees et labellisees par l’ARS. Nos resultats confirment une rarete de l’offre de soin en psychiatrie dans le 77, le 91 et 93. Quatre unites de rehabilitation dans le 77 et trois dans le 91 sont en formation. Trois structures dans le 77 et deux dans le 91 souhaitent se former. Les soutenir est d’autant plus important que la bonne pratique de la RC a un effet direct sur les benefices en termes de couts societaux. Depuis, dans toute l’IDF, huit structures ont depose un projet de plateforme de RC et Rehabilitation.

Editorial for the article Bortolon & Raffard, Network analysis: are we moving towards a new conceptualization and treatment of mental disorders? 10.1016/j.encep.2019.06.001

International audience; BACKGROUND. According to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, mental health problems, such as depression and anxiety disorders, affect more than one in six people across the European Union in any given year. In the past few decades, mental health problems have increasingly contributed to sickness absence and long-term disability, and return to work is often complicated even if re-employment programs have a modest effect on the quality of life. Mental disorders lead to higher rates of absenteeism and constitute a leading cause of early retirement in Europe and have a direct impact on workplaces through reducing productivity, and increasing healthcare costs. A better understanding of work-related psychosocial factors (PSF) associated with employee’s mental health is important to help decision-makers and public authority to consider specific actions.AIMS. The aim of this study at first, is to determine the exposure of the French work population to work-related PSF and second, to measure the impact of PSF on mental health.DATA. The present work is based on a cross-sectional study conducted in march 2018 on a sample of 3200 workers, representative of the French working population. The sample has been randomly drawn from the French database “Ipsos Access Panel” and data were collected within a questionnaire administered during a computer assisted web interview (CAWI). To measure the level of mental health for each individual, the validated General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28 items), constructed by Goldberg is used. GHQ-28 items, which is surely the most internationally used, is a self-administered screening questionnaire designed to detect probable psychiatric disorder in primary care settings. The questionnaire doesn’t give any information on the basic health status of the subject. It allows to know if the interviewee is better or worse than usual at the time of the questionnaire. The French version of the questionnaire, used in our study, has been validated. In order to measure psychosocial factors (PSF) at work, 44-item questionnaire is developed. These factors were inspired by major theoretical works from Karasek, Siegrist and Greenberg, and the French report by Michel Gollac. In addition, fifty individual covariates about socio-demographic situation, health and life hygiene conditions, job characteristics and work environment were measured. In our study, we focused only on some of them. Indeed, only nine variables were extracted in the database that could be important in the prediction of mental health. These variables are: gender, age, work duration per week, working on the week-end, working at night, work on staggered hours, commuting duration, previous experience of unemployment and chronic medical condition.METHODS. A multiple logistic regression is used to estimate the impact of each work-related PSF on employee’s mental health, adjusted on the nine confounders. RESULTS. This study analyzed French 2803 employees, among them 48.6% women, with a mean age of 41.4 (11.13). According to the literature and to the distribution of GHQ-28 score in the sample, we choose a threshold of 24 to identify potential psychiatric cases. This was 22.2%, IC95[20,6; 24.0]. Ten PSF remains significantly associated with mental health. “Having problems to handle professional and personal responsibilities” was reported by 15% of the population and has the strongest association with mental health (Odd Ratio OR=1.97, Confidence Interval 95% [1.52; 2.54]). Among people exposed, 45% were potential psychiatric cases whereas 18% among unexposed. 52% of the sample reported having an unsatisfactory job compensation (OR=1.42 [1.15, 1.77]). Job insecurity (OR=1.44 [1.15; 1.78], 42% exposed), lack of social support (OR=1.63 [1.29; 2.06], 27% exposed) were also identified, as well as the emotional burden of the job (OR=1.43 [1.13; 1.79], 43% exposed), and the absence of symbolic compensation of the job in terms of self- esteem (OR=1.32 [1.03;1.69], 22% exposed). The other PSF were unsatisfactory communication at work (OR=1.39 [1.11; 1.75], 43% exposed), feeling afraid when doing the job (OR=1.53, [1.21; 1.93], 28% exposed), doing repetitive tasks (OR=1.29 [1.04; 1.60], 38% exposed) and having a highly cognitive demanding job in term of concentration (OR=1.35 [1.08; 1.70], 32% exposed). In addition, four individual covariates were associated to mental health: having a bad medical condition, being woman, being over 45 years old and work more than 50 hours per week.CONCLUSION. Our study identified 10 PSF associated with mental health with an important exposition rate among employees. The study provided an initial look at the mental health disorders for French employees and the urgency to address mental health at workplace. As correlation does not imply causality, a causal analysis should also be performed before generating recommendations for work conditions.

Patient Specific Instruments (PSIs) have been introduced into the surgical workflow as a modern way to assist the surgeon in performing femur and tibia resection in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA). These PSIs are based on an accurate reconstruction of the surface of the knee’s bones.In this work, we propose two 3D-3D image-based registration methods to reconstruct an extended field-of-view of the knee joint using only a motorized ultrasound transducer. Those methods are: (1) a dense voxel-based registration method, which needs to preprocess the ultrasound images and form an ultrasound volume. Then, computing the Mutual Information (MI) for each relative displacement to align every pair of volumes, (2) a sparse point-based registration method, which takes into account the point set located on the surface of the bone in ultrasound images. This method detects bony features using ORB detector and matches the corresponding points to find the best transformation using Coherent Point Drift (CPD).The preliminary qualitative results performed in vitro show that from a set of consecutive ultrasound volumes, an extended field-of-view can be reconstructed using only ultrasound images without any external trackers. Results of the voxel-based approach show that MI is more robust against noise comparing to other similarity measures. On the other hand, results of point-based approach show that is much faster in computation with a low false-positive rate compared to other feature-detectors like SIFT and SURF. Furthermore, experiments show that CPD is less affected by noisy data compared to the classical ICP, which is promising to continue evaluating our work in vivo.

International audience; The 14-item Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) is one of the most frequently internationally adapted psychometric instruments developed to assess generalized problematic Internet use. Multiple adaptations of this instrument have led to versions in different languages (e.g., Arabic and French), and different numbers of items (e.g., from 5 to 16 items instead of the original 14). However, to date, the CIUS has never been simultaneously compared and validated in several languages and different versions. Consequently, the present study tested the psychometric properties of four CIUS versions (i.e., CIUS-14, CIUS-9, CIUS-7, and CIUS-5) across eight languages (i.e., German, French, English, Finnish, Spanish, Italian, Polish, and Hungarian) to (a) examine their psychometric properties, and (b) test their measurement invariance. These analyses also identified the optimal versions of the CIUS. The data were collected via online surveys administered to 4,226 voluntary participants from 15 countries, aged at least 18 years, and recruited from academic environments. All brief versions of the CIUS in all eight languages were validated. Dimensional, configural, and metric invariance were established across all languages for the CIUS-5, CIUS-7, and CIUS-9, but the CIUS-5 and CIUS-7 were slightly more suitable because their model fitted the ordinal estimate better, while for cross-comparisons, the CIUS-9 was slightly better. The brief versions of the CIUS are therefore reliable and structurally stable instruments that can be used for cross-cultural research across adult populations.

International audience; IntroductionLa promotion de la santé mentale est encore assez peu connue des psychologues et insuffisamment portée par ceux-ci, notamment parce qu’elle s’appuie sur des concepts et des données issues de la Santé Publique. De plus, elle est portée par une approche dite « positive » de la santé — qui se distingue des modèles de déficits — dont le type d’intervention consiste à mobiliser le potentiel humain en amont afin d’éviter l’apparition d’un éventuel trouble psychiatrique.DiscussionL’enjeu actuel en matière de santé mentale implique ainsi un changement de paradigme chez les psychologues permettant de passer d’une action majoritairement curative à une action orientée vers les potentialités individuelles et collectives, les objectifs de ces deux champs étant complémentaires. Cet article présente une synthèse de déterminants de la santé mentale et de politiques publiques nationales et internationales ayant pour objet de favoriser la promotion de la santé.ConclusionL’article conclut sur la manière dont les psychologues pourraient devenir des acteurs essentiels de ce champ jusqu’à présent sous-investi par la profession.

Unexplained pain and stiffness after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) often result from mismatch between implant geometry and knee morphology, which depends on patient size, sex, and ethnicity. This study aimed to determine whether size, sex, or ethnicity are independently associated with distal femoral morphology in healthy Caucasian and Asian knees, and to compare anatomic ratios to those of commercially available TKA implants. Two series of computed tomography (CT) angiograms from France (264 knees) and China (259 knees) were used to digitize osteometric landmarks at the level of the femoral epicondyles, to measure anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) dimensions at the anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral zones. The aspect (ML/AP), trapezoidicity (MLp/MLa), and asymmetry (APl/APm) ratios, as well as the sulcus angle were calculated and compared to those of 9 TKA models. Multivariable analyses were performed to determine whether anatomic ratios were independently associated with sex, origin, or size. Multivariable analyses revealed that, independently from size, female knees were narrower (β = − 0.03; p

Aim The aim of this study is to determine the possible links between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the presence of concomitant addictions with or without substance use in a French student population. Measures A battery of questionnaire measuring socioeconomic characteristics, university curriculum, ADHD (Wender Utah Rating Scale and Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale), substance consumptions (alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis), and behavioral addictions [(eating disorders (SCOFF)], Internet addiction (Internet Addiction Test), food addiction (Yale Food Addiction Scale), compulsive buying (Echeburua’s), and problem gambling (The Canadian Problem Gambling Index)] and measures of physical activity (Godin’s Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire) was filled up by university students in Rouen and Nanterre in France. Results A total of 1,517 students were included (472 from Paris Nanterre and 1,042 from Rouen). The mean age was 20.6 years (SD = 3.6) and the sex ratio male to female was 0.46. The prevalence of ADHD among the students (current ADHD with a history of ADHD in childhood) was 5.6%. A quarter (25.7%) of students had already repeated their university curriculum, compared to 42.2% among the students with ADHD. Students with possible ADHD had repeated classes more often and believed to have a lower academic level than the students without ADHD. Significant differences were found as students with ADHD were less likely to succeed in their studies (repeated classes more often) than non-ADHD students, and considered their academic level to be lower. They also had significantly higher scores on substance (alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco) as well as behavioral addictions (gambling, compulsive buying disorder, eating disorders, and Internet addiction). Conclusion It seems essential to determine students’ problems and propose interventions adapted to students’ needs, in order to reduce the negative impact on their future academic and global successes.

The prevalence of mobile phone use across the world has increased greatly over the past two decades. Problematic Mobile Phone Use (PMPU) has been studied in relation to public health and comprises various behaviours, including dangerous, prohibited, and dependent use. These types of problematic mobile phone behaviours are typically assessed with the short version of the Problematic Mobile Phone Use Questionnaire (PMPUQ–SV). However, to date, no study has ever examined the degree to which the PMPU scale assesses the same construct across different languages. The aims of the present study were to (i) determine an optimal factor structure for the PMPUQ–SV among university populations using eight versions of the scale (i.e., French, German, Hungarian, English, Finnish, Italian, Polish, and Spanish), and (ii) simultaneously examine the measurement invariance (MI) of the PMPUQ–SV across all languages. The whole study sample comprised 3038 participants. Descriptive statistics, correlations, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were extracted from the demographic and PMPUQ-SV items. Individual and multigroup confirmatory factor analyses alongside MI analyses were conducted. Results showed a similar pattern of PMPU across the translated scales. A three-factor model of the PMPUQ-SV fitted the data well and presented with good psychometric properties. Six languages were validated independently, and five were compared via measurement invariance for future cross-cultural comparisons. The present paper contributes to the assessment of problematic mobile phone use because it is the first study to provide a cross-cultural psychometric analysis of the PMPUQ-SV.

International audience; It is now recognized that emotions can influence food intake. While some people report eating less when distressed, others report either no change of eating or eating more in the same condition. The question whether this interindividual variability also occurs in response to positive emotions has been overlooked in most studies on Emotional Eating (EE). Using the Emotional Appetite Questionnaire (EMAQ) and Latent Profile Analysis, this study aimed to examine the existence of latent emotion-induced changes in eating profiles, and explore how these profiles differ by testing their relations with 1) age and sex, 2) BMI and risk for eating disorders (ED) and 3) factors that are known to be associated with EE such as perceived positive/negative feelings, depression, anxiety, stress symptoms and impulsivity. Among 401 university students (245 females) who completed the EMAQ, 3 profiles emerged (P1:11.2%, P2:60.1%, P3:28.7%), with distinct patterns of eating behaviors in response to negative emotions and situations but few differences regarding positive ones. Negative emotional overeaters (P1) and negative emotional undereaters (P3) reported similar levels of emotional distress and positive feelings, and were at greater risk for ED. However, the people in the former profile i) reported decreasing their food intake in a positive context, ii) were in majority females, iii) had higher BMI and iv) were more prone to report acting rashly when experiencing negative emotions. Our findings suggest that a person-centred analysis of the EMAQ scores offers a promising way to capture the inter-individual variability of emotionally-driven eating behaviors. These observations also add to the growing literature underscoring the importance of further investigating the role of different facets of impulsivity in triggering overeating and to develop more targeted interventions of EE.

International audience; RésuméObjectif L'objectif de cette étude est de décrire le fonctionnement du dispositif Fil Harmonie, ligne téléphonique réservée aux professionnels de l'Académie de Paris faisant face à une situation d'un élève en souffrance psychologique ou psychiatrique. Méthodes Il s'agit d'une étude descriptive observationnelle réalisée entre le 18 septembre 2013 et le 12 mai 2014. Les informations transmises lors des 68 appels téléphoniques ont été recueillies, formalisées puis analysées. Nous avons utilisé une méthodologie mixte, associant des analyses de données quantitatives et de données textuelles. Résultats La profession de l'appelant était dans plus de 70 % des cas celle d'infirmière scolaire. L'âge moyen des élèves concernés était de 17,3 ans. Les deux classes les plus représentées étaient la seconde et la classe préparatoire (19,7 % dans les deux cas). Plus de la moitié des jeunes étaient déclarés comme n'ayant jamais eu de prise en charge psychologique antérieure (52,5 %). Les jeunes étaient décrits majoritairement comme isolés socialement (67,2 %), tristes ou anhédoniques (48,2 %). Plus d'un quart (26,7 %) avait déjà redoublé au moins une fois et la majorité (55,9 %) faisait preuve d'absentéisme. L'analyse qualitative a mis en évidence la complexité de la collaboration entre la famille de l'élève et l'établissement scolaire. Conclusion Fil Harmonie propose une nouvelle modalité pour favoriser le dépistage des difficultés psychiques chez les jeunes en milieu scolaire. Ce dispositif aide à la résolution de problème et si nécessaire l'orientation vers des professionnels de santé adéquats grâce à l'intervention d'un professionnel relais. Cette étude de terrain pointe la nécessaire articulation entre professionnels de l'Éducation, professionnels de santé et entourage proche. AbstractObjective Most psychiatric disorders arise during adolescence, a period of life during which school takes an important place. School in France has an official mission of health education and prevention, and early detection of mental disorders is part of these goals. The aim of this study is to describe an innovative service operating in Paris that helps educational staff to deal with students having psychological or psychiatric symptoms. The Fil Harmonie program was launched in 2011. It consists of a telephone line available to all educational staff working for high schools in Paris. Methods When in need of assistance, a member of the educational staff can call the dedicated hotline and expose the situation of their student to a trained psychologist. Over the course of the study, data concerning these phone calls were collected such as: socio-demographic characteristics of the student, the reason behind the call, the caller's professional role within the school, and care pathway information. All data collected during the phone calls were anonymized and computerized. We performed an observational descriptive study based on this data by using mixed methods: we integrated quantitative analysis and qualitative research in order to provide a better understanding of the Fil Harmonie program. Results Between 18 September 2013 and 12 May 2014, the Fil Harmonie program handled 68 calls from educational staff. Students concerned by the calls were aged between 11 and 22 and the average age was 17.3 years. Over half (52.5%) of the pupils concerned had never seen a mental health professional before the call. In more than 70% of cases, the caller was a school nurse while other professionals such as teachers or headmasters represented only a minority of the callers. Approximately two thirds (67.2%) of students were described by the caller as socially isolated and 48.2% were described as sad or anhedonic. One out of four (26.7%) had repeated a school year at least once, and 55.9% of young people for whom a member of staff contacted Fil Harmonie had been missing class. In 56.7% of cases, there had been no contact with the student's family about the psychological situation. The qualitative analysis particularly highlighted the complexity of the collaboration between the family and the educational staff. Conclusion Schooling is an important opportunity to seize in mental health regarding early detection and access to care. By fostering collaboration between educational professionals and mental health services, Fil Harmonie meets a public health objective of prevention and should contribute to the reduction of care delays thus leading to better treatment outcome. Our study shows that such programs are feasible and answer a real need in our current health care system.

This article aims to present the validation study of the French version of the Comprehensive Assessment of at risk mental states (CAARMS), an interview that seeks to determine whether young adults criteria for at-risk (AR) mental states, or psychosis. We assessed 40 young subjects, 15 were considered as "prodromal" (Prd) and 10 as experiencing a first episode of psychosis (PEP) by our expert clinician at the center - centre d'evaluation des jeunes adultes et adolescents, University Hospital Centre, Paris - and 15 were healthy controls matched for age and sex. When assessed with the CAARMS, 73 % (n=11) of the prodromal subjects reached the criteria for AR mental state, four subjects did not reach the criteria for AR, nor psychosis (P) and 100 % of the PEP reached the criteria for P. The three groups were significantly different on CAARMS total score (P

Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to assign a set of mental states to yourself and others. In bipolar disorders, alteration of social relationship can be explained by the impairment of the functioning of ToM. Deficit in ToM could be a trait marker of bipolar disorder and people in the general population with high hypomanic personality scores would be more likely to develop bipolar disorders. This study examined 298 participants. Measures of hypomanic personality were evaluated using the Hypomanic Personality Scale. ToM was explored using the Yoni task. Participants also completed the BDI-II. Forward multiple regressions were performed to examine the effect of components of the HPS on the total score in the ToM task. In the women's group, no subscales of the HPS were included in the model. Conversely, the analyses performed on men revealed that the mood vitality and excitement subscale was a significant predictor of ToM abilities. Our study is the first to show the impact of certain dimensions of hypomanic personality on performance in ToM in a male sample. This result supports the idea that deficits in ToM can be a trait marker of bipolar disorder in a healthy male population.

The concept of Emotional Eating (EE) is increasingly considered to be implicated in overeating and obesity, and in different subtypes of eating disorders. Among the self-report questionnaires assessing EE, the Emotional Appetite Questionnaire (EMAQ) includes recent advances in this area: it evaluates a broad range of emotions and situations both positive and negative, and the way they modulate food intake (decrease, stability, or increase). The main objective of our study was to further investigate the psychometric properties of the French version of the EMAQ in a large sample of students. Participants completed the EMAQ (n = 679), the DEBQ (Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire) (n = 75) and the CIDI-eating disorders screening (Composite International Diagnostic Interview) (n = 604). Factorial structure, reliability, and validity of the EMAQ were tested. Factorial analyses supported a two-factor (Positive and Negative) structure. The internal consistency indices were satisfactory and results suggest good test–retest reliability for the scale. Convergent and discriminant validity were confirmed from the significant correlations observed between the EMAQ scores and the DEBQ-EE subscale scores. Regarding associations with weight, whereas EMAQ negative scores were positively correlated with BMI, EMAQ positive scores were negatively correlated with BMI. Finally, EMAQ scores differed significantly depending on gender and risk for bulimia nervosa. This study supports the validity and the reliability of the EMAQ, which appears to be a promising instrument to better understand individual differences that could modulate food intake.

National audience; [No abstract]

International audience; IntroductionMental illness such as schizophrenia is a major public health concern. In France, the economic cost of schizophrenia represents 2% of total medical expenditures. Schizophrenia has an impact on health and quality of life not only for patients but also for relatives. Family psychoeducation is a complementary therapeutic intervention to ordinary clinical care deigned to alleviate the burden of care among relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Literature suggests such programs including the patients’ family members reduce the risk of relapse. Current studies also suggest that negative emotions expressed by family members have negative consequences on patients’ mental health and need to be addressed. However, family psychoeducation is still underdeveloped in France. The objective of this study was to assess the longitudinal outcome on depression level of a psychoeducation program for relatives of schizophrenic patients. The program was held in Paris and Région Île-de-France “Cluster ProFramille Île-de-France” between 2012 and 2014.MethodsLevel of participant's depression was assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression Scale (CES-D). Measures of depression were made for four time points: 2 months before joining the program (T1), at the beginning of the program (T2), at midpoint of the first program module (3 months, T3) and at the end of the first program module (6 months, T4). Repeated-measures ANOVA were performed to assess longitudinal change in a participant's level of depression. Type of coping strategies, knowledge about the disease, dominant thoughts and emotional progress are assessed by the program. Univariate correlation with CES-D differences between T1 and T4 were assessed. Variables with a significant association were included in a multivariate linear model to explain CES-D difference.ResultsSixty-five relatives participated to the “Cluster ProFramille Île-de-France” between 2012 and 2014 and terminated with the first module of the program. Repeated-measures ANOVA on CES-D scores between T1 and T4 (8 months) showed a significant decrease in average scores for all participants. The mean of decrease was 7 points, equivalent to a 26.6% pre-post decrease level of depression. Significant univariate correlations with depression decrease over 8 months were with “psychomotor tiredness”, “frequent worries” and “dealing with worries”. Multivariate linear regression only confirmed the significant role of diminishing fatigue in relation to the decrease of depression.ConclusionOur study's results showed that the ProFamille program was efficient in reducing the level of depression for its participants over an 8 month period. As the participants progressed on managing their fatigue, their depressed moods improved.; IntroductionLa schizophrénie représente un enjeu majeur de santé publique notamment en raison de la charge pesant sur les aidants, les proches et les familles. Les études actuelles montrent que les émotions négatives et notamment le niveau de dépression des membres de la famille auraient un impact négatif sur l’amélioration de l’état de santé psychique de leur proche. Afin de tester l’efficacité du programme psycho-éducatif ProFamille, une évaluation longitudinale a été initiée.MéthodeLe niveau de dépression a été évalué par le Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression Scale (CES-D) à quatre reprises : 2 mois avant le début du programme (T1), au début du programme (T2), 3 mois après le début du programme (T3) et à la fin du 1er module du programme soit 6 mois après le début du programme. L’évolution du niveau de dépression a également été mise en relation avec les effets du programme sur les pensées et émotions dominantes, les connaissances et les stratégies de coping des participants.RésultatsLes scores à la CES-D ont diminué de 7 points en moyenne, soit une baisse de 26,6 % à la fin du programme. L’évolution positive des variables « fatigue psychomotrice », « fréquence du souci personnel » et « maîtrise du souci personnel » étaient significativement associées à la diminution du score de CES-D. Seule la variable fatigue restait significativement associée à la diminution du niveau de dépression après ajustement sur les autres variables.ConclusionLe niveau de dépression des participants a diminué significativement au cours du programme et la diminution du niveau de « fatigue psychomotrice » des participants en est le principal contributeur.

Background and aims: Despite many positive benefits, mobile phone use can be associated with harmful and detrimental behaviors. The aim of this study was twofold: to examine (a) cross-cultural patterns of perceived dependence on mobile phones in ten European countries, first, grouped in four different regions (North: Finland and UK; South: Spain and Italy; East: Hungary and Poland; West: France, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland), and second by country, and (b) how socio-demographics, geographic differences, mobile phone usage patterns, and associated activities predicted this perceived dependence.\ud \ud Methods: A sample of 2,775 young adults (aged 18–29 years) were recruited in different European Universities who participated in an online survey. Measures included socio-demographic variables, patterns of mobile phone use, and the dependence subscale of a short version of the Problematic Mobile Phone Use Questionnaire (PMPUQ; Billieux, Van der Linden, & Rochat, 2008).\ud \ud Results: The young adults from the Northern and Southern regions reported the heaviest use of mobile phones, whereas perceived dependence was less prevalent in the Eastern region. However, the proportion of highly dependent mobile phone users was more elevated in Belgium, UK, and France. Regression analysis identified several risk factors for increased scores on the PMPUQ dependence subscale, namely using mobile phones daily, being female, engaging in social networking, playing video games, shopping and viewing TV shows through the Internet, chatting and messaging, and using mobile phones for downloading-related activities.\ud \ud Discussion and conclusions: Self-reported dependence on mobile phone use is influenced by frequency and specific application usage.

Background The 39-item TEMPS-A self-rated questionnaire assesses affective temperaments. We examined the factorial structure of its French version in a large sample of young adults and examined the relation to schizotypy, depression and anxiety. Method University students were enrolled during their mandatory preventive health visit in the University medical facility (n = 3807, 19.9 ± 2.5 y.o.). They answered to the 39-TEMPS-A questionnaire, the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS). We performed an exploratory Factorial Component Analysis (FCA) with varimax rotation of the 39-TEMPS-A in half of the sample, randomly selected, followed by a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) in the remaining subsample. TEMPS-A dimensions were correlated to HADS and SPQ sub-scores. Results A five-factor structure was found by PCA and confirmed by the confirmatory analysis. The scale showed a good internal consistency (whole scale Cronbach's α: 0.83 and from 0.78 to 0.59 for Cyclothymic, Depressive , Irritable , Hyperthymi c, Anxiou s subscales). Depressive and Anxious TEMPS-A subscales were moderately correlated to HADS Depression and Anxiety subscales (Spearman ρ = 0.37 to 0.33). Cyclothymic and Depressive TEMPS-A subscales were respectively correlated to SPQ Paranoid (ρ = 0.53) and Negative dimensions (ρ = 0.52). Limitation Representativity of the sample (higher education, response rate). Conclusion We confirmed the five factor structure of the 39-item TEMPS-A in a large non-clinical population of young adults and found consistent correlations with anxiety — depression state markers and schizotypal traits.

The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale was initially developed as a rapid method to assess symptom change in psychiatric inpatients of various diagnoses. The original version was expanded to an 18-item version and thereafter to a 24-item version to increase sensitivity to a broader range of psychotic and affective symptoms. The latest version of the expanded 24- item BPRS provides probe questions and detailed anchor points for the ratings for each item. Studies have shown the expanded and anchored 24-item BPRS to be a sensitive and effective measure of psychiatric symptoms with good interrater reliability that can be maintained over time. To our knowledge, there are eight published papers including factor analyses of the BPRS-E(A). While many similarities are evident between these studies, inconsistencies are apparent that may have been due to sample size, characteristics and / or methodological differences in the factor analysis computation. Among these studies, six provided a four-factor solution. There was no French version of this scale available. After its translation into French and back translation, we investigated the validity of the French BPRS-E(A) version. We carried out a component analysis on the data of 111 participants of various diagnoses, mostly hospitalised for a first psychotic episode, yielding to a three-factor solution (positive symptoms--disorganisation; depression-anxiety and negative symptoms). A good internal consistency and interrater reliability were found. These results confirm the psychometric value of the BPRS-E(A) in its French version. We compared those findings to earlier reports; similarities and differences are discussed.

Resume Les campagnes de prevention et d’information en sante publique constituent des outils privilegies pour les institutions de sante publique dans leurs politiques de reduction des risques lies a la maladie et aux consequences de celle-ci. Le champ de la sante mentale en general et de la depression, en particulier, a fait l’objet de campagnes d’information aupres du grand public dans plusieurs pays depuis 20 ans. L’objectif de cet article est, par une analyse systematique de leur contenu, de mettre en evidence les logiques qui regissent les contenus de ces campagnes et d’examiner quels peuvent en etres les effets, notamment dans le contexte des polemiques qui peuvent naitre entre professionnels du fait de l’existence de ces campagnes et des contenus qu’elles vehiculent. Les eventuelles specificites de la campagne francaise initiee par l’Institut national de prevention et d’education a la sante (INPES) en octobre 2007 font l’objet d’une attention specifique. En effet, cette campagne represente un premier pas sur le chemin de la prevention et de l’education en sante mentale en population generale. Nos analyses proposent un eclairage sur les orientations actuelles dans ce domaine, les tensions qui lui sont inherentes, et sur l’importance de respecter et de preserver ces differentes facettes, qui sont autant de manieres d’aborder cet objet complexe qu’est la sante mentale. Elles resituent egalement les campagnes dans la complexite de leurs logiques et de leur contexte afin de (pro)poser les bases d’une reflexion depassionnee a l’ensemble des acteurs concernes par ces questions.

Resume La proportion de traitement non adequat parmi les personnes presentant un episode depressif majeur (EDM) est importante d’apres les etudes disponibles. L’objectif de cet article est d’identifier quels sont les facteurs associes a l’adequation des traitements de la depression en France. On cherchera en particulier a savoir si le fait de recevoir un traitement adequat est associe au fait d’avoir recours a un type de professionnel donne et a mettre en evidence l’effet specifique du type de recours sur l’adequation des traitements en controlant l’effet des variables sociodemographiques et cliniques. Les donnees sont issues d’une enquete epidemiologique nationale en population generale realisee en 2005 (Barometre sante 2005, n = 16 883) par l’Institut national de prevention et d’education pour la sante. Le niveau d’adequation des traitements est plus elevee chez les femmes, les troubles severes, les personnes habitant en region parisienne ou Centre-Est et plus faible chez les etudiants. En controlant l’effet des variables sociodemographiques et cliniques, la probabilite de recevoir un traitement adequat augmente avec le recours au secteur specialise, uniquement ou conjoint a un recours au generaliste. Les personnes en retraite et les autres inactifs ont une probabilite plus elevee de recevoir un traitement adequat. Habiter dans les regions mediterranee, parisienne ou Centre-Est est significativement associe au fait de recevoir un traitement adequat de la depression. Enfin, la severite des troubles depressifs augmente egalement la probabilite de recevoir un traitement adequat.