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Nowadays, a good corrosion resistance of lightweight steel is demanded for its application. However, due to the high contents of Mn and C, which are always corrosion-susceptible elements in steels, the conventional lightweight steel is not desirable for this mission. Although Cr is widely believed to be a common alloying element to improve the corrosion resistance of most steels, it is considered to be ineligible using in the lightweight steel due to the relatively high content of C. This is because the trade-off between corrosion resistance and mechanical properties by alloying Cr. In recent years, the rapid developments of additive and coating manufacturing have provided new possibilities for both the Cr alloying and microstructural modulation to improve corrosion resistance of lightweight steel. In this case, to design a certain chemical composition using in additive and coating manufacturing, it is interesting to clarify the effects of Cr alloying on the corrosion resistance of lightweight steel. To reveal it, in the present work, the Fe–Mn–Al–Cr–Si–Mo–C lightweight steel alloyed with Cr contents of 4 wt%, 8 wt% and 12 wt% are prepared. The corrosion resistances and mechanisms of Cr-alloyed lightweight steels in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution are investigated by electrochemical and immersion tests. The present work may provide new insights for the composition design of lightweight steel, especially for the directions of additive and coating manufacturing.

In this paper, we presented the geometrical properties of Smarandache curves on 3-pseudo-spheres. These curves were examined in the context of the lightcone, de Sitter space, and anti-de Sitter space. By leveraging the curvature relationships between the null curve and its corresponding Smarandache curves, we established necessary and sufficient conditions. Additionally, we illustrated our main results through two examples.

[INLINE:1] Tibetan singing bowls emit low-frequency sounds and produce perceptible harmonic tones and vibrations through manual tapping. The sounds the singing bowls produce have been shown to enhance relaxation and reduce anxiety. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we used chronic restraint stress or sleep deprivation to establish mouse models of anxiety that exhibit anxiety-like behaviors. We then supplied treatment with singing bowls in a bottomless cage placed on the top of a cushion. We found that unlike in humans, the combination of harmonic tones and vibrations did not improve anxiety-like behaviors in mice, while individual vibration components did. Additionally, the vibration of singing bowls increased the level of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 in the somatosensory cortex and prefrontal cortex of the mice, decreased the level of γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABA) receptor α 1 subtype, reduced the level of CaMKII in the prefrontal cortex, and increased the number of GABAergic interneurons. At the same time, electrophysiological tests showed that the vibration of singing bowls significantly reduced the abnormal low-frequency gamma oscillation peak frequency in the medial prefrontal cortex caused by stress restraint pressure and sleep deprivation. Results from this study indicate that the vibration of singing bowls can alleviate anxiety-like behaviors by reducing abnormal molecular and electrophysiological events in somatosensory and medial prefrontal cortex.

The implementation of ecological protection and restoration (EPR) aims to provide the corresponding ecosystem services (ESs) for the region’s long-term development. Ecosystem status, usually evaluated by ecosystem quality, is an important foundation for delineating EPR zones. However, previous assessment methods fail to consider the effects of site conditions on ecosystem status. Furthermore, if limited resources are allocated to areas where ecosystem management is less urgent, the overall efficiency of the process will be compromised. To fill this gap, we developed a new framework that integrated improved ecosystem status assessment and ecosystem management urgency (EMU) to identify important EPR zones. To begin, the study area was divided into several ecosystem site type based on the site-condition factors, such as soil, climate, and others. Ecological quality then was assessed by parameters from remote sensing, including leaf area index, fractional vegetation cover, etc., which supported the identification of potential EPR zones based on a more accurate assessment of ecosystem status. Secondly, the EMU was determined by assessing the risk of ES supply–demand in the future under various development paths of the study area, potential EPR zones with great EMU are the EPR zones. Finally, the importance levels for EPR were divided by ecosystem quality to improve the practicability of EPR projects, and the important EPR zones are those where we should focus our efforts. The new framework was implemented in Hunan Province, a representative province in China of marked contradiction between economic development and ecosystem protection. The findings show that there is a 58.7 % disparity in the spatial distribution of potential EPR zones, depending on whether the impacts of site conditions on ecosystem status are taken into account or not; and given the EMU, the extent of important EPR zones under natural growth path (NGP) and economic development path (EDP) account for 0.43 % (902.15 km2) and 0.56 % (1195.43 km2) of the study area, respectively, comparing to the existing protection zones, there is 7.2 % (NGP) and 10.1 % (EDP) of vacancy, respectively. Under the ecosystem conservation path, the extent of EPR zones is 0, indicating that the ecosystem will recover gradually without the need for excessive human intervention. The new framework can assist in accurately identifying important EPR zones and promoting regional development by advanced ecosystem intervention in areas with potential risk in the future.

Color change is the most obvious characteristic of the tomato ripening stage and an important indicator of the tomato ripening condition, which directly affects the commodity value of tomato. To visualize the color change of tomato fruit during the mature stage, this paper proposes a gated recurrent unit network with an encoder–decoder structure. This structure dynamically simulates the growth and development of tomatoes using time-dependent lines, incorporating real-time information such as tomato color and shape. Firstly, the .json file was converted into a mask.png file, the tomato mask was extracted, and the tomato was separated from the complex background environment, thus successfully constructing the tomato growth and development dataset. The experimental results showed that for the gated recurrent unit network with the encoder–decoder structure proposed, when the hidden layer number was 1 and hidden layer number was 512, a high consistency and similarity between the model predicted image sequence and the actual growth and development image sequence was realized, and the structural similarity index measure was 0.746. It was proved that when the average temperature was 24.93 °C, the average soil temperature was 24.06 °C, and the average light intensity was 11.26 Klux, the environment was the most suitable for tomato growth. The environmental data-driven tomato growth model was constructed to explore the growth status of tomato under different environmental conditions, and thus, to understand the growth status of tomato in time. This study provides a theoretical foundation for determining the optimal greenhouse environmental conditions to achieve tomato maturity and it offers recommendations for investigating the growth cycle of tomatoes, as well as technical assistance for standardized cultivation in solar greenhouses.

Macrophages play a critical role in innate immunity, with approximately 90% of the total macrophage population in the human body residing in the liver. This population encompasses both resident and infiltrating macrophages. Recent studies highlight the pivotal role of liver macrophages in various aspects such as liver inflammation, regeneration, and immune regulation. A novel pro-inflammatory programmed cell death, pyroptosis, initially identified in macrophages, has garnered substantial attention since its discovery. Studies investigating pyroptosis and inflammation progression have particularly centered around macrophages. In liver diseases, pyroptosis plays an important role in driving the inflammatory response, facilitating the fibrotic process, and promoting tumor progression. Notably, the role of macrophage pyroptosis cannot be understated. This review primarily focuses on the role of macrophage pyroptosis in liver diseases. Additionally, it underscores the therapeutic potential inherent in targeting macrophage pyroptosis.

Agriculture is a critical foundation for the development of large-scale complex and urban societies. Sanxingdui, located on the Chengdu Plain in western Sichuan and linked with the ancient Chinese Shu Kingdom, is one of the most distinctive archaeological sites in the world. However, despite its importance, the agricultural economy of the Sanxingdui culture and the Chengdu Plain remains poorly understood and heavily debated. This study synthesizes recent archaeological and historical evidence concerning the agricultural economy underpinning the increasing scale and social complexity at Sanxingdui and the greater Chengdu Plain prior to 2200 BP. Our analysis finds a mixed rice and dry-land millet farming economy, in conjunction with pig and chicken husbandry, during the Sanxingdui culture (3700–3100 BP). This integrated agricultural system likely began with the Baodun culture (4500–3700 BP), passing to the Sanxingdui culture (3700–3100 BP), Shierqiao culture (3100–2600 BP) and later, the Shu culture (2600–2300 BP). In addition, although gathering, hunting, and fishing accounted for relatively low proportions of the overall subsistence, the ancient peoples at Sanxingdui and across the Chengdu Plain continued these practices, supporting a diverse agricultural and food system. Understanding the subsistence at Sanxingdui offers key insights into the development of complex societies in southwest China, the contributions to Chinese culture, and the role of agriculture worldwide.

Echinococcosis, especially alveolar echinococcosis (AE), is becoming an emerging/re-emerging disease with a growing number of cases reported globally. The diagnosis of echinococcosis is based mainly on imaging, which may be challenging when the image presentation is atypical. We reported one patient with suspected cystic echinococcosis (CE) by imaging. The cell-free DNA (cfDNA) obtained from sequencing the patient’s plasma before the operation showed that this patient probably had AE with 45 reads mapped to the Echinococcus multilocularis reference genome (Read-Pairs Per Million = 0.24). The patients underwent surgery, and the pathological result showed that the patient had AE. The conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of her lesion sample extraction also indicated that the infection was caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. The follow-up ultrasound after three months indicated no recurrence. We demonstrated that the differentiation of CE and AE by imaging may not be that easy, with further elaboration on the differentiation between AE and CE in different aspects. We demonstrated that it is possible to use patients’ plasma cfDNA mapped to Echinococcus references before the operation to obtain the objective clue of the lesion to facilitate diagnosis.

Abstract Background Molecular markers are essential to identify Echinococcus species and genotypes in areas with multiple Echinococcus species to understand their epidemiology and pathology. Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) is one of the areas worst hit by echinococcosis. However, molecular epidemiology is still missing among echinococcosis patients in TAR. This research explored the Echinococcus species and genotypes infecting humans in TAR and the population diversity and the possible origin of G1 in TAR. Methods Cyst samples were collected in one echinococcosis-designated hospital in TAR. Echinococcus species and genotypes were identified through a maximum-likelihood approach with near-complete/complete mtDNA using IQ-TREE. Phylogenetic networks were built with PopART, and the phylogeographical diffusion pattern was identified using a Bayesian discrete phylogeographic method. Results Using phylogenetic trees made with near-complete/complete mtDNA obtained from 92 cysts from TAR patients, the Echinococcus species and genotypes infecting humans in TAR were identified as Echinococcus granulosus (s.s.) G1 (81, 88.04%), accounting for the majority, followed by G6 of the E. canadensis cluster (6, 6.52%), E. granulosus (s.s.) G3 (3, 3.26%), and E. multilocularis (2, 2.17%). An expansion trend and a possible recent bottleneck event were confirmed among the G1 samples in TAR. Adding the other near-complete mtDNA of G1 samples globally from the literature, we identified the possible phylogeographic origin of the G1 samples in TAR as Turkey. Conclusions Using near-complete/complete mtDNA sequences of Echinococcus spp. obtained from echinococcosis patients, a variety of Echinococcus species and genotypes infecting humans throughout TAR were identified. As far as we know, this is the first comprehensive molecular investigation of Echinococcus species and genotypes infecting humans throughout TAR. We identified, for the first time to our knowledge, the possible origin of the G1 in TAR. We also enriched the long mtDNA database of Echinococcus spp. and added two complete E. multilocularis mtDNA sequences from human patients. These findings will improve our knowledge of echinococcosis, help to refine the targeted echinococcosis control measures, and serve as a valuable baseline for monitoring the Echinococcus species and genotypes mutations and trends of the Echinococcus spp. population in TAR. Graphical Abstract

In human-machine interaction systems, speech emotion recognition plays a key role. Recognition of categorical emotions has made a great improvement during the last few decades, but emotion recognition of spontaneous speech is still very challenging. This paper aims to investigate emotion recognition from the spontaneous speech in the three-dimensional model. Each dimension represents one primitive, generic attribute of an emotion. Middle levels of each dimension were introduced in this paper. LSTM network was employed to estimate the dimensions due to its effectiveness in speech emotion recognition. In the experiments, we use the IEMOCAP database and the accuracy is 30–35%. The confusion matrixes show that our method leads to a more concentrated dimension location. Furthermore, dimensions were applied in categorical emotion recognition. This indicates that increasing dimension levels could provide a possibility of dimension estimation, and suggests that it is possible to promote speech emotion recognition with dimensions.

Sedimentary phosphorus is a crucial potential source of phosphorus in the eutrophic lake ecosystem. Different ecological types are supposed to affect the presence and variation of sediment phosphorus. On the basis of field investigations, the total sediment phosphorus load in Zhushan Bay was 1,457.48 mg/kg, nearly four times that of the hydrophyte-dominated area. Thereinto, 41.1% was in the form of iron and aluminum-bound phosphorus, which explicitly indicated the phosphorus contamination there. Analytical methods such as Pearson correlation, contamination assessment and principal component analysis were conducted to find out that ‘contamination’ was not equivalent to ‘release risk’. The contamination classification of East Lake Taihu was ‘clean’ in general. However, 63.3% of the total phosphorus could be mobilized under certain conditions. Therefore, light phosphorus loading does not equate to less release risk. In the long run, the implicit phosphorus release by the activation of organic phosphorus in hydrophytic areas needs close attention. This study provides a reference to understand the influence of hydrophytes and algae on the phosphorus cycle of sediment. HIGHLIGHTS Light phosphorus loading does not equate to less release risk.; Under anaerobic conditions, more than 50% of organic phosphorus could be activated.; In the long run, the phosphorus release potential of the hydrophytic bay needs close attention.; The negative effects of algae on sediment phosphorus mainly start since their decay.;

Nowadays countries in the world are striving to transform their economic and social development modes to achieve the general goal of green development. With the rapid development of communication technology, digitalization has affected production and life, touching all aspects of society. Can digitalization make the world “greener”? To this end, this study conducts an empirical research based on the panel data of 276 cities in China from 2011 to 2020. Firstly, this paper separately measured the comprehensive level of urban digitalization and urban greening through the Entropy-TOPSIS method, then analyzed their spatial distribution characteristics and evolution process respectively, finally used the spatial Durbin model to explore the impact of digitalization on urban greening development. The following conclusions were drawn accordingly: (1). The development pattern of urban digitalization has changed from “multi-point” sporadic distribution to “group-type” aggregation with obvious spatial heterogeneity. The gap between cities is not narrowing. The Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration has become an important high-level digital agglomeration area; (2). The urban greening develops with obvious spatial heterogeneity. The difference between eastern regions and western regions is prominent, and the urban spatial agglomeration characteristic is distinct. However, the spillover effect is weakened with distance, while the convergence characteristic becomes obvious; (3). Digitalization is significantly beneficial to the development of urban greening with obvious spatial heterogeneity. Digitalization in cities within urban agglomeration and in eastern regions has a stronger effect on promoting the urban greening, which is not obvious in cities located in western regions and non-urban agglomeration. Finally, according to the research results, suggestions for urban digitalization and greening development are put forward.

ObjectiveIn the polar regions, the operation mode of launching and recovering detection and sampling devices for scientific research by shipside is limited due to dense ice floes around the ship. To achieve the smooth acquisition of data records and samples in densely packed ice floe regions, a square-shaped moonpool system was designed in the midships of the Xuelong 2 icebreaker.MethodsBenefiting from the accumulated experience of decades of polar surveys, and taking ice zone operation characteristics into full account, the design option of a reasonable switching process between shipside and moonpool operation was put forward. Specifically, innovative techniques such as the watertight bottom cover of the moonpool, special track docking plan and deicing of movable joints in low temperature environments were implemented.ResultField tests in the Antarctic area have demonstrated that the proposed scheme can effectively deal with the problem of launching and recovering scientific survey devices in densely packed ice floe regions.ConclusionsThe proposed moonpool scheme meets the actual needs of Chinese polar expeditions by increasing the sampling capability of Xuelong 2 in densely packed ice floe regions and matching the icebreaking capacity of the ship.

BackgroundDeath due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) increased significantly in China. One possible way to reduce CVD is to identify people at risk and provide targeted intervention. We aim to develop and validate a CVD risk prediction model for Chinese males (CVDMCM) to help clinicians identify those males at risk of CVD and provide targeted intervention.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of 2,331 Chinese males without CVD at baseline to develop and internally validate the CVDMCM. These participants had a baseline physical examination record (2008–2016) and at least one revisit record by September 2019. With the full cohort, we conducted three models: A model with Framingham CVD risk model predictors; a model with predictors selected by univariate cox proportional hazard model adjusted for age; and a model with predictors selected by LASSO algorithm. Among them, the optimal model, CVDMCM, was obtained based on the Akaike information criterion, the Brier's score, and Harrell's C statistic. Then, CVDMCM, the Framingham CVD risk model, and the Wu's simplified model were all validated and compared. All the validation was carried out by bootstrap resampling strategy (TRIPOD statement type 1b) with the full cohort with 1,000 repetitions.ResultsCVDMCM's Harrell's C statistic was 0.769 (95% CI: 0.738–0.799), and D statistic was 4.738 (95% CI: 3.270–6.864). The results of Harrell's C statistic, D statistic and calibration plot demonstrated that CVDMCM outperformed the Framingham CVD model and Wu's simplified model for 4-year CVD risk prediction.ConclusionsWe developed and internally validated CVDMCM, which predicted 4-year CVD risk for Chinese males with a better performance than Framingham CVD model and Wu's simplified model. In addition, we developed a web calculator–calCVDrisk for physicians to conveniently generate CVD risk scores and identify those males with a higher risk of CVD.

Abstract The objectives of the study were to comprehend the prevalence of hypertension (HTN) and prehypertension (PHT), awareness, treatment, and control of HTN and its distribution in urban, agricultural, pastoral, and semi‐agricultural/semi‐pastoral areas, and to explore the related factors of HTN among Mongolian adults in China. From August 2018 to August 2020, a multi‐stage stratified cluster random sampling method was conducted to investigate the prevalence of HTN among Mongolian adults aged ≥18 years living in China (n = 2558). Inclusion criteria for HTN were systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg and/or had hypertensive history and/or taking antihypertensive drugs for HTN. The prevalence rates of HTN and PHT were 44.77% and 32.03%, respectively. The prevalence rates of PHT in urban, agricultural, pastoral, and semi‐agricultural/semi‐pastoral areas were 34.93%, 34.73%, 26.03%, and 33.44%, respectively, and the prevalence rates of HTN were 35.97%, 40.15%, 49.68%, and 48.07%, respectively. The awareness, treatment and control rates of HTN were 66.48%, 58.93%, and 16.48%, respectively. In this survey, the overweight, obesity, and central obesity rates were 34.30%, 30.67%, and 58.08%, respectively. Compared with Chinese adults ≥18 years, the prevalence rate of HTN among Mongolian adults in China aged ≥ 18 years was relatively high; the prevalence rate of PHT and HTN awareness, treatment, and control rates were similar. The prevalence of HTN and the rates of obesity and central obesity were higher in pastoral regions than in the other three types of regions, and the rate of overweight was highest in agricultural regions.

BackgroundFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies examining differences in the activity of brain networks between the first depressive episode (FDE) and recurrent depressive episode (RDE) are limited. The current study observed and compared the altered functional connectivity (FC) characteristics in the default mode network (DMN), cognitive control network (CCN), and affective network (AN) between the RDE and FDE. In addition, we further investigated the correlation between abnormal FC and clinical symptoms.MethodsWe recruited 32 patients with the RDE, 31 patients with the FDE, and 30 healthy controls (HCs). All subjects underwent resting-state fMRI. The seed-based FC method was used to analyze the abnormal brain networks in the DMN, CCN, and AN among the three groups and further explore the correlation between abnormal FC and clinical symptoms.ResultsOne-way analysis of variance showed significant differences the FC in the DMN, CCN, and AN among the three groups in the frontal, parietal, temporal, and precuneus lobes and cerebellum. Compared with the RDE group, the FDE group generally showed reduced FC in the DMN, CCN, and AN. Compared with the HC group, the FDE group showed reduced FC in the DMN, CCN, and AN, while the RDE group showed reduced FC only in the DMN and AN. Moreover, the FC in the left posterior cingulate cortices and the right inferior temporal gyrus in the RDE group were positively correlated with the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17), and the FC in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortices and the right precuneus in the FDE group were negatively correlated with the HAMD-17.ConclusionsThe RDE and FDE groups showed multiple abnormal brain networks. However, the alterations of abnormal FC were more extensive and intensive in the FDE group.

DBC1 has been characterized as a key regulator of physiological and pathophysiological activities, such as DNA damage, senescence, and tumorigenesis. However, the mechanism by which the functional stability of DBC1 is regulated has yet to be elucidated. Here, we report that the ubiquitination-mediated degradation of DBC1 is regulated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase SIAH2 and deubiquitinase OTUD5 under hypoxic stress. Mechanistically, hypoxia promoted DBC1 to interact with SIAH2 but not OTUD5, resulting in the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of DBC1 through the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. SIAH2 knockout inhibited tumor cell proliferation and migration, which could be rescued by double knockout of SIAH2/CCAR2. Human tissue microarray analysis further revealed that the SIAH2/DBC1 axis was responsible for tumor progression under hypoxic stress. These findings define a key role of the hypoxia-mediated SIAH2-DBC1 pathway in the progression of human breast cancer and provide novel insights into the metastatic mechanism of breast cancer.

The identification of priority restoration areas (PRAs) for ecosystems is a critical step in establishing restoration programs. Because the majority of existing studies focused on improving the ecosystem supply, the PRAs selected are likely to be remote from human demand, and the restoration benefits will not flow to humans. To fill this gap, we constructed an improved framework integrating the ecological restoration projects’ cost and benefits as indicators for choosing PRAs. Then, we identified PRAs for each ecosystem service (ES) with Marxan, and ranked the restoration priority grades according to the superimposed value of PRAs for each ES. Finally, we adjusted the restoration priority grades based on human demand and the concentration of those areas, and chose PRAs with a high ES supply and demand. This framework was applied to the Dongting Lake Eco-Economic Zone, one of China’s most significant ecological restoration project sites. The results indicated that the areas with “high”-, “sub-high”-, and “low”-grade PRAs, based only on the increase in the ES supply, were equal to 82, 410, and 1696 km2, respectively. After considering human demand, the PRAs moved continuously towards places with a high human demand; high-priority areas grew to reach 144 km2, while low-priority areas decreased to 1498 km2. The upgrade of the proposed framework for the identification of PRAs can contribute to increasing human well-being, while also serving as a support tool for environmental restoration management.

Estimating covering functionals of convex bodies is an important part of Chuanming Zong’s program to attack Hadwiger’s covering conjecture, which is a long-standing open problem from convex and discrete geometry. In this paper, we transform this problem into a vertex p-center problem (VPCP). An exact iterative algorithm is introduced to solve the VPCP by making adjustments to the relaxation-based algorithm mentioned by Chen and Chen in 2009. The accuracy of this algorithm is tested by comparing numerical and exact values of covering functionals of convex bodies including the Euclidean disc, simplices, and the regular octahedron. A better lower bound of the covering functional with respect to 7 of 3-simplices is presented.

Anomalous subgraph detection within networks is an important issue in many emerging applications. Existing algorithms, such as graph structure methods and spectral feature methods, usually focus on the special stochastic model (such as the Erdős-Rényi random graph) or may not efficiently extract the anomalous behaviors of the networks, which result in detection performance degradation. To mitigate the limitations, in this paper, we first present an anomalous subgraph detection framework associated with deep neural networks (DNN) for detecting anomalous behaviors within the networks. Furthermore, based on the developed framework, we propose a residual matrix-based convolutional neural network (RM-CNN) algorithm with respect to the given expected degree models, which are more general networks than the Erdős-Rényi random graphs. In particular, the trained RM-CNN can efficiently capture the anomalous changes of the network and then achieve the detection performance improvement. Simulation experiments display that the proposed RM-CNN algorithm is superior to the compared algorithms in both detection performance and detection speed.

Evidence of active tuberculosis (ATB) in patients with rheumatic diseases are research priorities but limited data from China have been reported. Research targeting patients not taking anti-TNF biologics are especially insufficient. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of ATB in this at-risk population. We conducted a tertiary hospital-based, multi-center, cross-sectional study by using stratified multi-stage cluster sampling strategy to screen ATB in patients with rheumatic diseases. We estimated the prevalence of ATB in patients with rheumatic diseases and identified risk factors among those who were not taking anti-TNF biologic. A total of 13,550 eligible patients were enrolled, and the result showed the standardized prevalence of ATB according to the composition ratio of various types of rheumatic disease was 882/100000 (95% confidence interval (CI): 706-1057). Multivariable logistic regression analysis in patients not taking anti-TNF biologics showed that the independent risk factors of ATB were having systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (OR=2.722, 95% CI: 1.437-5.159, p=0.002), having Behcet’s disease (BD) (OR= 5.261, 95% CI: 2.071-13.365, p

Abstract Background COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) has caused a major epidemic worldwide; however, much is yet to be known about the epidemiology and evolution of the virus partly due to the scarcity of full-length SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) genomes reported. One reason is that the challenges underneath sequencing SARS-CoV-2 directly from clinical samples have not been completely tackled, i.e., sequencing samples with low viral load often results in insufficient viral reads for analyses. Methods We applied a novel multiplex PCR amplicon (amplicon)-based and hybrid capture (capture)-based sequencing, as well as ultra-high-throughput metatranscriptomic (meta) sequencing in retrieving complete genomes, inter-individual and intra-individual variations of SARS-CoV-2 from serials dilutions of a cultured isolate, and eight clinical samples covering a range of sample types and viral loads. We also examined and compared the sensitivity, accuracy, and other characteristics of these approaches in a comprehensive manner. Results We demonstrated that both amplicon and capture methods efficiently enriched SARS-CoV-2 content from clinical samples, while the enrichment efficiency of amplicon outran that of capture in more challenging samples. We found that capture was not as accurate as meta and amplicon in identifying between-sample variations, whereas amplicon method was not as accurate as the other two in investigating within-sample variations, suggesting amplicon sequencing was not suitable for studying virus-host interactions and viral transmission that heavily rely on intra-host dynamics. We illustrated that meta uncovered rich genetic information in the clinical samples besides SARS-CoV-2, providing references for clinical diagnostics and therapeutics. Taken all factors above and cost-effectiveness into consideration, we proposed guidance for how to choose sequencing strategy for SARS-CoV-2 under different situations. Conclusions This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first work systematically investigating inter- and intra-individual variations of SARS-CoV-2 using amplicon- and capture-based whole-genome sequencing, as well as the first comparative study among multiple approaches. Our work offers practical solutions for genome sequencing and analyses of SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging viruses.

Change-point detection within random networks is essential for many applications. Generally, the typical methods focus on the Erdös-Rényi random networks, or assume that the anomalous subnetworks only have high link probability with the fixed membership. In this paper, we consider the stochastic block model of random graphs, and study the change-point detection regarding to the scenario that after a change-point, the connectivity of subnetworks becomes denser or sparser while the membership of nodes also changes. Based on local graph features, we explore a local statistic with dynamic vertex selection for detecting the emergence of an abrupt change-point. In addition, we derive an analytic expression with respect to average run length to set detection threshold in a theoretical fashion, and achieve the probability bounds related to the dynamic vertex selection to characterize the performance of the presented algorithm. As a result, the proposed scheme can provide performance improvement as well as reduce the computational complexity. The proposed algorithm can address a more general problem than the typical methods. Numerical experiments are provided to show the effectiveness of our method.

Vaginal microbiota (VMB) is associated with changes in Human papilloma virus (HPV) status, which consequently influences the risk of cervical cancer. This association was often confounded by personal risk factors. This pilot research aimed to explore the relationship between vaginal microbiota, personal risk factors and their interactions with HPV status conversion to identify the vaginal microbiota that was associated with HPV clearance under heterogeneous personal risk factors. A total of 38 women participated by self-collecting a cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) sample that was sent for metagenomics sequencing. Most of the participants also filled in personal risk factors questionnaire through an eHealth platform and authorized the use of their previous HPV genotyping results stored in this eHealth platform. Based on the two HPV results, the participants were grouped into three cohorts, namely HPV negative, HPV persistent infection, and HPV status conversion. The relative abundance of VMB and personal factors were compared among these three cohorts. A correlation investigation was performed between VMB and the significant personal factors to characterize a robustness of the panel for HPV status change using R programming. At baseline, 12 participants were HPV-negative, and 22 were HPV-positive. Within one year, 18 women remained HPV-positive, 12 were HPV-negative and 4 participants showed HPV clearance. The factors in the eHealth questionnaire were systematically evaluated which identified several factors significantly associated with persistent HPV infection, including age, salary, history of reproductive tract infection, and the total number of sexual partners. Concurrent vaginal microbiome samples suggest that a candidate biomarker panel consisting of Lactobacillus gasseri, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Timona prevotella bacteria, which may be associated with HPV clearance. This pilot study indicates a stable HPV status-related vaginal microbe environment. To establish a robust biomarker panel for clinical use, larger cohorts will be recruited into follow-up studies.

In this paper, we propose a tree trunk and obstacle detection method in a semistructured apple orchard environment based on improved YOLOv5s, with an aim to improve the real-time detection performance. The improvement includes using the K-means clustering algorithm to calculate anchor frame and adding the Squeeze-and-Excitation module and 10% pruning operation to ensure both detection accuracy and speed. Images of apple orchards in different seasons and under different light conditions are collected to better simulate the actual operating environment. The Gradient-weighted Class Activation Map technology is used to visualize the performance of YOLOv5s network with and without improvement to increase interpretability of improved network on detection accuracy. The detected tree trunk can then be used to calculate the traveling route of an orchard carrier platform, where the centroid coordinates of the identified trunk anchor are fitted by the least square method to obtain the endpoint of the next time traveling rout. The mean average precision values of the proposed model in spring, summer, autumn, and winter were 95.61%, 98.37%, 96.53%, and 89.61%, respectively. The model size of the improved model is reduced by 13.6 MB, and the accuracy and average accuracy on the test set are increased by 5.60% and 1.30%, respectively. The average detection time is 33 ms, which meets the requirements of real-time detection of an orchard carrier platform.

Cerebral stroke is a fatal disease with increasing incidence. The study was to investigate the role and mechanism of Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) on experimental stroke-induced brain injury. The recombinant shRNA-HDAC6 or scramble shRNA lentivirus was transfected to ICR mice. Then, the ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/RI) mice were constructed using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method. Brain TTC staining was used to determine infarct areas. Serum levels of oxidative stress-related factors were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbnent assay (ELISA). Realtime-qPCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot were used to respectively detect mRNA and protein levels. HDAC6 was up-regulated in brain I/RI mice (MCAO group), and down-regulated again in MCAO mice transfected with shRNA-HDAC6 (MCAO + shRNA group). The infarct area of the MCAO mice was increased, neurological scores were higher, and serum protein levels of 3-NT, 4-HNE and 8-OHdG were higher. HDAC6 interference attenuated above effects. Though protein levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 in cytoplasm increased slightly in MCAO group, they increased significantly by HDAC6 interference. The protein levels of Nrf2 in cytoblast decreased significantly in MCAO group, and increased markedly by HDAC6 interference. HDAC6 interference protected mice against experimental stroke-induced brain injury via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

The maturity level of tomato is a key factor of tomato picking, which directly determines the transportation distance, storage time, and market freshness of postharvest tomato. In view of the lack of studies on tomato maturity classification under nature greenhouse environment, this paper proposes a SE-YOLOv3-MobileNetV1 network to classify four kinds of tomato maturity. The proposed maturity classification model is improved in terms of speed and accuracy: (1) Speed: Depthwise separable convolution is used. (2) Accuracy: Mosaic data augmentation, K-means clustering algorithm, and the Squeeze-and-Excitation attention mechanism module are used. To verify the detection performance, the proposed model is compared with the current mainstream models, such as YOLOv3, YOLOv3-MobileNetV1, and YOLOv5 in terms of accuracy and speed. The SE-YOLOv3-MobileNetV1 model is able to distinguish tomatoes in four kinds of maturity, the mean average precision value of tomato reaches 97.5%. The detection speed of the proposed model is 278.6 and 236.8 ms faster than the YOLOv3 and YOLOv5 model. In addition, the proposed model is considerably lighter than YOLOv3 and YOLOv5, which meets the need of embedded development, and provides a reference for tomato maturity classification of tomato harvesting robot.

BACKGROUND:Echinococcosis is a life-threatening parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus spp. tapeworms with over one million people affected globally at any time. The Echinococcus spp. tapeworms in the human body release DNA to the circulatory system, which can be a biomarker for echinococcosis. Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is widely used in medical research and has been applied in various clinical settings. As for echinococcosis, several PCR-based tests had been trialed to detect cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA in plasma or serum, but the sensitivity was about 20% to 25%. Low sensitivity of PCR-based methods might be related to our limited understanding of the features of cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA in plasma, including its concentration, fragment pattern and release source. In this study, we applied ultra-high-throughput sequencing to comprehensively investigate the characteristics of cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA in plasma of echinococcosis patients. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:We collected plasma samples from 23 echinococcosis patients. Total plasma cfDNA was extracted and sequenced with a high-throughput sequencing platform. An average of 282 million read pairs were obtained for each plasma sample. Sequencing data were analyzed with bioinformatics workflow combined with Echinococcus spp. sequence database. After identification of cell-free Echinococcus spp. reads, we found that the cell-free Echinococcus spp. reads accounted for 1.8e-5 to 4.0e-9 of the total clean reads. Comparing fragment length distribution of cfDNA between Echinococcus spp. and humans showed that cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA of cystic echinococcosis (CE) had a broad length range, while that of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) had an obvious peak at about 135 bp. We found that most of the cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA reads were from the nuclear genome with an even distribution, which might indicate a random release pattern of cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:With ultra-high-throughput sequencing technology, we analyzed the concentration, fragment length, release source, and other characteristics of cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA in the plasma of echinococcosis patients. A better understanding of the characteristics of cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA in plasma may facilitate their future application as a biomarker for diagnosis.

Background/Aims: Gastric neuroendocrine tumors (G-NETs) are uncommon neoplasms that can present with or without clinical symptoms. In this study, we evaluated the incidence, prognosis, and temporal trends of G-NETs. Methods: We analyzed all cases of G-NETs registered in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from 1973 to 2014. Incidence was estimated by age and joinpoint analyses. Survival rates were calculated and survival trends over time were evaluated. Results: A total of 3740 eligible patients were enrolled in the study. G-NETs incidence increased from 0.31 per 1 000 000 patients in 1975 to 4.85 in 2014, with an annual percentage changes (APCs) of 8.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.7% to 10.21%, P < 0.001, t test (29) from 1975 to 2001 and 3.6% from 2002 to 2014 (95% CI= 2.3% to 4.9%, P < 0.001). For cases diagnosed between 1973 and 1982, five-year survival was 62.8% ± 7.0% (Standard error, SE) and increased to 86.7% ± 0.7% for cases diagnosed between 2003 and 2012 (P < 0.001). Years of diagnosis, gender, age at diagnosis, marital status, grade, tumor size, tumor stage, and surgery performed or not were the strongest predictors of worse survival in both univariate and multivariate analysis (P

This paper mainly focuses on some notions of the lightlike rectifying curves and the centrodes in Minkowski 3-space. Some geometrical characteristics of the three types of lightlike curves are obtained. In addition, we obtain the conditions of the centrodes of the lightlike curves are the lightlike rectifying curves. Meanwhile, a detailed analysis between the N-type lightlike slant helices and the centrodes of lightlike curves is provided in this paper. We give the projections of the lightlike rectifying curves to the timelike planes.

According to the Frenet equations of the null curves in semi-Euclidean 4-space, the existence conditions and the geometrical characterizations of the Bertrand curves of the null curves are given in this paper. The examples and the graphs of the Bertrand pairs with two different conditions are also given in order to supplement the conclusion of this paper more intuitively.

Since the mature green tomatoes have color similar to branches and leaves, some are shaded by branches and leaves, and overlapped by other tomatoes, the accurate detection and location of these tomatoes is rather difficult. This paper proposes to use the Mask R-CNN algorithm for the detection and segmentation of mature green tomatoes. A mobile robot is designed to collect images round-the-clock and with different conditions in the whole greenhouse, thus, to make sure the captured dataset are not only objects with the interest of users. After the training process, RestNet50-FPN is selected as the backbone network. Then, the feature map is trained through the region proposal network to generate the region of interest (ROI), and the ROIAlign bilinear interpolation is used to calculate the target region, such that the corresponding region in the feature map is pooled to a fixed size based on the position coordinates of the preselection box. Finally, the detection and segmentation of mature green tomatoes is realized by the parallel actions of ROI target categories, bounding box regression and mask. When the Intersection over Union is equal to 0.5, the performance of the trained model is the best. The experimental results show that the F1-Score of bounding box and mask region all achieve 92.0%. The image acquisition processes are fully unobservable, without any user preselection, which are a highly heterogenic mix, the selected Mask R-CNN algorithm could also accurately detect mature green tomatoes. The performance of this proposed model in a real greenhouse harvesting environment is also evaluated, thus facilitating the direct application in a tomato harvesting robot.

Mapping biodiversity is essential for assessing conservation and ecosystem services in global terrestrial ecosystems. Compared with remotely sensed mapping of forest biodiversity, that of grassland plant diversity has been less studied, because of the small size of individual grass species and the inherent difficulty in identifying these species. The technological advances in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based or proximal imaging spectroscopy with high spatial resolution provide new approaches for mapping and assessing grassland plant diversity based on spectral diversity and functional trait diversity. However, relatively few studies have explored the relationships among spectral diversity, remote-sensing-estimated functional trait diversity, and species diversity in grassland ecosystems. In this study, we examined the links among spectral diversity, functional trait diversity, and species diversity in a semi-arid grassland monoculture experimental site. The results showed that (1) different grassland plant species harbored different functional traits or trait combinations (functional trait diversity), leading to different spectral patterns (spectral diversity). (2) The spectral diversity of grassland plant species increased gradually from the visible (VIR, 400–700 nm) to the near-infrared (NIR, 700–1100 nm) region, and to the short-wave infrared (SWIR, 1100–2400 nm) region. (3) As the species richness increased, the functional traits and spectral diversity increased in a nonlinear manner, finally tending to saturate. (4) Grassland plant species diversity could be accurately predicted using hyperspectral data (R2 = 0.73, p < 0.001) and remotely sensed functional traits (R2 = 0.66, p < 0.001) using cluster algorithms. This will enhance our understanding of the effect of biodiversity on ecosystem functions and support regional grassland biodiversity conservation.

Abstract Background The association of malnutrition in early life with breast cancer risk has been studied in Europe by investigating survivors of the Dutch Hunger Winter Famine, but not in China. We evaluated the effect of exposure to the 1959–1961 Great Leap Forward famine on subsequent breast cancer risk in Chinese women. Methods A total of 59,060 women born in 1955~1966 were recruited from Minhang district, Shanghai, China, during the period 2008 to 2012. A baseline survey was conducted to collect demographic characteristics and known risk factors for breast cancer. Incident breast cancers were identified by conducting record linkage with the Shanghai Cancer Registry up to June 30, 2015, and confirmed through medical records. Cumulative probabilities of cancer incidence were evaluated after adjusting for age, educational level and other confounders. Cox regression models were applied to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of breast cancer. Results The overall crude incidence of in situ and invasive breast cancer were 19.2 and 115.0 per 100,000, respectively, in women conceived or born during the famine (1959–1962), slightly higher than those in women born before (1955–1958) (13.2 and 109.8/100,000) and after (1963–1966) (10.4 and 101.5/100,000). Particularly, at age group of 50–52 years when all participants contributed person-year of observations, the age-specific incidence of invasive breast cancer was higher in pre-natal exposed women (123.7/100,000, 95%CI: 94.5–161.9/100,000) than in post-natal exposed (109.6/100,000, 95%CI: 69.1–174.0/100,000) and unexposed women (82.7/100,000, 95%CI: 46.9–145.7/100,000). However, the incidence of cancer in situ was slightly lower in pre-natal exposed women at the age group. Adjusted cumulative probabilities of breast cancer incidence, both in-situ and invasive, were also observed to be higher in women exposed to the famine, however, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion Our results suggest a possible adverse, but limited, impact of exposure to the Great famine on the risk of breast cancer in Chinese women.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the efficacy of early lung cancer screening with low-dose spiral computed tomography(LDCT) in both smokers and nonsmokers based on the current situation of community health service, with integration of superior resources of medical institutions at all levels in Shanghai. METHODS: From August 2013 to August 2014, we screened 11,332 (male 7144; female 4188) high-risk individuals in selected communities of Minhang, Shanghai City, for early diagnosis of lung cancer with LDCT combined with multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment pattern including minimally invasive surgery, exploring the medical service network covering prevention, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and follow-up. RESULTS: Screening resulted in a diagnosis of cancer in 29 participants. Of these participants, 27 had primary lung cancer, 1 had lung metastatic cancer, and 1 had breast cancer. The detection rate of primary lung cancer was 238.26 cases per 100,000 person-years among all the participants. Specifically, the incidence of primary lung cancer was 336.97 cases per 100,000 person-years among the nonsmoking participants, as compared with 159.06 cases per 100,000 person-years among the smoking participants (P = .054). Among the 27 primary lung cancers, 22 (81.48%) had stage 0 to I lung cancer. CONCLUSION: Based on community health service, screening with LDCT could improve the early diagnosis rate of lung cancer in both smokers and nonsmokers with feasibility and validity, which could be applicable in qualified eligible medical centers and communities in China. It is not reasonable to exclude nonsmokers from screening with LDCT.

Abstract An analytic thermodynamic model has been established to quantitatively investigate the wetting states of droplets on nanopatterned surfaces. Based on the calculations for the free energies of droplets with the Wenzel state and the Cassie-Baxter state, it is found that the size and shape of nanostructured surfaces play crucial roles in wetting states. In detail, for nanohole-patterned surfaces, the deep and thin nanoholes lead to the Cassie-Baxter state, and contrarily, the shallow and thick nanoholes result in the Wenzel state. However, the droplets have the Wenzel state on the patterned surfaces with small height and radii nanopillars and have the Cassie-Baxter state when the height and radii of nanopillars are large. Furthermore, the intuitive phase diagrams of the wetting states of the droplet in the space of surface geometrical parameters are obtained. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental observations and reveal physical mechanisms involved in the effects of nanopatterned surfaces on wetting states, which implies that these studies may provide useful guidance to the conscious design of patterned surfaces to control the wetting states of droplets.

The purpose of this investigation is to research the causal link between economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and the housing returns (HR) in Germany. In the estimated vector autoregressive models, we test its stability and find the short-run relationship between HR and EPU is unstable. As a result, a time-varying approach (bootstrap rolling window causality test) is utilized to revisit the dynamic causal link, and we find EPU has no impact on HR due to the stability of the real estate market in Germany. HR does not have significant effects on EPU in most time periods. However, significant feedback in several sub-periods (both positive and negative) are found from HR to EPU, which indicates the causal link from HR to EPU varies over time. The empirical results do not support the general equilibrium model of government policy choices that indicate EPU does not play a role in the real estate market. The basic conclusion is that the real estate market shows its stability due to the social welfare nature and the rational institutional arrangement of the real estate in Germany, and the real estate market also shows its importance that it has significant effect on the economic policy choice in some periods when negative external shocks occur.

The offshore wind energy (OWE) pile foundation is mainly a large diameter open-ended single pile in shallow water, which has to bear long-term horizontal cyclic loads such as wind and waves during OWE project lifetime. Under the complex cyclic loads, the stress and displacement fields of the pile-soil system change continuously, which affects the dynamic characteristics of the pile foundation. Within the service life of the pile foundation, the pile-soil system has irreversible cumulative deformation, which further causes damage to the whole structure. Therefore, it is important to examine the overall dynamic characteristics of wind power foundation under high cycle. In this paper, in the dry sand foundation, taking the Burbo Bank 3.6 MW offshore turbine-foundation structure as the prototype, the horizontal cyclic loading model tests of the wind power pile foundation with the scale of 1:50 were carried out. Considering the factors such as loading frequency and cyclic load ratio, the horizontal dynamic characteristics of the whole OWE pile foundation are studied. The comparison results between the maximum bending moment of pile and the fitting formula are discussed. In conclusion, moment of OWE pile shaft is corresponding to the loading frequency (f = 9 HZ) and loading cycles by fitting formulas. The fatigue damage of the OWE pile does not occurs with low frequencies in high cycles.

The decomposition processes of accumulated cyanobacteria can release large amounts of organic carbon and affect the carbon cycling in shallow eutrophic lakes. However, the migration and transformation mechanisms of dissolved carbon (DC) require further study and discussion. In this study, a 73-day laboratory microcosm experiment using suction samplers (Rhizon and syringe) was conducted to understand the migration and transformation of DC during the cyanobacteria decomposition. The decomposition of cyanobacteria biomass caused anoxic and reduction conditions, and changed the acid-base environment in the water column. During the early incubation (days 0–18), a large amount of cyanobacteria-derived particulate organic matter (POM) was decomposed into dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the overlying water, reaching the highest peak value of 1.82 g L−1 in the treatment added the high cyanobacteria biomass (470 g). After 18 days of incubation, the mineralization of increased DOC to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) maintained a high DIC level of overlying water in treatments added cyanobacteria biomass. The treatment added the medium cyanobacteria biomass (235 g) presented the lower DOC/total dissolved carbon ratio than the high cyanobacteria biomass associated with the lower mineralization from DOC to DIC. Due to the concentration differences of DIC at water-sediment interface, the main migration of DIC from pore water to overlying water occurred in the treatment without added cyanobacteria biomass. However, the treatments added the cyanobacteria biomass presented the obvious diffusion of DOC and the low migration of DIC at the water-sediment interface. The diffusive fluxes of DOC at the water-sediment interface increased with the cyanobacteria biomass added, reaching the maximum value of 411.01 mg/(m2·d) in the treatment added the high cyanobacteria biomass. In the overlying water, the group added the sediment and medium cyanobacteria biomass presented a faster degradation of cyanobacteria-derived POM to DOC and a higher mineralization level of DOC to DIC than added the medium cyanobacteria biomass without sediment. Therefore, during accumulated cyanobacteria decomposition, the biomass of accumulated cyanobacteria and sediment property can influence the migration and transformation of DC, playing an important role in carbon cycling in shallow eutrophic lakes.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172561.].

BACKGROUND:Chlamydia causes infertility and increases risk of HIV infection, and population-based studies provide essential information for effective infection control and prevention. This study examined Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence and risk factors among a representative sample of 18-49-year-old residents in Hong Kong. METHODS:Census boundary map of 412 constituency areas was used as primary sampling units to construct the sampling frame and, residential buildings and units were randomly selected using geospatial modelling. A questionnaire on sexual practice and health was conducted, and polymerase chain reaction was used to test the urine for genital chlamydial infection. Invitation letters were sent to the selected households and a team of interviewers were sent to recruit one subject per household. Prevalence data was weighted according to the 2011 census and risk factors identified through logistic regression. RESULTS:Among 881 participants (response rate of 24.5%), the overall Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence was low at 1.4% (95%CI 0.8-2.5%) but sexually active young (18-26 years) women had relatively high prevalence (5.8%, 95%CI 1.7-18.2%) in Hong Kong. A unique U-shape disease burden was observed with peaks in younger and older (40-49 years) women. Amongst the sexually active women, the risk factors of Chlamydia trachomatis infection were: younger age (aOR = 25.4, 95% CI 2.81-230); living alone (aOR = 8.99, 95% CI 1.46-55.40); and, among all the sexually active participants, males (including the male partners of the female participants) who had travelled out of Hong Kong in the previous 12 months had higher risks of infection (aOR = 5.35; 95% CI 1.25-22.8). A core-peripheral geographical distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence was also observed. CONCLUSION:Young and older sexually active women in Hong Kong have high prevalence of chlamydia. Routine screening for sexually active women and young men should be considered. Further research on testing feasibility and linkage-to-care are urgently needed to control the infection.

Objective. To examine the association of three most common obesity measures including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) with chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Design. Cross-sectional evaluation of the effect of anthropometric measures on CKD risk. Setting. Outpatient Department. Subjects. T2D patients who were treated between October 2012 and May 2013. Intervention. None. Main Outcome Measure. CKD risk. Results. On average, the patients had a mean age of 60.2 years, and 40% were males. CKD was present in 46% of all the patients. In multivariate logistic regression using the imputed data, higher WC was associated with greater odds of CKD (OR = 1.019, 95% CI = 1.002–1.006, P=0.030), but not BMI and WHR. Interestingly, we found that patients with very small WC seemed to have greater odds of CKD. We observed age-specific effect of WC such that the effect of WC on CKD risk is significant only in middle-aged T2D patients. Conclusion. Our study provides evidence for the association of WC with CKD in Chinese patients with T2D. T2D patients, especially middle-aged T2D patients, should reduce their WC to decrease CKD risk.

BACKGROUND:Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are a global challenge. China, once said to have eradicated STIs, is now facing a rapid rise in the prevalence of HIV/STIs. This review of reviews aims to map HIV/STI risk factors among the Chinese population, with the objective of identifying risk factors to inform the formulation of effective prevention strategies. METHODS:A systematic search using key terms related to HIV/STIs, risk factors and the Chinese population in both English and Chinese databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library; Wanfang data, CNKI, VIP and SINOMED) was conducted, and peer-reviewed systematic reviews on the topic from 1991 to 2014 were selected. Identified risk factors were grouped into different level determinants based on the HIV Social Epidemiology Model, and then evaluated and reported based on the PRISMA checklist. FINDINGS:Of the twenty-eight reviews included, the majority were focused on well-established, individual level risk factors within key populations, with some highlighting the complexity of interacting factors (e.g., alcohol use and higher income in male migrants). While twenty-two reviews covered individual factors, only ten mentioned social factors and five had contents on structural factors. There are gaps in the evidence on social and structural level impacts of HIV/STIs, such as on stigma, discrimination, health policy, access to care, and illicit drug control policies. Migration and social expectation appear to pose a significant threat in aggravating the HIV/STI situation in China; for example, incarceration patterns indicated a significant risk of HIV/STIs for female sex workers. CONCLUSIONS:Since international guidelines recommend an integrated and multi-level approach to HIV/STI prevention, a comprehensive approach targeting interventions at all levels along the continuum of care is needed to effectively curtail HIV/STI transmission in China. More research is needed to better understand the impact of socio-political interventions within a Chinese context.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk of HIV infection. For developing proper interventions, it is important to know the size of MSM population. However, size estimation of MSM populations is still a significant public health challenge due to high cost, hard to reach and stigma associated with the population.We aimed to estimate the social network size (c value) in general population and the size of MSM population in Shanghai, China by using the net work scale-up method.A multistage random sampling was used to recruit participants aged from 18 to 60 years who had lived in Shanghai for at least 6 months. The "known population method" with adjustment of backward estimation and regression model was applied to estimate the c value. And the MSM population size was further estimated using an adjusted c value taking into account for the transmission effect through social respect level towards MSM.A total of 4017 participants were contacted for an interview, and 3907 participants met the inclusion criterion. The social network size (c value) of participants was 236 after adjustment. The estimated size of MSM was 36354 (95% CI: 28489-44219) for the male Shanghaies aged 18 to 60 years, and the proportion of MSM among the total male population aged 18 to 60 years in Shanghai was 0.28%.We employed the network scale-up method and used a wide range of data sources to estimate the size of MSM population in Shanghai, which is useful for HIV prevention and intervention among the target population.

Layered Eu-doped SnO2 ordered nanoarrays constructed by nanorods with 10 nm diameters and several hundred nanometers length were synthesized by a substrate-free hydrothermal route using alcohol and water mixed solvent of sodium stannate and sodium hydroxide at 200 °C. The Eu dopant acted as a crystal growth inhibitor to prevent the SnO2 nanorods growth up, resulting in tenuous SnO2 nanorods ordered arrays. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the tetragonal rutile-type structure with a systematic average size reduction and unit cell volume tumescence, while enhancing the residual strain as the Eu-doped content increases. The surface defects that were caused by the incorporation of Eu ions within the surface oxide matrix were observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). The results of the response properties of sensors based on the different levels of Eu-doped SnO2 layered nanoarrays demonstrated that the 0.5 at % Eu-doped SnO2 layered nanorods arrays exhibited an excellent sensing response to methanal at 278 °C. The reasons of the enhanced sensing performance were discussed from the complicated defect surface structure, the large specific surface area, and the excellent catalytic properties of Eu dopant.

Voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) plays an important integral role in response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. However, VCT service has not been effectively utilized among rural migrants, a high risk group in China. In this study, we developed a community based intervention to examine if community mobilization with comprehensive VCT is more effective than current HIV preventions with routine VCT service in promoting VCT acceptability among rural migrants in Shanghai, China.A comprehensive intervention with community mobilization and comprehensive VCT services including community-based VCT and mobile VCT was implemented during 2007-2009. Three communities in Minhang District of Shanghai were randomly selected and were designed to receive community mobilization and comprehensive VCT, traditional VCT and none intervention, respectively. After 24 months intervention, effects were evaluated by comparing outcome indicators between the baseline (2,690 participants) and follow-up surveys (1,850 participants).A substantial increase in VCT acceptance was observed among community mobilization group (94.9% vs. 88.5%, P

In the title compound, C6H9N2+·C6H2N3O7−, the three nitro groups of the anion are twisted from the central benzene ring at dihedral angles of 5.4 (1), 27.1 (1) and 32.9 (1)°. In the crystal, intermolecular N—H...O, N—H...(O,O) and N—H...N hydrogen bonds link the cations and anions into layers parallel to the bc plane.