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Flexible electrodes are widely used in the manufacture of flexible sensors and wearable devices. However, with the development of science and technology and the large-scale utilization of metal resources, the question whether alternative materials can be found to ease the use of metal materials has been raised. Among them, paper-based electrodes have attracted special attention in the industry because of their degradability, low cost and high flexibility. Therefore, a low delay flexible paper-based electrode filled for capacitive sensors is proposed through carbon materials. Different from discussing the influence of single fiber, the paper-based electrode is manufactured by wet process. The effects of different fiber substrates on the physical properties and electrical signal properties of paper-based electrodes were discussed. The results show that the paper-based electrode has high conductivity, which is 18.52 S/cm. And there is a low delay in the process of electrical signal transmission. The phase frequency angle hardly changes at the signal frequency of 1 kHz, and the change of phase frequency angle is only 4.9 ° at the signal frequency of 300 kHz. The thickness of the guided electric paper is about 90 μm. Lower than common paper products. This study shows that the paper-based electrode has the advantages of high conductivity, low hysteresis, light and thin, which provides the possibility to be used as a flexible electrode.

Numerous studies have focused on designing micro/nanostructured surfaces to improve wicking capability for rapid liquid transport in many industrial applications. Although hierarchical surfaces have been demonstrated to enhance wicking capability, the underlying mechanism of liquid transport remains elusive. Here, we report the preferential capillary pumping on hollow hierarchical surfaces with internal nanostructures, which are different from the conventional solid hierarchical surfaces with external nanostructures. Specifically, capillary pumping preferentially occurs in the nanowire bundles instead of the interconnected V-groove on hollow hierarchical surfaces, observed by confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. Theoretical analysis shows that capillary pumping capability is mainly dependent on the nanowire diameter and results in 15.5 times higher capillary climbing velocity in the nanowire bundles than that in the microscale V-groove. Driven by the Laplace pressure difference between nanowire bundles and V-grooves, the preferential capillary pumping is increased with the reduction of the nanowire diameter. Capillary pumping of the nanowire bundles provides a preferential path for rapid liquid flow, leading to 2 times higher wicking capability of the hollow hierarchical surface comparing with the conventional hierarchical surface. The unique mechanism of preferential capillary pumping revealed in this work paves the way for wicking enhancement and provides an insight into the design of wicking surfaces for high-performance capillary evaporation in a broad range of applications.

Flexible power sources are crucial to developing flexible electronic systems; nonetheless, the current poor stretchability and stability of flexible power sources hinder their application in such devices. Accordingly, the stretchability and fatigue stability of flexible power sources are crucial for the practical application of flexible electronic systems. In this work, a flexible electrode with an arc-shaped star concave negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) structure is fabricated through the screen printing process. Using the combination of finite element analysis (FEA) and tensile tests, it is proven that the arc-shaped star concave NPR electrode can effectively reduce the maximum tensile stress and increase the maximum elongation (maximum elongation 140%). Furthermore, the flexible electrodes prepared in this study are assembled into all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitors (SSCs), and their electrochemical properties are tested. The SSC prepared in this study has a high areal capacitance of 243.1 mF cm

Qian Ye, Junying Guo, Yansong Chen, Zhaolei Cui, Yan Chen Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350014, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Zhaolei Cui; Yan ChenDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, No. 420 Fuma Road, Jin’an District, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350014, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail cuileidizi@163.com; chenyan220422@fjmu.edu.cnObjective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) VCA-IgA antibody, EBV DNA and HSP90α alone or in combinations for the diagnosis and prognostic prediction of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).Methods: A total of 113 treatment-naïve patients with NPC and 40 healthy controls were enrolled. Plasma HSP90α and serum EBV VCA IgA antibody were detected using ELISA, and plasma EBV DNA was quantified using qPCR assay. The effectiveness of plasma HSP90α level, serum EBV VCA IgA antibody and plasma EBV DNA was examined in the diagnosis and prognosis prediction of NPC.Results: Higher plasma HSP90α, serum EBV VCA IgA antibody and plasma viral load of EBV DNA were detected in NPC patients than in healthy controls (P < 0.001). The plasma HSP90α levels, serum EBV VCA IgA antibody titers and plasma viral load of EBV DNA were significantly greater in NPC patients with stages III and IV than in those with stages I and II (P < 0.001), and significantly lower plasma HSP90α levels, serum EBV VCA IgA antibody titers and plasma viral load of EBV DNA were found in the good prognosis group than in the poor prognosis group post-treatment (P < 0.05). The area under representative operating curves (AUCs) of plasma HSP90α, serum EBV VCA IgA antibody and plasma EBV DNA alone and in combination were 0.884, 0.841, 0.934 and 0.954 for the diagnosis of NPC, respectively. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses identified HSP90α as an independent prognostic factor for NPC.Conclusion: The combination of plasma HSP90α, serum EBV VCA IgA antibody and plasma EBV DNA shows high diagnostic performance for NPC, and plasma HSP90α may be a potential marker for diagnosis and prognosis prediction of NPC.Keywords: nasopharyngeal carcinoma, EBV VCA-IgA antibody, EBV DNA, HSP90α, diagnostic performance, prognosis prediction

This study aimed to investigate the anti-cancer effect of lobetyolin on breast cancer cells. Lobetyolin was incubated with MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells for 24 h. Glucose uptake and the mRNA expression of GLUT4 ( SLC2A4), HK2 and PKM2 were detected to assess the effect of lobetyolin on glucose metabolism. Glutamine uptake and the mRNA expression of ASCT2 ( SLC1A5), GLS1, GDH and GLUL were measured to assess the effect of lobetyolin on glutamine metabolism. Annexin V/PI double staining and Hoechst 33342 staining were used to investigate the effect of lobetyolin on cell apoptosis. Immunoblot was employed to estimate the effect of lobetyolin on the expression of proliferation-related markers and apoptosis-related markers. SLC1A5 knockdown with specific siRNA was performed to study the role of ASCT2 played in the anti-cancer effect of lobetyolin on MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells. C-MYC knockdown with specific siRNA was performed to study the role of c-Myc played in lobetyolin-induced ASCT2 down-regulation. Myr-AKT overexpression was performed to investigate the role of AKT/GSK3β signaling played in lobetyolin-induced down-regulation of c-Myc and ASCT2. The results showed that lobetyolin inhibited the proliferation of both MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells. Lobetyolin disrupted glutamine uptake via down-regulating ASCT2. SLC1A5 knockdown attenuated the anti-cancer effect of lobetyolin. C-MYC knockdown attenuated lobetyolin-caused down-regulation of ASCT2 and Myr-AKT overexpression reversed lobetyolin-caused down-regulation of both c-Myc and ASCT2. In conclusion, the present work suggested that lobetyolin exerted anti-cancer effect via ASCT2 down-regulation-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells.

The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) family is one of the largest families of transcription factors (TFs) in plants and is responsible for various functions, including regulating development and responses to abiotic/biotic stresses. However, the roles of bZIPs in the regulation of responses to drought stress and salinity stress remain poorly understood in Jatropha curcas L., a biodiesel crop. In the present study, 50 JcbZIP genes were identified and classified into ten groups. Cis-element analysis indicated that JcbZIP genes are associated with abiotic stress. Gene expression patterns and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that four JcbZIP genes (JcbZIPs 34, 36, 49 and 50) are key resistance-related genes under both drought and salinity stress conditions. On the basis of the results of cis-element and phylogenetic analyses, JcbZIP49 and JcbZIP50 are likely involved in responses to drought and salinity stress; moreover, JcbZIP34 and JcbZIP36 might also play important roles in seed development and response to abiotic stress. These findings advance our understanding of the comprehensive characteristics of JcbZIP genes and provide new insights for functional validation in the further.

The development of protein-based in situ forming hydrogel remains a big challenge due to the limited chemical groups in proteins. Keratins are a group of cysteine-rich structural protein found abundant in skin and skin appendant. Recently, our lab has established a disulfide shuffling strategy to prepare keratin hydrogels via oxygen (O2) oxidation. However, such hydrogel still needed to be molded in advance. In this work, inspired by the fact that glucose commonly exists in body fluids, a glucose-triggered in situ forming keratin hydrogel was developed based on the disulfide shuffling strategy via a higher oxidation force of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The hydrogel precursor solution consisted of keratin, cysteine and glucose oxidase (GOD), which could generate H2O2 in an indirect and mild way via GOD-catalyzed oxidation of glucose in body fluids. Our findings demonstrated that the GOD-catalyzed oxidation method not only shortened the gelation time but improved the mechanical strength of the hydrogel by comparison with O2 oxidation and direct addition of H2O2 solution methods, and realized in situ gelation within 3 min on a full-thickness wound bed in normal mice. Moreover, the in situ forming keratin hydrogel was applied as a drug depot for wound repair, and the deferoxamine-loaded one accelerated healing in the full-thickness wounds of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, notably by promoting angiogenesis and neovascularization in wounds. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Studies show that keratin hydrogels possess tissue regeneration capacity, especially in skin wound repair. However, most of the reported keratin hydrogels needed to be molded in advance and cannot fit irregular wound shape. This work describes a glucose-triggered in situ forming keratin hydrogel via a disulfide shuffling strategy under the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide. Of note, the hydrogen peroxide was supplied indirectly by glucose oxidase-catalyzed oxidation of glucose in wound fluids, and this method needed no additional crosslinking agents or chemical modifications on keratins. Our findings showed that this hydrogel realized in situ gelation within 3 min on a full-thickness wound bed and enabled an injectable mode with good filling ability toward irregular wounds. Moreover, this hydrogel could be applied as a drug depot for the treatment of diabetic wounds.

The existence of bio-accumulative lead hinders the commercialization of optoelectronic applications of Pb-based halide perovskites (PVKs). Therefore, researchers are seeking for comparative lead-free PVKs. Owing to the identical electronic configuration with Pb, Bi-based PVKs are proved to be one of the most promising candidates. Because strain is widely existed altering materials’ characteristics, it is crucial to study the influences of strain on the Bi-based PVKs. Our theoretical work investigates the strain influences on two kinds of Bi-based PVKs, i.e., Cs3Bi2Br9, and Cs2BiAgBr6. It is observed that both the tensile and compressive strains effectively change the crystal structures and the bandgaps, i.e., enlargement under tensile strain while shrinkage under compressive strain. Simultanously, the absorption spectra of these PVKs are also discussed. The strain study of Bi-based PVKs will offer guidance to the further development of lead-free PVKs.

Interphase mass transport is important for many industrial applications ranging from multiphase reaction and separation but remains a great challenge in maximizing the interface area and mass-trans...

The toxicity of Pb in conventional perovskites impedes the commercialization of their optoelectronic devices. Therefore, the search for comparable Pb-free perovskites is vital and needs urgent attention. Herein, for the first time, we successfully synthesize the Sn(II)-doped Pb-free zinc-based perovskite variant Cs2ZnCl4. The influence of doping is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Broad bright red emission with a large Stokes shift is observed and attributed to the self-trapped exciton (STE) emission of the doped disphenoidal [SnCl4]2− units in the host matrix, from 3P1 to 1S0. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) shows a peak split at cryogenic temperature, which is ascribed to the Jahn–Teller effect of the 3P1 state. Theoretical study reveals that the impurity states of Sn2+ shrink the bandgap and localize the band edges, and distortion of [SnCl4]2− under excitation ultimately leads to the STE emission. This work is significant for STE emission studies and will pave a way for Pb-free perovskite variants in illumination applications.

Lactate dehydrogenase C4 (LDH-C4) as a cancer/testis antigen (CTA) is abnormally expressed in some malignant tumors. However, the expression and clinical significance of LDH-C4 in breast cancer (BC) has not been characterized.We determined LDHC mRNA expression in serum and serum-derived exosomes of BC patients by quantitative RT-PCR. We also evaluated the protein expression of LDH-C4 in BC tissues using high-throughput tissue microarray analysis and immunohistochemistry.Our results showed high mRNA expression level of LDHC in serum and serum-derived exosomes of BC patients. The LDHC level in serum and exosomes could distinguish BC cases from healthy individuals based on their AUCs of 0.9587 and 0.9464, respectively. Besides, the LDHC level in exosomes of BC patients associated with tumor size, and positively correlated with HER2 and Ki-67 expressions (all with P 0.05). Serum and exosomal level of LDHC negatively correlated with medical treatment and positively with the recurrence of BC. Survival analysis showed that LDH-C4 expression negatively correlated with BC prognosis.Serum and exosomal LDHC may be an effective indicator for the diagnosis, efficacy evaluation, and monitoring the recurrence of BC. LDH-C4 may act as a biomarker that predicts BC prognosis.

Previous studies have indicated that the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor‑related apoptosis‑inducing ligand (TRAIL)‑induced apoptosis is associated with the expression of death receptors on the cell membrane. However, drug resistance limits the use of TRAIL in cancer therapy. Numerous studies have indicated that death receptors, which induce apoptosis, are upregulated by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. 3‑Bromopyruvate (3‑BP), an anticancer agent, inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis through interfering with glycolysis. In the present study, it was demonstrated that 3‑BP synergistically sensitized breast cancer cells to TRAIL‑induced apoptosis via the upregulation of death receptor 5 (DR5). Furthermore, we found that the protein levels of glucose‑related protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT‑enhancer‑binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) increased following treatment with 3‑BP. The expression of Bax (in MCF‑7 cells) and caspase‑3 (in MDA‑MB‑231 cells) increased following co‑treatment with 3‑BP and TRAIL, whereas the expression of the anti‑apoptotic protein Bcl‑2 decreased. In order to investigate the molecular mechanism regulating this effect, the expression of adenosine monophosphate‑activated protein kinase (AMPK), activated by 3‑BP, was determined. It was demonstrated that phosphorylated‑AMPK was upregulated following treatment with 3‑BP. Notably, Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, reversed the effects of 3‑BP. Finally, a synergistic antitumor effect of 3‑BP and TRAIL was observed in MCF‑7 cell xenografts in nude mice. In conclusion, these results indicated that 3‑BP sensitized breast cancer cells to TRAIL via the AMPK‑mediated upregulation of DR5.

Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS) is a gram-positive bacterium that is an asymptomatic colonizer commonly found in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract of healthy adults. GBS is also the most common cause of life-threatening bacterial infections in newborns and is emerging as a pathogen in immunocompromised and diabetic adults. The GBS cell wall and covalently linked capsular polysaccharides (CPS) are vital to the protection of the bacterial cell and act as virulence factors. GBS-CPS have been successfully used to produce conjugate vaccines for all currently identified GBS serotypes. However, the mechanisms of biosynthesis and assembly of CPS and the other cell wall components remain poorly defined due to their complex surface structures. In this biosynthetic study of the GBS cell wall-CPS complex, glycolipids with varying lengths of glycosyl-chains were discovered. Among those, one of the smallest glycolipids (named GBS Lipid-α) was structurally characterized. Lipid-α is involved in GBS saccharide metabolism and presumably acts as a glycosyl acceptor to elongate the glycosyl chain. GBS Lipid-α was determined to be a 3-monosaccharide 1,2 acyl glycerol with a molecular mass in the range of m/z = 724-808. GBS Lipid-α is highly heterogenic with various acyl groups and glycosyl moieties. This knowledge will pave the way for future studies to elucidate the entire metabolic pathway and genes involved. The Lipid-α pathway may also exist in other bacterial species and has the potential to be a biomarker for future drug development.

Vortex generators (VGs) are widely employed to improve the heat transfer performance of tube-fin heat exchangers. In this study, a novel arrangement of VGs with ten triangular VGs deployed around the circular tubes regularly on both sides of fins is proposed. The influences of the fins on fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics are investigated numerically using the k-epsilon model. The results show that the novel configuration avoids interactive influence between VGs and also diverts the fluid to the near-wake of the tube. With the favour of VGs, the wake regions behind circular tubes are diminished and the mixing between hot and cold fluid is enhanced. The number of the vortices is increased for the arrangement with VGs compared to that without VGs, and the secondary flow is enhanced. Simultaneously, the intensity of secondary flow in the case with VGs is also increased by 27.8%–67.5%. The value of Nu increases with increasing Re, of which the case with VGs is improved by 37.7%–42.2%. The heat transfer is enhanced with aspect ratio decreasing from 3 to 1. When the AR = 1 and the b/L is 0.36, the optimal heat transfer performance can be obtained.

Biological gel artificial muscle (BGAM) has a promising future in the field of MEMS. In contrast to the material research of BGAM, relatively little research is conducted on the preparation process method of BGAM. Therefore, a water mist bonding method for the preparation of BGAM is proposed. The main application of the water mist bonding method is to complete the assembly of the electrode membrane with the electrically actuated membrane, and the actuation properties of the BGAM can be further enhanced. In this paper, experiments on mechanical, electrical, and actuation properties are conducted to investigate the effects of the water mist bonding process parameters on BGAM. The comprehensive experimental results revealed that BGAM possessed a more comprehensive optimization effect when the humidification time is 2.5 min: the bond strength reached the highest 0.92 MPa, the internal resistance, and elastic modulus are significantly reduced to 28 Ω and 2.08 MPa, respectively, and the output force response rate reached the highest 0.138 mN s−1. In conclusion, the water mist bonding process proposed does not require complicated equipment, features optimized BGAM actuation performance, and makes up for the lack of process methods for preparing BGAM at this stage.

This study aimed to investigate the anti-cancer effect of lobetyolin on breast cancer cells. Lobetyolin was incubated with MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells for 24 h. Glucose uptake and the mRNA expression of GLUT4 (

The present study reports a study of water droplets impacting on cold thin water films on a superhydrophilic surface. A thermal infrared imager was used to record the surface temperature distribution after the droplet impact on the liquid films. A ring-shaped high temperature zone was found after impact with the temperature first increasing and then gradually decreasing in the radial direction. Numerical simulations were then used to study the velocity distribution and the droplet motion inside the liquid film. The droplet spreading motion was restricted by liquid in the film for lower We which then reduces the heat transfer in that area and causes the formation of a ring-shaped high temperature distribution. The ring structure shape then changes with the increasing of We. This hot ring becomes wider and the temperature difference between the ring and the impact center decrease with the increasing of We. As We continues to increase, the ring-shaped temperature distribution disappears with the highest temperature at the center and the temperature in radial direction monotonically decreasing from the center to the edge. The initial film thickness also affects the temperature distribution after droplet impact. A thicker film causes the ring-shaped hot region to gradually move inward until it reaches the center and forms a hottest region in the impact center. Thus, the ring-shaped temperature distribution only occurs for lower We and thinner films. The shape and position of the temperature distribution after droplet impact on the cold, thin liquid films can then be precisely controlled by regulating the impact We and the initial film thickness. These results will greatly facilitate the design of precision spraying processes.

The initial nucleation of ultrafine particle recently attracts more attention as a key factor in visibility degradation during early haze. In this study, we have performed Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation to investigate the particle-induced initial nucleation process during early haze. Our calculation results show that the water molecules aggregate surrounding nuclei to form heterogeneous cluster under a certain RH, the synergistic effect of multiple-bonding interactions makes heterogeneous cluster incline to form and stably exist with lower total energy as well as approximately 3–10 times expansionary volume, the hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles would play an important role in affecting the atmospheric visibility. The electron cloud density transferring from the exterior H2O molecule to the interior nuclei in the cluster is characterized by migration effect or nonuniform distribution. The decreasing energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) in the heterogeneous cluster would lead to a red-shifted absorption wavelength λmax. It exerts the blue, indigo and violet visible-light absorption of corresponding wavelength for NO, NO2, NO3− and O3 heterogeneous clusters to enhance light extinction, thus contributing to visibility degradation, during early haze periods. It helps to intensify the color-enhancing effect of visible light with longer wavelength, such as red, orange as well as yellow light, to promote the evolution of early haze in clean weather period. This study shows that one of the important mechanisms of atmospheric visibility degradation in haze event is the heterogeneous cluster formation in the size range of about 2–4 nm during initial nucleation stage. Our results highlight that prevention of gas-phase chemical species (NO, NO2 and SO2) emission, and also regulatory controls of the concentrations of NO3−, O3 in atmosphere are necessary to prevent deterioration of the air quality in future.

Halide lead perovskites are considered as one of the most promising optoelectronic materials in decades, but the toxicity and bio-accumulation of lead retard the commercialization. Therefore, seeking suitable lead-free perovskites and their variants are of vital importance. In this work, all-inorganic zinc halide perovskite variant Cs2ZnCl4 crystals with Sb3+ doping are synthesized via hydrothermal method. Transparent millimeter-sized crystals exhibit bright red photoluminescence (PL) under room temperature (RT) on account of self-trapped exciton (STE) emission of Sb3+, from 3P1 to 1S0 states. Temperature-dependent PL and time-resolved PL exhibit bimodality and intensity variations, revealing that Jahn-Teller effect of 3P1 state results two energy minima, and thermal activation may contribute to the spectrum change. Further, DFT calculations are carried out and the influences of Sb3+ doping are revealed. A bandgap reduction is achieved via doping, and the band edges are localized at Sb3+. A combination of experimental and theoretical studies demonstrates well that the soft lattice structure and the 5s2 lone pairs of Sb are vital for the STE emission.

A droplet jumping intensification device of droplets surrounded by gas has effectively integrated small droplets (d = 0.30–0.60 mm) generated by an electrohydrodynamics system (EHD) and superhydrophobic minichannel to enhance gas absorption or chemical reaction due to the multiple bounces of the droplets. Droplet internal circulation was formed after impact on the superhydrophobic surface in the process of droplet bounce back and forth, with deformation in the superhydrophobic minichannel, which was like a liquid slug moving in the meandering channels. It was shown that the bouncing frequency went up with the decreasing height of the minichannel, meaning that the bouncing movement became stronger in the confined space. The droplet trajectory could be better controlled by the height of the minichannel, droplet size, and impact Weber number, which was investigated experimentally and analytically.

Efficient Dropwise condensation on nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces (SHS) has received extensive attention. However, good heat performance only occurs in two conditions: the presence of non...

In order to analyze the interaction relationship between heavy metals and other mineral elements during the processes of absorption and translocation by plant grown on heavy metal-contaminated area, the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd, Pb, Ca, Mg, Fe, and K in the medicinal plant Paeonia ostii T. Hong et J. X. Zhang and its rhizospheric soil were determined, which grow around an abandoned copper tailings reservoir in Tongling City, China. Geo-accumulation index (Igeo) calculation indicated that Cu and Pb are the main pollution elements in the rhizospheric soil. Moreover, the Cu and Pb concentrations in the cortex moutan of P. ostii exceeded the maximum permissible limits for food product safety. The bioaccumulation factor values of the tested metals in plant roots were found < 0.50, with the exception of Ca (maximum 5.99). The translocation factor values of detected heavy metals Cd and Pb were more than 1.00, which indicated that P. ostii could be considered a potential accumulator plant for Cd and Pb. Significant positive correlations including Cu-Cd, Cu-Zn, Cu-Pb, Cd-Zn, Cd-Fe, Cd-Fe, Zn-Pb, Pb-Fe, Mn-Fe, and Ca-Mg in the cortex moutan and Cu-Zn, Cu-Fe, Zn-Mg, Zn-Fe, and Mn-K in the leaves were observed (P < 0.05). Significant positive correlation between Cu, Zn, Mg, and Fe was also confirmed in the processes of absorption and translocation from the soil to plant (P < 0.05), which evidenced that synergistic element interactions of the essential elements Cu, Zn, Mg, and Fe are a result of the similarity in their ionic radii and octahedral coordination geometry.

The optimization of the electrical system voltage range of a mild hybrid electric vehicle is examined in this research study. The objective is to evaluate and propose the optimized vehicle voltage level for the mild hybrid electric vehicle from both technical and economic aspects. The approach is to evaluate the fuel economy improvement from the mild hybrid electric vehicle of various voltage level for the cost benefit study. The evaluation is conducted from the vehicle system level with discussions of components selection for system optimization. Autonomie, a simulation tool widely used by academic and automotive industry, is used for the vehicle simulation and fuel economy evaluation. The cost analysis is based on the system cost factoring in the component cost based forecasted production volume. The driver for this study is to propose an optimized voltage for the mild hybrid electric vehicle for the vehicle manufacturers and suppliers to standardize the implementation to meet the fuel economy and emission requirements and vehicle power demand. The standardization of the vehicle voltage level can improve design and development efficiency, reusability and reduce cost in developing non-standard voltage levels of the mild hybrid vehicle. The synergy in standardized voltage level for the mild hybrid vehicle can accelerate technology implementation toward mass production to meet regulatory emission and fuel economy requirements.

Supporting Information for measurement setups and some other mentioned results

In the new media age, digital media technologies, manifested in LED screen, digital projection, artistic installation, digital lighting and other forms have gradually become the new trend in the development of stage design, which is continuously enriching the artistic expressions of stage performances. But new difficulties in stage design arises as digital media technologies become diversified and various professional fields on the stage design become integrated. Four orders of design is a fundamental theory to guide practice. Its integrated design ideas for building systematicity are of vital importance to direct the application of digital media in stage design. By analyzing the core content of four orders of design and reviewing the development tendency of digital media in stage design, this thesis seeks to delve into the role and connotation of the four orders of design in different aspects of digital media in stage design, and ultimately presents methods and strategies for applying digital media in stage design.

Droplet impact phenomena and thin liquid film flow are widespread in nature, industrial production and daily life. The spreading characteristics and temperature evolution of the liquid film after droplet impact are the key controlling factors in many industrial heat transfer processes. Constructing a thin micro-nano structured superhydrophilic surface on a metal surface is a promising approach to achieving heat transfer enhancement. Therefore, in this paper, we experimentally investigated the hydraulic characteristics and temperature distribution evolution of water droplet impact on cold superhydrophilic surface using high-speed imaging and infrared thermal imaging techniques. During the droplet spreading on superhydrophilic surface, there is an inertial-force-dominant rapid spreading regime followed by the friction-dominant slow spreading regime. It is observed that a precursor film forms in the radial direction. The results show that the droplet spreading diameter is positively correlated with the We number, increasing as the weber number becomes larger. The spreading diameter decreases as the wall temperature decreases, but the effect of temperature is not obvious compared with that of impact weber number. For temperature evolution, a low temperature center area forms at the impact center and a ring-shaped high temperature zone is observed first for droplet impact on cold superhydrophilic surfaces. Along spreading radial direction, the temperature distribution shows an uphill to downhill curve with its gradient inverted in sign near the high temperature zone. Then the high temperature ring disappears and the liquid film temperature shows a monotonically decreasing trend along the radial direction. The duration time of high temperature ring shortens with the increase of We number and decrease of wall temperature. Meanwhile, in order to reveal the reasons for the formation of special temperature distribution, CFD numerical simulation is adopted to analyze the mechanism of ring-shaped high temperature zone’s formation. CFD numerical simulation demonstrates that the temperature evolution law is in good agreement with the experiment results. The temperature distribution of high temperature ring is caused by uneven distribution of the liquid film thickness due to the superwetting properties of superhydrophilic surface. This work is of great significance for further understanding and provides new sights of the liquid film flow on superhydrophilic surface in heat transfer process. Furthermore, it has certain reference significance for the spray and heat transfer process in engineering practice.