Search

The current study was carried out to analyze the role of religiosity, family integration, and social capital as predictors of post-incarceration reintegration in Punjab, Pakistan. The current study was carried out using quantitative research methods with the implication of cross-sectional, explanatory, and survey research approaches. Data were collected by using interview schedules by visiting ex-inmates at their community settings and by telephonic interviews. The research instrument was developed by using preexisting scales pertaining to the variables of the study. To obtain the study results, descriptive analysis, KMO factor analysis, reliability analysis, and regression analysis were applied to test the study model using SPSS and Smart PLS SEM (structural equation modelling). The findings of the study showed that all the predictor variables in the model (religiosity, family integration, and social capital) showed a positive and statistically significant effect on the reintegration of ex-prisoners following their release from prison. However, in comparison to all predictor variables, family integration has a strong effect (0.568) on post-incarceration reintegration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By knowing the nutritional status of a plant, one can better manage and use it for ethnobotanical purposes. Various nutrients are accumulated as osmotica in plants of stressful environments. The type and quantity of nutrients present in plants also determine the effectivity of medicine obtained from that plant. Hence, practical utilization of these plants as food or medicines needs to explore the exact nature and presence of the nutrient ions for discrimination of their toxic or medicinal nature. In the present study, some important nutrients in a number of xerophytic plants from Cholistan desert of Pakistan were quantified. Leave, stem and root specimens of seasonally available herbs, shrubs and trees were collected and analyzed for sodium, potassium and phosphorus contents. Each sample was replicated thrice. Obtained data were statistically analyzed and presented as Means ± standard deviations. Among the shrubs, maximum concentration of sodium was observed in leaves of Salsola imbricata (269.99 mg/g). The highest concentration of potassium was recorded in stem of Calotropis procera (67.78 mg/g) while maximum phosphorus was found in stem of Pseuda fruticosa (7.051 mg/g). Among the herbs, maximum sodium was found in stem of Orobanche aegyptiaca (234.95 mg/g), maximum potassium in leaves of O. aegyptiaca (270.71 mg.g) and the maximum phosphorus in root of Citrullus colocynthis (9.34 mg/g). For trees, maximum concentration of sodium, potassium and phosphorus were recorded in leaves of Tamarix aphylla (305.40 mg/g), stem of Capparis decidua (132.6 mg/g) and stem of Acacia nilotica (5.90 mg/g) respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most gas emissions by motor automobiles include unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and other oxides (NxOy, SOx, etc.). There are many hydrocarbon compounds in car exhaust, such as benzopyran, formaldehyde, butadiene, and so on. In this study, anatase titanium dioxide nano-particles (aTiO2-NPs) filters are investigated to prevent the entry of unburned hydrocarbons. Benzopyran is one of the most important aromatic compounds in car exhaust gases, which is very dangerous. The probability of its interaction with titanium oxide nanoparticles is simulated and evaluated according to chemically active sites of aTiO2-NP. Calculations were performed using the DFT calculation on the basis set LC-ωPBE/6-311 + G** method. The obtained data show that Ti–O chemically active site has a greater tendency to adsorb benzopyran due to its polarity (Dipole moment for 3rd of Ti–O = 6.93 D). By adsorbing benzopyran in the Ti–O position, the gap energy of aTiO2-NP decreases (Eg = 3.09 eV), and its conductivity increases. The results showed that the nano-adsorbent of aTiO2-NP has high efficiency in the adsorption of benzopyran from the environment. Due to the exhaust temperature of the car and the photocatalytic properties of the aTiO2-NPs nano-adsorbent, it can be used as an adsorbent with high performance and longevity, and good stability in high-temperature ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Growth and nutritional status of plant are affected adversely by heavy metals while improved by plant growth regulators. The experiment was aimed to explore the ameliorative potential of indole acetic acid (IAA) for toxicity of Pb. Methods: Two varieties i.e., M-8 and MN-92 of mung bean were grown in pots arranged under complete randomization. Fifteen days after germination, Pb was added @ 10 and 20 mg/kg soil as solutions of PbNO3. Indole acetic acid @100.0 mM was sprayed twice at 15 and 30 days of age. Stem length, root length, leaf area and nutrient ions were recorded at physiological maturity. Three replicates from each treatment were evaluated. Result: The alleviation role of IAA for stem length was recorded as 21.46 and 26.14% for low and high lead stress. The root length was compensated to 34.78 and 31.40% for the respective low and high lead toxicity. Leaf area was affected as 18.11 and 17.32% by IAA. Similarly, Nitrogen contents were nullified to the extents of 15.34 and 8.13%. Phosphorus contents were changed as 11.62 and 4.65% while potassium contents were as 10.14 and 19.36%. The rectifying potential of IAA for leaf biomasses were as 7.64 and 7.43%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to importance of the gas uptake topic in environment and energy issues, this work was performed for investigating ozone (Oz) gas uptake by means of a beryllium oxide (BeO) nanoflake. To this aim, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analysis were performed. The monolayer BeO nanoflake was decorated by a HEME-like N4Fe region to prepare an interacting region towards the Oz uptake. Accordingly, three models were optimized based on configurations of Oz molecule relaxation at the BeO surface, in which two types of O... Fe and O... N interactions were observed. In this case, Oz3@BeO model was involved with two mentioned types of interactions and three occurred interaction between Oz and BeO making it as the strongest bimolecular formation model of Oz@BeO. Moreover, electronic molecular orbital features indicated that the models formations could be also related to sensor functions by variations of electric conductivity because of Oz gas uptake. As a consequence, the investigated BeO nanoflake of this work was proposed for employing in Oz gas uptake for different purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nickel can act as micronutrient essential for nitrogen fixation in legume crops or it can cause toxicity when present in high concentration. Rhizospheric supplement of Nickel be at a dose not beyond its beneficial level. Methods: An experiment was conducted for mash bean genotypes to evaluate the toxic level of Nickel concentrations. Seeds of four genotypes were sown in earthen pots filled with homogenized loamy soil. Nickel was added as its chloride salt solutions at the age of twenty days @ 15.0, 30.0, 45.0, 60.0, 75.0 and 90.0 mg kg-1 soil. Yield plant-1 and its contributing factors were recorded at physiological maturity of crop. Result: At low concentration, Nickel appeared to be non toxic and high doses reduced yield attributes. The lowest significantly effective dose which affected the parameters was 45 mg kg-1 except for number of legumes plant-1 for which same was true at 60 mg kg-1. While, the most effective dose was 45 mg kg-1 for each attributes. The observations were excluded from the ongoing trend when 15 mg kg-1 Nickel reflected positive role. Of the genotypes, MASH 80 was the least productive while MASH 88 was the most productive. In terms of grain numbers, MASH 97 was the least sensitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to rich-redox chemistry, metal-N 4 -molecular catalysts have been found as promising electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), however, de-metalation of the metal atom from N 4 -cavity in the electrolyte limits their activity and endurance. Herein, a MnN 4 -macrocyclic complex was prepared and characterized via various techniques. The results of analytical and theoretical studies suggest that the MnN 4 -macrocyclic complex has saddle-shaped geometry. Further, this complex was incorporated with black carbon (MnN 4 @CB) and studied for electrocatalytic ORR in alkaline media. The MnN 4 @CB composite displayed comparable ORR formal potential (−0.14 V vs Ag/AgCl) to the traditional 20% Pt/C catalyst (−0.13 V vs Ag/AgCl) and remarkable methanol tolerance. Theoretical studies revealed that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of MnN 4 has almost the same energy as the π∗ orbital of an O 2 molecule, resulting in optimal coupling between HOMO and π∗ orbital, leading to efficient ORR. The charge distribution and 2D Fourier optimization of the MnN 4 -complex suggested that the N-donor atoms increased the electron density on Mn-atom, and transferred into the π∗ orbital of O 2 , weakening the O–O bond during ORR. In addition to developing low-cost ORR electrocatalysts, this work will contribute to defining their activity descriptors. [Display omitted] • Facile synthesis of MnN 4 -macrocyclic complex via template method is reported. • Spectroscopic and theoretical studies of complex are performed. • An inclusive relationship between Mn3+/2+ redox and ORR is established. • The discrete energy levels of MnN 4 - complex and ORR are correlated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experimental studies were performed for finding antagonistic role of PGRs viz., Kinetin a Polyamine (Spermidine) for soil supplied Chromium toxicity on mash genotypes with age. Four varieties i.e., 80, 88, 97 and ES-1 were sown. Earthen pots were used and placed in complete randomization arrangement. Chromium (Cr) doses were applied @ 30mg/kg and 60mg per kg soil. This was done by adding CrCl3 salt in solutions form after 30 days of sowing. Spermidine and Kinetin were sprayed as 1.0 mM and 100.0 mM solutions respectively after 30 and 40 days of sowing. Growth analysis studies were carried when plants were of 30 and 46 days age. Chromium (Cr) at low level of concentrations in soil lowered the relative increase in plant height more effectively during growth interval 2 while, at higher toxicity levels, metal affected the shoot growth in the growth interval 1. Kinetin spray decreased the relative increase in plant height during growth interval 1while, Spermidine affected so during growth interval 1, increased the parameter. Chromium, at both levels of its concentration in soil, decreased the root growth rate more effectively during growth interval 2. Kinetin reduced relative increase in root length during growth interval 1 and increased it in the next growth interval. However, Spermidine effects started in the growth interval 1 and reached its maximum during growth interval 2. Chromium at lower concentration (30mg/kg soil) decreased the relative increase in leaf area during both intervals of growth. Exogenous Kinetin positively affected relative increase in leaf area and its effect being more pronounced in Ist interval of growth. Spermidine affected this attribute in the same manner but to lesser extent. Metal toxicity became effective during growth interval 2. Kinetin and Spermidine application to plants increased the net assimilation rate during both intervals comparatively more in growth interval 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Advantages and optimization strategies for heteronuclear DACs towards their catalytic Activity are emphasized. • Advances in atomically precised heteronuclear DACs for electrocatalytic CO 2 RR are highlighted. • Correlations between structural characteristics of heteronuclear DACs and their CO 2 RR activity are discussed. • The key challenges and future direction with heteronuclear DACs-based materials are also explored. Inspired by nature's construction of the heteronuclear dual-atomic sites, Fe-Mo co-factor, for nitrogen fixation and the carbon cycle, researchers have focused extensively on developing heteronuclear dual-atomic site catalysts (HN-DACs) for electrochemical CO 2 reduction reactions (CO 2 RR). The HN-DACs, having different metal sites at a distance limit for the electronic interaction, can be promising models, offering one site for C-affinity and another site for O-affinity, thereby facilitating the breaking of the linear scaling relationship for CO 2 RR. Moreover, HN-DACs have excellent stability and selectivity due to the synergistic influence between heteronuclear dual-atomic sites, which affects the electronic structure and charge distribution over the whole DAC's surface. This review highlights the merits of DACs, in particular HN-DACs, and how they can break the linear scaling relationship towards CO 2 RR. The logical optimization strategies for HN-DACs and their synthesis, characterization, and stability are also discussed. Further, the recent advances in HN-DACs towards electrocatalytic CO 2 RR are extensively documented. Finally, challenges and future prospects with HN-DACs are also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to higher atmospheric greenhouse gasses concentrations, global warming is undoubtedly the most critical environmental issue that needs an immediate solution. Agroforestry has attained worldwide recognition to cope with this global problem due to its greater potential to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide along with other ecosystem services, including food security. However, quantitative information about the biomass and carbon sequestration in poplar-maize agroforestry systems is not available in semi-arid climatic zones in Pakistan. The current study was carried out to evaluate the vegetation biomass and carbon stocks under three poplar-maize agroforestry planting patterns under semi-arid climatic conditions in a subdivision Jaranwala, District Faisalabad, Pakistan. The data was collected in three agroforestry patterns like; A (192 trees ha−1), B (255 trees ha−1), and C (296 trees ha−1). Allometric equations were used to estimate the biomass and carbon stock in plant species. Results showed that the poplar tree carbon stock among three planting patterns was significantly different, with maximum carbon stock of 35.62 t ha−1 in pattern C, and it was 8% and 33.5% greater than the carbon stock of pattern B and pattern A, respectively. The maximum aboveground biomass assimilated by maize crop was (11.95 t ha−1) in pattern B, and it was 10.3% and 3.6% greater than pattern A and pattern C, respectively. The grain yield was highest in pattern A as compared to the other two patterns. Additionally, the maximum soil carbon stock in soil was estimated (22.72 t ha-1) in pattern C, at 0-15 cm depth, while it was 13.42% and 6.61% greater than pattern A and pattern B, respectively. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggested that pattern C with maximum biomass production and carbon stocks is the optimum poplar maize planting pattern in requisites of both financial and environmental benefits in the form of carbon sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Heavy metals have their adverse effects on growth and physiology of plant. Plant growth regulators help in improving the growth and physiological phenomenon in plants. A pot culture experiment was devised to explore the ameliorative potential of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) for toxicity of rhizospheric lead (Pb) on two varieties of Mung bean [Vigna radiate (L.) Wickzek]. Methods: Seeds of two varieties i.e., M-8 and MN-92 were grown in earthen pots filled with sandy loam soil and were arranged under complete randomization. Fifteen days after germination, the lead (Pb) was added @ 10mg/kg and 20mg/kg soil as solution Pb NO3. Indole Acetic Acid @100.0mM was foliarly sprayed twice at 15 and 30 days of plants emergence. Physiological parameters i.e., Photosynthetic Rate, Transpiration Rate, Stomatal conductance, Sub Stomatal CO2 Concentration and biomass production in the form of stem, root and leaf dry weights were determined at the age of physiological maturity for three replicates. Result: By application of IAA, photostnthetic rate reduction was declined from 24.61% to 17.78% under 10mg Pb stress and from 55.54% to 27.35% under 20mg Pb stress. Stomatal conductance reduction was declined from 0.56% to 0.28% under 10mg Pb stress and from 3.37% to 1.68% under 20mg Pb stress. Alleviation of Pb stress by IAA for transpiration rate was non significant. Similarly, the role of IAA for alleviation of Pb stress in term of dry weights of stem, root and leaves were non significant statistically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past few years, single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted considerable attention in electrolysis due to their outstanding catalytic performance and efficient atomic utilization. SACs exhibit a simple structure, high catalytic activity, consistent scaling relationships for single sites, and low metal content but their practical applications are still limited. Dual single‐atom catalysts (DACs), which feature excellent selectivity, high atomic utilization efficiency, and remarkable stability, are emerging as new frontiers in heterogeneous electrocatalysis. They increase catalytic activity by promoting synergistic effects between metal‐active sites. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in dual‐atom catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). In addition, we explore the differences between homonuclear and heteronuclear configurations, the emergence of single/dual‐site metal catalysts, and the methods currently used for their synthesis. Lastly, this review discusses several perspectives for advancing the development of dual‐atom catalysts for OER and ORR electrocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to probe the classical elements in the works of Fyodor Dostoevsky and to show the author's bent towards the classical authors and traditions. Dostoevsky is the giant literary figure of 19th-century Russian literature and he belongs not only to a particular time but to all times like many other great classic writers. The research is significant for exposing the author's affiliation towards the epic poetry of Homer and Hesiod and the dramas of the preeminent Athenian tragedians, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Dostoevsky also becomes classic based on his dealings with the themes dealt by the classics like love, fight for honour, real-life presentation, the conflict between vice and virtue and the struggle of his tragic heroes to reach their goal. The research proves that Dostoevsky is a classic among the classics because of having close resonance with the classics in the art of characterization, the portrayal of tragic heroes, theme building and by including some elements of tragedy. The qualitative research is designed on the descriptive-analytic method by using the approach of Classicism presented by Mark Twain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate is changing around the globe due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb., commonly known as babul, based agroforestry systems have the great potential to sequester the atmospheric carbon dioxide in both plant parts and soil, thus can perform a vital role in mitigating climate change. The objective of this study was to quantify the role of linearly planted V. nilotica farm trees in C sequestration. Keeping in the view the major study objective, linearly planted V. nilotica farmlands located in district Faisalabad were selected. Carbon stock and sequestration along with growth and biomass were assessed in four different aged linearly planted V. nilotica farm trees under semi-arid conditions. The soil organic carbon (SOC) was measured at two depths: 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm. The maximum diameter at breast height (DBH) and height was observed in 8 years old trees as compared to 4 and 6 years old trees. Plant biomass increased with age and maximum biomass (14.91 t ha-1) was estimated at 8 years of age. Aboveground carbon stock and CO2 sequestration increased from 0.72 t ha-1 and 2.66 t ha-1 at 2 years to 7.17 t ha-1 and 26.27 t ha-1 at 8 years of trees. The amount of SOC tended to be lower with depth but increased with tree age and ranged from 14.24 t ha-1 to 24.32 t ha-1 in surface soil (0-15cm) and 13.52 t ha-1 to 21.48 t ha-1 in subsoil (15-30 cm). The ecosystem carbon stock (plant + soil) varied from 37.23 t ha-1 at 2 years to 91.98 t ha-1 at 8 years of age. The above findings indicated that planting V. nilotica along the boundaries of farm crops not only capture carbon to mitigate climate change but also provide long term accumulation of biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective and layout plan: The project was designed to explore non-enzymatic antioxidants quantities in plants of the Himalayan mountain range, Ayuba, Pakistan. This was aimed at determining their pharmacological potential. After an initial survey, leaves and stem of herbs were collected in three replicas. After proper identification and processing, the extract was prepared in 80 % Methanol. The total alkaloid, Total Phenols, and Flavonoids were determined. The data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The highest amount of total Phenolic contents in leaves of herbs was observed in Impatiens parviflora which was 67.79 mg/g of dry weight. The lowest amount of total phenolic contents was observed in Arisaema wallichianum 12.72 mg/g. The maximum amount of total phenolic contents was noted in the stem of Geranium rotun difolium and the minimum amount of total phenolic contents was found in the stem of Corydalis lutea. Total flavonoid contents in leaves of herbs were 43.38 mg/g in Galium boreale and 17.83 mg/g in Arisaema wallichianum. The maximum quantity of total flavonoids contents in the stem was 43.85 mg/g in Galium boreale and a minimum of 6.05 mg/g was in Impatiens parviflora. The highest quantity of alkaloids in leaves was 78 mg/g in Geranium rotundifolium and the lowest amount of 23.00 mg/g was in Arisaema wallichianum and Artemisia japonica. The maximum quantity of alkaloids in the stem was 58.0 mg/g in Ajuga parviflora and the lowest one was 13 mg/g in Corydalis lutea. Conclusion: Geranium cotinifolium, Ajugareptans, Aesculusindica, Ajugaparviflora, and Ageratum conyzoidwere proved to have more concentration of Phenolics and alkaloids in their leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was managed for finding the Kinetin efficacy indices to draw its dose-response curves accompanied by emphasize on plant genotypic variations by their response. Four genotypes i.e., MASH 80, MASH 88, MASH 97 and MASH ES-1 were sprayed thrice with Kinetin concentrations of 25.0, 50.0, 75.0, 100.0, 125.0, and 150.0 mgL-1. Plants were grown in pots filled with sandy loam soil. Pots by number were replicated four times for each concentration and were randomized completely by their placement design. Data were measured on the expiry of ten days after completion of Kinetin spray. Data revealed that chlorophyll-a concentration was significantly influenced by all levels of Kinetin while the least significant doses for carotenoids and chlorophyll b increase were 75mgL-1 and 100 mgL-1 respectively. When plotted against Kinetin levels, change in chlorophyll-a concentration was linear except in MASH 80 where sigmoidal expression was observed like in all genotypes for other pigments. MASH 80 responded at the most for change in pigments concentration while MASH ES-1 was least responding genotype in this regard. A significant change in water potential started at 100 mgL-1. Change in water potential and osmotic potential of all genotypes was sigmoidal for Kinetin levels except in plants of MASH 88. The genotypic variation was found consistently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidantsresourced from stress adapted plants have medicinal properties or be toxic. Practical utilization of these as medicines need to explore the exact nature of discrimination of their actions. By testing their effects on blood composition one can judge well the health caring or toxic potential of antioxidants. In the present study, crude methanolic extracts containing antioxidants of some xerophytic herbs from the Cholistan desert of Pakistan were used to determine their in vitro effects on some hematological attributes like counts for granulocyte; leukocyte, lymphocyte; eosinophils; monocyte; granulocytes, Red Blood Cell, Mean Corpuscular, lymphocytes. Haemoglobin, Haemoglobin, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin, Concentration, Mean Corpuscular Volume, Packed Cell Volume, Hematocrit, and Red Cell Distribution. Data were analyzed statistically. Leucocytes, ranulocytes, haemoglobin, and monocytes increased by extracts. Eosinophils, platelets, and RBC were decreased. There were recorded some exceptions. Calotropis stem decreased leucocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes. Salsola leaves decreased monocytes. Hemoglobin was increased by Aerva stem extract. Platelets were increased by Haloxylon stem extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfonamides are widely used in the treatment of many diseases due to their biological and pharmacological activities. In this paper, we prepared Cu(II) complex immobilized on the surface of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles functionalized with 2-Pyridine Benzoimidazole ligand [MNPs@PBI-CuBr2] and its catalytic activity in the synthesis of N-aryl sulfonamides containing benzoxazole scaffolds through one-pot three-component reaction of 2-aminobenzoazoles, sulfonyl chloride and aryl iodides under ecofriendly conditions. The structure of the as-prepared MNPs@PBI-CuBr2 nanomaterial was well characterized by a number of spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, SEM, EDX, TEM, XRD, TGA, VSM, MAP, XPS and ICP-OES. The MNPs@PBI-CuBr2 nanocatalyst was simply separated by magnetic separation and reused for seven times with constant activity. The TEM, XRD pattern and ICP-OES spectroscopy of catalyst after recycling were studied and the results were similar to before of utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The manufacturing of bimetallic durable and efficient electrocatalyst with the support of N-doped porous carbon for hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction is extremely important for their long-term operation and wide applications. N-doped porous nanostructured carbon material with excellent permanent porosity and high surface area is produced through pyrolysis of Zn-MOF in inert atmosphere that further utilized as a support for the preparation of three bimetallic composites Pt-Ni@PCN920, Pt-Cu@PCN920 and Pt-Er@PCN920. It is found that Pt-Ni@PCN920 with less than 10% Pt showed the same over potential (- 42 mV) for HER as that of commercial 20%Pt/C at a current density 10 mAcm−2 in basic solution. The performance of Pt-Ni@PCN920 in terms of stability and efficiency is good and comparable with commercial 20%Pt/C for HER and with RuO 2 for OER. The best of three has been analyzed for long term stability and durability which is stable up to nine hours with little variation of current. The active sites developed by N-doping in nanostructured carbon material along with alloying effect of second metal with Pt produced good results for HER and OER with less than 10% Pt. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Zn-MOF was synthesized and sacrificed to get nanostructured N-doped carbon. • Bimetallic nanoparticles were supported on N-doped carbon material. • Pt-Ni@PCN920 showed good HER and OER activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Comprehensive review which covers the recent development of CO 2 reduction to C 2 H 4. • Current advancements in performance of catalytic materials towards CO 2 conversion into C 2 H 4 are explored. • Strategies for benchmarking electrolyzer, electrolyte performance for C 2 H 4 selectivity are summarized. • Outlooks with the key challenges, and prospects for the improvement of the catalytic materials, electrolyzer and electrolyte for C 2 H 4 selectivity are highlighted. Production of ethylene (C 2 H 4) from Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is a promising and effective approach for mitigating the adverse greenhouse effect of anthropogenic CO 2 emission from human activities including chemical industries along with energy deficiency caused by the burning of nonrenewable fossil fuels. The C 2 H 4 , one of the utmost extensively employed chemical compounds, is readily converted into various valuable products that can substitute those derived from fossil fuels. Electrochemical reduction is a process of converting CO 2 into C 2 H 4 in which the electrocatalysts, electrolyzer and electrolyte all play the critical role. Despite considerable improvements in electrochemical CO 2 reduction but its efficacy is still hindered by a number of complications, including the deprived mass transfer efficiency of the electrolyzer, the high cost, low activity, poor stability and limited selectivity of electrocatalysts towards C 2 H 4. Accomplishments to date in CO 2 electroreduction to C 2 H 4 have been inspiring, while extensive advances are still required for it to develop a profitable technology able to move society towards renewable energy sources. The current review demonstrates a unified discussion on recent progress in the area of CO 2 reduction to C 2 H 4. The role of a class of promising advanced electrocatalysts, electrolytes and the design of electrolyzer in the electrochemical reduction method is thoroughly reviewed. We also highlight the current developments in photocatalytic CO 2 reduction to C 2 H 4. Lastly, this review is concluded by deliberating the current challenges that are encountered during the production of C 2 H 4 from CO 2 electrochemical reduction with an objective of revolutionary futuristic developments. This article will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers on CO 2 electrochemical reduction to C 2 H 4 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To seek of the superior corrosion protection and tremendous mechanical properties of metallic materials is still prominently needed. The electrochemical co-deposition is one of the most applied techniques to prepare the corrosion resistance coatings on to the mild steel including carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene reinforced nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical properties. Nickel-graphene metal matrix nanocomposite coatings have been produced by electrochemical co-deposition method from a Watt's electrolyte. The effect of graphene concentration in electrolyte on the morphology, microstructure mechanical properties and corrosion resistance performance of nanocomposite coatings have been studied. Ni/graphene nanocomposite coating exhibits the spheres like morphology with enhanced micro hardness, reduced grain size and superior corrosion resistance, owing to the inherit tremendous mechanical properties and 2D nanosize of graphene nanosheets. Thickness of the composite coatings are significantly increased with the addition of graphene nanosheets. Furthermore, the change in morphology, mechanical and corrosion resistance properties by varying the graphene content are also thoroughly evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The development of durable, low‐cost, and efficient photo‐/electrolysis for the oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions (OER and HER) is important to fulfill increasing energy requirements. Herein, highly efficient and active photo‐/electrochemical catalysts, that is, CoMn‐LDH@g‐C3N4 hybrids, have been synthesized successfully through a facile in situ co‐precipitation method at room temperature. The CoMn‐LDH@g‐C3N4 composite exhibits an obvious OER electrocatalytic performance with a current density of 40 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 350 mV for water oxidation, which is 2.5 times higher than pure CoMn‐LDH nanosheets. For HER, CoMn‐LDH@g‐C3N4 (η50=−448 mV) requires a potential close to Pt/C (η50=−416 mV) to reach a current density of 50 mA cm2. Furthermore, under visible‐light irradiation, the photocurrent density of the CoMn‐LDH@g‐C3N4 composite is 0.227 mA cm−2, which is 2.1 and 3.8 time higher than pristine CoMn‐LDH (0.108 mA cm−2) and g‐C3N4 (0.061 mA cm−2), respectively. The CoMn‐LDH@g‐C3N4 composite delivers a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at 1.56 V and 100 mA cm−2 at 1.82 V for the overall water‐splitting reaction. Therefore, this work establishes the first example of pure CoMn‐LDH and CoMn‐LDH@g‐C3N4 hybrids as electrochemical and photoelectrochemical water‐splitting systems for both OER and HER, which may open a pathway to develop and explore other LDH and g‐C3N4 nanosheets as efficient catalysts for renewable energy applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we synthesized Fe3O4@SiO2-Imine/Thio-Cu(II) nanomaterial and studied its catalytic activity in the synthesis of N-aryl sulfonamides via the reaction of various aryl iodides and sulfonamides under eco-friendly conditions. The structure of the Fe3O4@SiO2-Imine/Thio-Cu(II) nanomaterial was characterized by FT-IR, SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, VSM, AAS, and ICP-OES techniques. Recycling experiments revealed that the Fe3O4@SiO2-Imine/Thio-Cu(II) nanocatalyst could be easily recovered by a simple magnetic separation and recycled at least seven times without deterioration in catalytic activity. High reusability, simple recovery of catalyst, high yields, mild conditions, performance of reactions in water and simple operation are several significant advantages of this methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution induced by heavy metals has been identified as a leading threat in the modern era. Woody tree species may play a crucial role in the removal of heavy metals from soil and air, thus minimizing pollution potential. The present study was designed to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of six tree species; Azadirachta indica , Cassia fistula , Conocarpus erectus , Eucalyptus camaldulensis , Morus alba , and Populus deltoids , respectively, in the industrial and residential areas of Faisalabad based on the concentrations of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu) in their leaves and barks in winter (2018) and summer (2019) seasons. The seasonal contents of heavy metals in both the leaves and barks of these trees decreased in the order of: Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd at both study sites. The highest heavy metal contents were recorded in the leaves and barks of trees grown in the industrial areas as compared to residential areas, with leaves and barks having higher contents of heavy metals in the summer than winter. The tree species exhibited significantly different capacity for heavy metal accumulation, with the accumulation of Cd decreased in the order of: E. camaldulensis > M. alba > C. erectus > A. indica > P. deltoids > C. fistula , and while the order varied for different heavy metals. Overall, M. alba , E. camaldulensis and A. indica performed well in accumulating the targeted heavy metals from the ambient environment. Among the six tree species grown commonly in Faisalabad city, M. alba , E. camaldulensis , and A. indica are recommended for the industrial and residential areas due to their phytoremediation capacity for heavy metals. • Contents of heavy metals in tree leaf and bark samples were determined. • Heavy metal contents in leaves and barks decreased in the order of Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd. • Commonly grown woody trees effectively removed heavy metals from the air and soil. • The barks accumulated more heavy metals than the corresponding leaves. • M. alba and E. camaldulensis removed heavy metals more efficiently than other tested tree species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The fundamental understanding of electrocatalyst interactions at interfacial level for ORR is provided. • The chemistry and recent development in electrocatalytic ORR are explored. • The strategies for benchmarking electrocatalysts' performance are highlighted. • Future aspects of electrocatalyst interactions at interfacial level are discussed. The cathode process, oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), is crucial for producing green and reliable energy from the reorganization of chemical bonds in fuel cells. However, the application of ORR is limited due to its inefficiency, which can not only be attributed to the linearity of ORR intermediates binding energies (E b *OOH, E b *O, E b *OH) on the catalyst's active site (represented as *) but also to the serious influences of the watery environment on active sites. In an aqueous environment, catalyst interactions, including covalent, ionic, and van der Waals forces, at the interfacial level are critical in determining the catalytic activity and can considerably alter the kinetics and selectivity of ORR. Therefore, the interfacial confinement's unique properties can provide exciting new possibilities for designing molecular as well as material-based catalysts for ORR. Although several published reviews have focused on developments in interfacial engineering for electrocatalysis, not specifically for ORR, this domain still lacks an inclusive debate on the mechanism of interface structures during ORR. We highlighted the most recent employed strategies for interface structure construction and the role of interfacial interactions during ORR. Finally, the barriers and prospects for the construction of electrocatalysts based on such concepts as control of interfacial interactions, engineering, and technologies are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A catalyst-free approach was adopted to prepare a large conjugated poly-FePc. • Spectroscopic investigations confirmed the existence of FePc moieties in the prepared poly-FePc catalyst. • Poly-FePc displayed superior ORR performance in terms of activity, durability, and methanol tolarance. • DFT calculations indicated the down-shift in eg-orbital energy of FePc to facilitate ORR. Although Fe-phthalocyanine (FePc) has undergone extensive chemical modifications to realize improved oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), its superior performance has yet to be demonstrated at a practical level. Herein, a conjugated poly-FePc was prepared via microwave-assisted polymerization of 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene in presence of FeCl 2. The characterization results of multiple spectroscopic techniques indicated that poly-FePc and monomeric FePc possessed similar structural features, proving that the polymerization process was successful. Further, the prepared poly-FePc was tested for ORR in 0.1 M KOH electrolyte and compared with the traditional 20% Pt/C and monomeric FePc catalysts. Poly-FePc was found to be the best ORR catalyst among studied electrocatalysts, displaying 258 and 40 mV positive shifts in half-wave potential compared with FePc and 20% Pt/C, respectively. The theoretical studies suggested that the large conjugation in poly-FePc down-shifted the energy of the dz2-orbital of Fe closer to the π*-orbital of O 2 (as also supported by the anodic shift in Fe3+/Fe2+ redox potential after polymerization), which allowed for an optimal coupling between these orbitals and therefore followed the 4e- ORR pathway. This study found that adjusting the electronic structures of the active sites of electrocatalysts might have improved their performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioactive 1,1′-(4,4′-di-ferrocenyl)di-phenyl thiourea and various metal complexes of this ligand have been successfully synthesized and characterized by using physicoanalytical techniques such as FT-IR and multinuclear (1H and 13C) NMR spectroscopy along with melting point and elemental analyses. The interaction of the synthesized compounds with DNA has been investigated by using cyclic voltammetric and viscometric measurements. The intercalation of the complexes into the double helix structure of DNA is presumably occurring. Viscosity measurements of the complexes have shown that there is a change in length and this is regarded as the least ambiguous and the most critical test of the binding model in solution. The relative potential of the complexes as anti-bacterial, antifungal, and inhibition agents against the enzyme, alkaline phosphatase EC 3.1.3.1, has also been assessed and the complexes were found to be active inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shorter telomere length is associated with numerous comorbidities; central obesity might trigger leukocyte telomere shortening; in the current meta-analysis we evaluated the association of central obesity with leukocyte telomere length among adults. A systematic search from Scopus, PubMed, Embase and Proquest electronic databases up to May 2021 was done. The final screening, provided five articles to be included in final meta-analysis. Those in the highest category of telomere length had 3.72 cm lower waist circumference (WC) compared with those in the lowest category (WMD=-3.718; CI=-7.180, −0.257 P = 0.035; I2 = 95.4%). Also, those in the highest LTL category had 0.02 lower waist to hip ratio (WHR) compared with those in the lowest category, although this association was not significant (WMD: −0.02; CI=-0.04, 0.01; P = 0.19; I2= 90.7%). In quality assessment of included studies, all of the studies had moderate or high quality score and there was no study with poor quality. Higher leukocyte telomere length was accompanied with lower WC among adults. This association was not significant for difference in WHR. Because of the high heterogeneity values and also because of the observational design of included studies, the inference of causality of these associations needs further investigations. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1971155. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Two triazine-based CPPs were constructed with thiophene- or phenyl-linkage units. • The optimal sample presented an ultrahigh HER performance of 21.65 mmol g−1 h−1. • Excellent HER performance was obtained under full spectrum without co-catalyst. • The thiophene-linkage units played a vital role to promote HER performance. Conjugated porous polymers (CPPs) have been widely reported as promising photocatalysts. However, the realization of powerful photocatalytic hydrogen production performance still benefits from the rational design of molecular frameworks and the appropriate choice of building monomers. Herein, we synthesized two novel conjugated porous polymers (CPPs) by copolymerizing pyrene and 1,3,5-triazine building blocks. It is found that minor structural changes in the peripheral groups of the triazine units can greatly affect the photocatalytic activity of the polymers. Compared with the phenyl-linkage unit, the thiophene-linkage unit can give CPP a wider absorption range of visible light, a narrower band gap, a higher transmission and separation efficiency of photo-generated carriers (electrons/holes), and a better interface contact with the photocatalytic reaction solution. The catalyst containing thiophene-triazine (ThPy-CPP) has an efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 21.65 and 16.69 mmol g−1h−1 under full-arc spectrum and visible light without the addition of a Pt co-catalyst, respectively, much better than the one containing phenyl-triazine (PhPy-CPP, only 5.73 and 3.48 mmol g−1h−1). This study provides a promising direction to design and construct highly efficient, cost-effective CPP-based photocatalysts, for exploring the application of noble metal-free catalysts in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water-electrolysis intends a favorable green technology to hold the worldwide energy and ecological disaster, but its efficacy is significantly restricted by the slow reaction kinetics of both the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, the fabrication of multi-cation incorporated Fe2+/3+/Co2+ species into selenides nanorods (Fe@Co/Se 2 -NRs) and corresponding analysis of their catalytic activity for electrochemical (EC) and solar-driven water splitting as a purpose of the composition are reported. This efficient approach can fabulously endow electronic structure modulation and the direct evidence of electron-transfer-route between transition-metals and selenides, which are vital to improving the electrocatalytic activity, has never been confirmed before. For the first time, we explored the electron-transfer route of intensely-coupled Fe@Co/Se 2 -NRs catalyst, in which the Fe2+/3+/Co2+ species strongly-coupled to selenide through the Fe-coordinated Co-bridged-bond. Finally, density functional theory calculations disclose that the multi-cation doping effects into selenides are vital for enhanced electrocatalytic performance. [Display omitted] • The self-templated approach developed for bifunctional OER/HER electrocatalysts. • Iron-Cation-Coordinated Cobalt-Bridged-Selenides Nanorods structure increases the number of active sites. • The Fe@Co/Se 2 -nanorods reveal superior bifunctional OER/HER performance. • Requires only 1.5 V@10 mA cm−2 for electrochemical and solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficacy of ∼ 7.0% for water splitting. • DFT and XAS analysis exposed the electron-transfer route of intensely coupled Fe@Co/Se 2 -NRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Single-layered porous aza-fused π-conjugated graphene analogous 2D materials (PAG) with a distinct crystalline carbonic framework, highly ordered specific pores, and consistently dispersed nitrogen atoms are stable and active support to coordinate Co. • The spin density around the active site is increased with cobalt coordination resulting in good catalytic activity around Co sites. The band gap of Co-PAG is reduced to 0.7 eV compare to PAG which is 1.79 eV. Moreover, both PAG and Co-PAG show outstanding thermal stability even at 1000 K. • By hydrogenation and electroreduction approaches we find that PAG and Co-PAG materials are active and stable catalyst for CO 2 conversion to formic acid • The highest barrier along the complete reaction path is about 0.78 eV which is feasible for the experiment to carry out this reaction at an elevated temperature. • The overpotential requires for PAG material in CO 2 RR to formic-acid is 0.46 V vs. RHE which is significantly larger than for Co-PAG (0.18 V), which suggests that Co-doping in PAG material makes the formic-acid reaction path significantly energy favorable. In this work, we report novel single-layered porous aza-fused π-conjugated graphene-analogous 2D materials (PAG) with well-organized nanopores and consistently allocated nitrogen atoms as supporting specie to coordinate cobalt (Co) atom through nitrogen inside (Co-PAG), for CO 2 conversion to formic-acid by hydrogenation and electrochemical approaches. Because of the synergetic effect of structural characteristics and Co-coordination, the band gap of Co-PAG is reduced to 0.7 eV, while that of PAG is 1.79 eV. The molecular dynamic (MD) simulations uncover the stability of PAG/Co-PAG. From reaction pathway analysis, it is concluded that Co-PAG can effectively hydrogenate CO 2 to formic acid. The highest barrier is 0.78 eV, which is feasible for experiments to carry out this reaction at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the overpotential requirement for PAG material in CO 2 electroreduction (CO 2 RR) to formic-acid is 0.46 V which is significantly larger than that for Co-PAG (0.18 V). Both PAG and Co-PAG surfaces retain higher selectivity for formic acid than that of carbon mono oxides and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and cobalt coordination in PAG support makes the formic-acid reaction path significantly energy favorable. These results confirm that PAG can be possible catalyst support and that Co-coordination in PAG material makes the formic-acid reaction path significantly more energy favorable. Cobalt coordinated single-layered porous aza-fused π-conjugated graphene analogous 2D material a stable and active electrocatalyst for CO 2 reduction reaction [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an abundant source of antioxidants and diet flavor enhancers, the plant essential oils can have positive effects on fish growth, and resistance against environmental stressors. In this study, garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil (TEO) was used in the diet of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, to evaluate its protective effect against malathion pesticide exposure. Tested fish (19.99±0.01 g) were divided into six groups (three replicates), namely: T1: control diet; T2: control diet + 0.025 mg L−1 malathion; T3: control diet + 0.075 mg L−1 malathion; T4: control diet + 1% TEO; T5: control diet + 0.025 mg L−1 malathion + 1% TEO and T6: control diet + 0.075 mg L−1 malathion + 1% TEO. After 21 days, T4 fish had the highest final body weight (FW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) among experimental treatments (P<0.05). The blood parameters including the red blood cells (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), hematocrit (Hct), and hemoglobin (Hb) values were the highest in T4 treatment, displaying a significant difference with T1 treatment (P<0.05). Fish in the T4 groups had the highest total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB), while fish of T3 showed the lowest levels of these parameters (P<0.05) and also had the highest level of triglycerides (TRG), cholesterol (CHOL), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and urea (Ur). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes recorded the lowest levels in T4 treatment, which showed a significant difference with T1 group. The catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed the highest activities in T4 treatment, while the lowest SOD and the highest malondialdehyde (MDA) levels occurred in T3 group (P<0.05). Total immunoglobulin (total Ig) level, alternative complement (ACH50) and lysozyme in the serum and skin mucus of T4 treatment of rainbow trout showed the highest activities with a significant difference from groups (P<0.05). From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that 1% of T. vulgaris as a supplement to the diet of rainbow trout can stimulate and improve the immune system of the fish. TEO can have a protective effect against unfavorable effects of malathion and improves the growth of the fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the role of surgical drains in near total thyroidectomy. Study Design: It was a Randomized clinical trial conducted at department of surgery, DHQ teaching Hospital, Dera Ghazi Khan from Jun 2012 to May 2013. Patients and Methods: Patients were randomized into two groups by lottery method. Group A were those in which drains were placed and Group B patient were operated and no drains were placed. Inclusion criteria included all patients presenting for near total thyroidectomy for benign diseases. Those with massive goiters or nodules larger than 6 cm were excluded. 40patients were enrolled in the study. Complications, length of hospital stay, and overall cost were evaluated. Results: In the Group B (no drain group), there was 03 days mean hospital stay with no increase in postoperative complications like swelling. While Group A (drain group) mean hospital stay was 06 days. Conclusions: Thyroid surgery without the use of a drain decreases the length of hospital stay, with no increase in patient morbidity. The overall cost is significantly reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a fundamental value in the Islamic belief system, tawakkul is defined as the belief in the sufficiency of God that involves positive efforts to achieve one's goals while accepting the outcomes unconditionally. The present research intended to develop a psychometrically sound measure of tawakkul and it comprised two studies. In study I, an initial item pool of 60 items was developed based on the content analyses of Quranic verses with the root word 'w–k–l' and the findings of two focus group discussions with psychologists, Islamic scholars, and common Muslim adults. This item pool was reviewed by a committee of experts resulting in a 40-item initial draft of the Tawakkul Scale, which was administered on a purposive sample of (N = 300) Pakistani Muslim adults. The findings of the exploratory factor analysis revealed a four-factor structure (loadings ranged from.56 to.96) of the Tawakkul Scale that cumulatively explained 76.67% variance. The factors included belief in the sufficiency of God (11 items), unconditional acceptance of God's will (6 items), efforts (4 items), and annihilation of one's own will (3 items). All factors were moderately related to each other with good values of Cronbach's alpha (α ≥.83). Study II replicated the factorial structure of the Tawakkul Scale through confirmatory factor analysis and established its construct validity in an independent sample of (N = 350) Pakistani Muslim adults. Tawakkul had a positive relationship with secure attachment to God and a negative relationship with insecure attachment to God that affirmed its construct validity. Overall, the findings indicated that the Tawakkul Scale is a psychometrically sound measure that needs to be further studied in Muslim populations across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To safely cope with the hazardous methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine (RhB) dyes in wastewater, ZnFe 2 O 4 has shown promise as attractive photocatalytic degradation material. Therefore, we synthesized CQDs-decorated ZnFe 2 O 4 microspheres and successfully degraded MB and RhB dyes under UV light. The CQDs/ZnFe 2 O 4 composites exhibited superior performance as compared to pure ZnFe 2 O 4 , achieving nearly 100% degradation of MB in 60 min and 95% degradation of RhB in 80 min. Additionally, the CQDs/ZnFe 2 O 4 material was found stable after four consecutive cycles during the photocatalytic activity. Density functional theory calculations revealed that CQDs generated new gap states near the Fermi level, enhancing the charge separation and conductivity of the composites. The photocatalytic mechanism involved the generation of holes, . OH and . O 2 radicals as the active species. These results demonstrate that CQDs/ZnFe 2 O 4 composites can be promising candidates in wastewater treatment along with other wide range of applications. • A facile impregnation-thermal method was developed to fabricate CQDs-decorated ZnFe 2 O 4 microspheres. • The active species in the photocatalytic system are confirmed as holes, ●OH, and ●O 2 − by the trapping experiments. • CQDs/ZnFe 2 O 4 microspheres showed superior performance to pure ZnFe 2 O 4 , achieving nearly 100% degradation of MB in 60 min and 95% degradation of RhB in 80 min. • Intrinsic photocatalytic degradation mechanism of CQDs/ZnFe 2 O 4 MSs towards organic dyes is tentatively proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, which is entangled with numerous foodborne pathogenic bacteria and viruses, it appears to be essential to rethink detection methods of these due to the importance of food safety in our lives. The vast majority of detection methods for foodborne pathogenic bacteria and viruses have suffered from sensitivity and selectivity due to the small size of these pathogens. Besides, these types of sensing approaches can improve on-site detection platforms in the fields of food safety. In recent, microfluidics systems as new emerging types of portable sensing approaches can introduce efficient and simple biodevice by integration with several analytical methods such as electrochemical, optical and colorimetric techniques. Additionally, taking advantage of aptamer as a selective bioreceptor in the sensing of microfluidics system has provided selective, sensitive, portable and affordable sensing approaches. Furthermore, some papers use increased data transferability ability and computational power of these sensing platforms by exploiting smartphones. In this review, we attempted to provide an overview of the current state of the recent aptasensor based on microfluidic for screening of foodborne pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Working strategies, benefits and disadvantages of these sensing approaches are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pt/Er nanoparticles are decorated on Cd-MOF derived hierarchical carbon. • Pt-Er@PCN-900 shows wide range porosity and large active sites. • Pt-Er@PCN-900 presented excellent ORR and HER catalytic activity. • Stability and durability of Pt-Er@PCN-900 is marvelous in alkaline media. Fabrication of Pt alloy with controlled morphology and size has drawn an attractive attention in developing active electrocatalysts for fuel cell and water splitting application. However, the effectively controlled synthesis strategy and morphology on N-doped carbon structure is still a challenging issue. Herein, a facile strategy for uniform dispersion of active sites of Pt/Er on the hierarchical N-doped carbon structure through pyrolysis in innert atmosphere is addopted. The developed product of Pt-Er@PCN-900 has exhibited efficacious trifunctional catalytic activity for hydrogen/oxygen evolution as well as oxygen reduction reaction. Comparatively, Pt-Er@PCN-900 with 8% Pt presents excellent performance than commercial 20%Pt/C. The present work highlights the importance of the rationalized dispersion of Pt/Er active sites for the future large-scale commercial applications of fuel cell and water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of disadvantages of limited activity and poor stability, MN 4 -complexes have created remarkable attention in the scientific community, energy field in particular, due to their applicability in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysis. These disadvantages can be nullified considerably by using graphene oxide (GO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as carbon supports due to their large surface area and high conductivity. Having limitation of tendency of agglomeration, GO may result to have detrimental effect on the ORR activity of MN 4 -complexes. In order to suppress the agglomeration of GO, herein, CNTs were effectively utilized. The binary carbon material was loaded with Hemin (H) molecule in a different ratio to form a H@CNTs/rGO composite. The electrochemical results indicated superior activity of H@CNTs/rGO (E 1/2 = 89 mV) as compared to H@CNTs (E 1/2 = 81 mV), H@rGO (E 1/2 = 86 mV) and commercial 20% Pt/C (E 1/2 = 84 mV). The characterization data revealed that the addition of CNTs could effectively suppress the agglomeration of rGO, thereby increasing area for the hemin molecule to get adsorbed on both nanocarbons, resulting increment of active sites for ORR. This work opens the opportunities for enhancement of various catalytic performances of metal complexes using nano-carbons. Unlabelled Image • Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) suppressed the agglomeration of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). • Superior ORR activity of 3D architecture supported Hemin MN 4 -molecule, H@CNTs/rGO. • High methanol tolerance and durability of the H@CNTs/rGO composite. • DFT calculations and ORR activity descriptors of Hemin MN 4 -molecule [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinization has severe affects on agriculture worldwide. For successful survival and better yield, ability of seeds germinations under high salt concentration is very vital. With this object we observed the effects of various levels of NaCl (0, 25, 50 and 75 mM) on six varieties (Green leaf, Rama posa, Arka anamika, Super green, Okra kashish and Nerali) of Okra. The results clearly indicated that seeds of all varieties can tolerate the lower concentration of salt (25 mM) and higher (50 mM) greatly reduced the seeds germination while at highest concentration (75 mM) no germination was recorded. Salt treatments also reduced the dry and fresh weight of roots and shoots in all varieties considerably (P<0.05). Over all Nerali performed better and thus concluded as tolerant variety while Rama posa was proved to be a sensitive variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compulsion of low-cost high-performance lithium-ion batteries in order to meet the global per capita usage of energy is continuously trending. In this work, we address an economical and facile synthesis strategy of graphene oxide/manganese dioxide nanotubes (GMN) hybrid material as an anode for lithium-ion batteries. By adopting a simple sonication technique graphene oxide (GO) 'as is' integrated on manganese dioxide nanotubes due to the electrostatic force of attraction between GO functional groups and MnO 2 nanotubes. As a result, strong chemical bonding established by virtue of oxygen bridges such as Mn–O–C linkage due to the hydroxyl/epoxy groups pinning from GO onto the Mn atoms. This integration of graphene oxide is beneficial to reduce the volume expansion, charge transfer resistance and moreover in enhancing interfacial and structure stability during charge-discharge cycles. Consequently, GMN hybrid exhibit excellent lithium storage capacity (1290 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), sound cyclic stability (316 mA h g−1 at 2 A g−1), preservation of nanotubes structure even up to 800 cycles, enhanced initial columbic efficiency from 46% (bare MnO 2) to 68% (GMN), and approximately three times lower volume expansion of (62%) in contrast to bare MnO 2 (190%). This study provides an insight to utilize GO directly to deal with the severe issue of volume expansion to boost the overall performance of metal oxide anode materials. Image 1 • Graphene oxide sheets encapsulated Manganese dioxide nanotube anode. • Alleviation of volume variation in course of cycling by utilizing 'as is' graphene oxide. • A role of Mn–O–C bridges towards stable metal oxide anode. • Stability of manganese dioxide nanotubes anode even after 800 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Facile synthesis of iron phthalocyanine nanoparticles and their composite. • Synergist distal effect on nanosized FePc via O-atom on CNTs surface. • An inclusive relationship between Fe3+/2+ redox and ORR potentials. • Superior ORR performance of iron phthalocyanine nanoparticles. The lethargic kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at cathode typically desires to be catalyzed by highly competent catalysts to get better performance of fuel cell devices for efficient energy conversion. Herein, we fabricated a nanocomposite of multiwall carbon nanotubes decorated with iron phthalocyanine nanoparticles (FePcNPs@CNTs) using a single-step facile microwave strategy. The morphologies and composition of the FePcNPs and FePcNPs@CNTs were confirmed by using multiple analytical techniques. Further, these materials were taken under the ORR electrocatalytic investigations in O 2 -saturated 0.1 M KOH. The results demonstrated the composite FePcNPs@CNTs to have superior ORR activity as evidenced by the significant reduction in over-potential (onset potential, +1.03 V and half-wave potential, +0.97 V) in comparison to commercial FePc and 20% Pt/C. In addition, the electrochemistry of FePcNPs, FePcNPs@CNTs in N 2 -saturated 0.1 M KOH indicated that more positive formal potential of Fe2+/Fe3+ redox couple facilitated the strong interaction between Fe2+ and O 2 ; weaken the O O bond followed by 4e− ORR. This work confirms that bio-inspired molecules at the nanoscale can be applied to achieve 4e− ORR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is a global problem, and almost more than 20% of the total cultivated area of the world is affected by salt stress. Phytoremediation is one of the most suitable practices to combat salinity and recently biochar has showed the tremendous potential to alleviate salt-affected soils and enhance vegetation. Trees improve the soil characteristics by facilitating the leaching of salts and releasing organic acids in soil. Moreover, in the presence of trees, higher transpiration rates and lower evaporation rates are also helpful in ameliorating salt affected soils. This study was designed to check the effect of different levels of biochar on the morph-physiological characteristics of three important agroforestry tree species: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Vachellia nilotica, and Dalbergia sissoo, in saline soils. Farmyard manure biochar was applied at the rate of 3% (w/w), 6% (w/w), and 9% (w/w) to find appropriate levels of biochar for promoting the early-stage trees growth under saline conditions. Results of the current study revealed that maximum shoot length (104.77 cm), shoot dry weight (23.72 g), leaves dry weight (28.23 g), plant diameter (12.32 mm), root length (20.89 cm), root dry weight (18.90 g), photosynthetic rate (25.33 μ moles CO2 m-2s-1) and stomatal conductance (0.12 mol H2O m-2 s-1) were discovered in the plants of Eucalyptus camaldulensis at the rate of 6% (w/w). All tree species showed better results for growth and physiological characteristics when biochar was applied at the rate of 6% (w/w). In comparison, a decreasing trend in growth parameters was found in the excessive amount of biochar when the application rate was increased from 6% (w/w) to 9% (w/w) for all three species. So, applying an appropriate level of biochar is important for boosting plant growth in saline soils. Among different tree species, Vachellia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis both showed very promising results to remediate salt affected soils with Vachellia nilotica showing maximum potential to absorb sodium ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Novel hollow hierarchical nanotubes (HHNTs) of CoVP@NiFeV-layered double hydroxides heterostructure is synthesized. • Hierarchical hollow nanotubes micro/nanostructures increase the electrochemical active surface area and active sites. • The strong chemical interaction between NiFeV-LDHs and CoVP plays a key role in the electrochemical activities. • The HHNTs heterostructures show great catalytic activity towards high Faradaic efficiency, pH-universal NRR to NH 3 synthesis. Electrocatalytical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) under ambient conditions provides a promising substitute to the typical Haber−Bosch process that involves high energy and greenhouse gases emission. Herein, we develop non-noble metal based hollow hierarchical nanotubes (HHNTs) of CoVP@NiFeV-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) heterostructures as a high-performance electrocatalyst for NRR, in which the novel 3D hollow hierarchical structure provides highly rich surface active sites for the adsorption and reduction of nitrogen to NH 3. Electrochemical measurements for NRR reveal high activity (NH 3 rate: 1.6 × 10−6 mol h−1 cm−2), high Faradaic efficiency (13.8%) and excellent selectivity at −0.3 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), outperforming other noble metals catalysts for N 2 fixation and most of state-of-the-art metal-free NRR electrocatalysts. Furthermore, CoVP@NiFeV-LDHs HHNTs could maintain high selectivity and durability over repeated reaction cycles. Therefore, this work highlights the first example of CoVP@NiFeV-LDHs hierarchical micro/nanostructures, which serve as electrocatalysts towards high-efficiency, pH-universal NRR to ammonia synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exceptional mechanical and better surface properties of metals are highly desirable for current pioneering applications. Recently, the electrochemical deposition is regarded as one of the appropriate methods to produce nanocomposite coatings with higher mechanical and excellent corrosion resistance properties. In this work, nickel-metal matrix nanocomposite coating reinforced with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) platelets has been fabricated with an electrochemical deposition technique to investigate the potential to improve the surface properties. The findings of this study demonstrate the impelling effect of rGO nanoplatelets on the mechanical and electrochemical properties of the produced nanocomposite coating. The sphere-like morphology, higher micro-hardness (504 HV) and enhanced erosion-corrosion resistance (4.07 R ct /kΩcm2) compared with a pure nickel coating (240 HV, 1.75 R ct /kΩcm2, respectively) are observed for nickel-rGO nanocomposite coating. Moreover, the thickness of the coating is significantly increased with the introduction of rGO nanoplatelets. The remarkable microstructure refinement is obtained which is supported by the intensity reduction of preferred planes of the Ni matrix. Furthermore, the grain sizes are decreased from 35.82 nm to 22.79 nm for rGO reinforced nanocomposite coating. The average roughness (R a) (R a : 41.7 to R a : 342) and long-time erosion-corrosion performance are improved due to the strengthening effect of rGO nanosheets reinforcement. Unlabelled Image • Ni matrix nanocomposite reinforced with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) platelets is fabricated by co-deposition technique. • Unique spherical growth and higher surface roughness of nanocomposite are owing to the nano filler rGO platelets. • The inducing effect of rGO on the microstructure and properties of nanocomposite coating are appraised. • Nanocomposite coating delivers enhanced microhardness and better erosion-corrosion performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabricating novel biosensing constructs with high sensitivity and selectivity is highly demanded in food contaminants detection. In this prospect, various nanostructured materials were envisaged to build (bio)sensors with superior sensitivity and selectivity. The desirable biocompatibility, brilliant mechanical strength, ease of surface functionalization, as well as tunable optical and electronic features, portray 2D MXenes as versatile scaffolds for biosensing. In this review, we overviewed the state-of-the-art MXenes-based optical biosensing devices to detect mycotoxins, pesticide residues, antibiotic residues, and food borne-pathogens from foodstuff and environmental matrices. Firstly, the synthesis methods and surface functionalization/modification of MXenes are discussed. Secondly, according to the target analytes, we categorized and presented a detailed account of the newest research progress of MXenes-based optical probes for food contaminants monitoring. The efficiency of all the surveyed probes was assessed on the basis of important factors like response time, detection limit (DL), and sensing range. Lastly, the necessity and requirements for future advances in this emerging MXenes material are also given, followed by challenges and opportunities. We hope that this study will bridge the gap between nanotechnology and food science, offering insights for engineers or scientists in both areas to accelerate the progress of MXenes-based materials for food safety detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined the mediating role of ego depletion sensitivity between temperaments and subjective vitality. The sample of the present research consisted of 210 undergraduate students of the University of Sargodha. Temperament, ego depletion sensitivity, and subjective vitality were operationalized through Approach-Avoidance Temperament Questionnaire (Elliot & Thrash, 2010), Depletion Sensitivity Scale (Salmon et al., 2014), and Subjective Vitality Scale (Ryan & Frederick, 1997), respectively. Correlation analysis depicted that ego depletion sensitivity was positively correlated with avoidance temperament and negatively correlated with subjective vitality. Furthermore, ego depletion sensitivity mediated between avoidance temperament and subjective vitality. Implications of the study along with its limitations and suggestions were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-free electrocatalysts for Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are highly desirable alternatives to expensive metal electrocatalysts. Herein, two metal-free heteroatom doped electro catalysts PCF-800 (carbon doped with fluorine) and PCFN-800 (carbon co-doped with nitrogen and fluorine) have been derived from the pyrolysis of ZnTFBDC and ZnTFBDC(1,10phen) accordingly. Both showed stunning performance for HER and OER in comparison with commercially available multiwall Nano carbon tubes. The graphitic and pyridinic carbon sites are generated in PCF-800 and PCFN-800 during the thermal polymerization process. These catalytic sites are responsible for excellent activity in terms of overpotential and Tafel slopes for HER process. Synthesized catalysts showed HER activities that are comparable to commercially available 20%Pt/C. PCFN-800 showed stability for about 30 h with a little decrease in current. Moreover, the mechanistic approach for HER and OER theoretical work was done and it has been found that the ΔG *H value for PCFN-800 is 0.51 eV that is less than 0.71 eV for N-doped carbon material for HER process. [Display omitted] • Fluorine and Nitrogen doped nanostructured hierarchical carbon is derived from Zn polymer. • High surface area with a wide range of porosity and catalytic active sites are found in derived carbon. • N and F co-doping of carbon produced excellent HER/OER catalytic activity. • Good Stability of electrode is found in alkaline media. • Mechanistic studies by DFT validate the contribution of F-coordination toward improved bifunctional catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the effects of different concentrations (0.05 and 0.15 mM) of a benzothiazine (BTh) derivative on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in normal (100% field water capacity, FWC) and drought (60% FWC) conditions. Various morphological and physiological characteristics, and the uptake of osmo-protectants and nutrients were measured under the two FWC conditions. Results show that the drought conditions significantly reduced plant growth, affected plant composition, reduced the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments and affected gaseous exchange attributes, stomatal behaviour, and uptake fluxes of essential nutrients, while increasing the contents of different osmo-protectants and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants to decrease the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the cells/tissues. However, seed priming with BTh reduced water stress conditions by increasing plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, stomatal behaviour, different gaseous exchange attributes, and uptake fluxes of essential nutrients compared with unprimed plants. In addition, the plant has a strong antioxidant defense system, which further increased its activities under BTh derivative treatments, to scavenge ROS production and maintain cell turgor under water stress conditions. In conclusion, drought stress-induced oxidative stress and altered the growth of T. aestivum , whereas seed priming increased plant growth and antioxidant production by improving the plant tolerance to drought. We suggest that seed priming with a BTh derivative as an effective priming technique in T. aestivum for reducing drought stress tends to benefit a grower in terms of better growth to fulfil the market demand for food cereals. Approximately 33% of the arable land around the world, including Pakistan, is vulnerable to drought, affecting the yield and productivity of cereal crops. It is hypothesised that benzothiazine (BTh) could alleviate abiotic stress caused by drought through salicylic acid accumulation in plants. We found that wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds primed with BTh derivatives could alleviate oxidative stress by increasing antioxidants, proline, soluble sugars and increasing fluxes of essential nutrients under drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin phosphide (SnxPy) is considered as an alternative anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical lithium-storage ability. Herein, carbon-coated SnP/C and Sn4P3/C composites are obtained via a facile solid-phase method for the first time. Subsequently, the lithium storage performances of SnP/C and Sn4P3/C are investigated in coin-cells, demonstrating a significantly high lithiation capacity and outstanding stability due to the introduction of carbon. Typically, the SnP/C anode delivers a very high specific capacity up to 751 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and a specific capacity of 610 mA h g−1 with a long cycling life of 500 cycles at a current density of 1.0 A g−1, while the Sn4P3/C anode yields 727 mA h g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 after 100 cycles. The specific capacities achieved here are remarkably higher than those of any other tin phosphide materials reported in previous studies. Moreover, the stability and cycling performance of these materials are significantly better in comparison with the previous studies, manifesting the best lithium-storage capacity performance of the SnxPy anode to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper (Cu) is an abundant essential micronutrient element in various rocks and minerals and is required for a variety of metabolic processes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, excess Cu can disturb normal development by adversely affecting biochemical reactions and physiological processes in plants. However, organic soil is rich in micronutrients and can assist plants to tolerate toxicity by promoting growth and biomass. This study explored the potential of organic and Cu-contaminated soil on fibrous jute (Corchorus capsularis). Plants were grown in the organic soil, natural soil (normal soil) and Cu-contaminated soil for 60 days, and we studied different growth, physiological and ultra-structure alterations in the plant. Results showed that the addition of organic acid in the soil showed a remarkable increase in seed germination, plant height, fresh biomass, photosynthetic pigment and gas exchange parameters, and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in the tissues when compared to the plants grown in the natural soil. In contrast, plants grown in the Cu-contaminated soil significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the seed germination, plant height, fresh biomass, photosynthetic pigment and gas exchange parameters, and increased MDA content, proline concentration and the activities of various antioxidant compounds; i.e. peroxidase (POD) and superoxidase dismutase (SOD). In addition, Cu toxicity also destroyed many membrane bounded organelles especially the chloroplast, which was revealed from transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We concluded that Cu toxicity affected growth and physiological attributes in C. capsularis , while addition of organic soil increased plant growth and biomass. An excessive amount of copper (Cu) reduces plant growth and biomass, lowering agricultural production and productivity. An organic soil may be found that improves seed germination in addition to plant growth and development. The growth, biomass, seed germination, photosynthesis pigments and plant exchange indices of Corchorus capsularis were all increased by organic soil. It is possible to increase C. capsularis biomass and growth by using organic soil in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]