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Hot rolling is an emerging post-processing method for improving mechanical properties of cold sprayed materials. However, the effects of hot rolling on cold sprayed materials are not well clarified. Accordingly, hot rolling assisted with heat treatment was conducted to investigate the effects of hot rolling on plastic deformation of cold sprayed copper bulks. The porosity, crystal grains and dislocation density of copper bulks were characterized through scanning electron microscope, electron back-scatter diffraction and transmission electron microscope. The evolution of pores during hot rolling was simulated using finite element analysis. The microhardness, tensile strength and breaking elongation of the bulks were measured to further explore the effects of hot rolling. The results show that the apparent porosity of the copper bulks sharply decreased due to the dynamic generation and healing processes of the pores in hot rolling. The tensile strength of the copper bulks increased significantly due to the evolution of bonding mechanisms and grain sizes of the copper bulks in hot rolling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, deep learning‐based fault diagnosis technology for high‐voltage circuit breakers (HVCB) has advanced significantly, but the working environment of HVCBs is complex, resulting in unsatisfactory fault diagnosis results of HVCBs in noisy environment and existing deep learning methods are difficult to solve this problem. This paper proposes a multi‐channel convolutional neural network combines dense residual structure and attention mechanism to achieve high‐precision and high‐robust diagnosis of HVCBs in noisy backgrounds. A dense residual network is introduced into the convolutional neural network to prevent feature loss during network propagation to preserve the difference information between the network layers as much as possible, Simultaneously, a channel attention mechanism is introduced to adaptively adjust the weights of different convolution channels. The model can extract multi‐scale features from the original signal and fully exploit the intrinsic relationship between the vibration signal and the HVCB's operating state. The experimental results show that the diagnostic method can still meet the requirements of fault diagnosis in the presence of noise, with an average diagnostic accuracy rate of 85.92% when the signal‐to‐noise ratio is −4. The model outperforms the traditional single‐channel model in terms of diagnostic accuracy and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bone metastasis is the leading cause of death in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) and currently has no effective treatment. Disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow often obtain new characteristics to cause therapy resistance and tumor recurrence. Thus, understanding the status of disseminated prostate cancer cells in bone marrow is crucial for developing a new treatment. Methods: We analyzed the transcriptome of disseminated tumor cells from a single cell RNA-sequencing data of PCa bone metastases. We built a bone metastasis model through caudal artery injection of tumor cells, and sorted the tumor hybrid cells by flow cytometry. We performed multi-omics analysis, including transcriptomic, proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis, to compare the difference between the tumor hybrid cells and parental cells. In vivo experiments were performed to analyze the tumor growth rate, metastatic and tumorigenic potential, drug and radiation sensitivity in hybrid cells. Single cell RNA-sequencing and CyTOF were performed to analyze the impact of hybrid cells on tumor microenvironment. Results: Here, we identified a unique cluster of cancer cells in PCa bone metastases, which expressed myeloid cell markers and showed a significant change in pathways related to immune regulation and tumor progression. We found that cell fusion between disseminated tumor cells and bone marrow cells can be source of these myeloid-like tumor cells. Multi-omics showed the pathways related to cell adhesion and proliferation, such as focal adhesion, tight junction, DNA replication, and cell cycle, were most significantly changed in these hybrid cells. In vivo experiment showed hybrid cells had a significantly increased proliferative rate, and metastatic potential. Single cell RNA-sequencing and CyTOF showed tumor-associated neutrophils/monocytes/macrophages were highly enriched in hybrid cells-induced tumor microenvironment with a higher immunosuppressive capacity. Otherwise, the hybrid cells showed an enhanced EMT phenotype with higher tumorigenicity, and were resistant to docetaxel and ferroptosis, but sensitive to radiotherapy. Conclusion: Taken together, our data demonstrate that spontaneous cell fusion in bone marrow can generate myeloid-like tumor hybrid cells that promote the progression of bone metastasis, and these unique population of disseminated tumor cells can provide a potential therapeutic target for PCa bone metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The stability and toxicity of perovskite solar cells are still preventing full industrialization. Therefore, lead‐free all‐inorganic double perovskite materials have become the focus of research in recent years. Our group proposed a new narrow bandgap lead‐free double perovskite solar cell using a high‐quality Cs2PtI6 film. In this paper, for the purpose of exploring the trend in the bandgap and stability of the perovskite‐derived Cs2PtI6 substituted by halogen ions, we performed a first‐principles investigation based on density functional theory to study the structural and electronic properties of Cs2PtI6−yCly, Cs2PtI6−yBry, Cs2PtBr6−yCly (y = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). The calculated structural parameters revealed a good mechanical stability for all these compounds, and the trend in the formation energy indicated that the substitution of I− with Cl− and Br− can significantly reduce the energy and improve the thermodynamic stability. Through a comparative analysis of the electronic properties of Cs2PtX6 (X = Cl, Br, I), we found that the substitutional doping of halogen ions can effectively adjust the bandgap and show an obvious change trend. The present study may demonstrate an effective theoretical guidance for preparing lead‐free all‐inorganic perovskite solar cell materials with appropriate bandgap and excellent stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dense convolutional network (DenseNet) is a hot topic in deep learning research in recent years, which has good applications in medical image analysis. In this paper, DenseNet is summarized from the following aspects. First, the basic principle of DenseNet is introduced; second, the development of DenseNet is summarized and analyzed from five aspects: broaden DenseNet structure, lightweight DenseNet structure, dense unit, dense connection mode, and attention mechanism; finally, the application research of DenseNet in the field of medical image analysis is summarized from three aspects: pattern recognition, image segmentation, and object detection. The network structures of DenseNet are systematically summarized in this paper, which has certain positive significance for the research and development of DenseNet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with conventional soil nails, the soil nail with grout bulbs (compaction-grouted soil nail) exhibits better performance in soil. In this study, a hyperbolic relationship was used to describe the relationship between pull-out stress (pull-out force divided by the cross-sectional area of a grout bulb) and displacement, in which the initial compressive modulus and ultimate compressive strength are the key factors that need to be determined in advance. In this case, the stress-strain behaviour of the soil around the grout bulb was investigated based on cavity expansion theory during compaction grouting and pull-out processes, and the initial compressive modulus with a compaction effect and the ultimate compressive strength were then quantified. Therefore, a cavity expansion theory-based hyperbolic model for the pull-out force of a compaction-grouted soil nail was proposed, in which the contribution of compaction grouting to the pull-out force was theoretically quantified. The proposed pull-out force model that combines the hyperbolic relationship and cavity expansion theory is simple and has high accuracy and will be useful for the design of the new soil nail with grout bulbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warming trends of the Laurentian Great Lakes and surrounding areas have been observed in recent decades, and concerns continue to rise about the pace and pattern of future climate change over the world's largest freshwater system. To date, many regional climate models used for the Great Lakes projection either neglected the lake-atmosphere interactions or only coupled with 1-D column lake models to represent the lake hydrodynamics. The study presents the Great Lakes climate change projection that has employed the two-way coupling of a regional climate model with a 3-D lake model (GLARM) to resolve 3-D hydrodynamics important for large lakes. Using the three carefully selected CMIP5 AOGCMS, we show that the GLARM ensemble average substantially reduces the surface air temperature and precipitation biases of the driving AOGCM ensemble average in present-day climate simulations. The improvements are not only displayed from the atmospheric perspective but also evidenced in accurate simulations of lake surface temperature, and ice coverage and duration. After that, we present the GLARM projected climate change for the mid-21st century (2030-2049) and the late century (2080-2099) for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Under RCP 8.5, the Great Lakes basin is projected to warm by 1.3-2.2 °C by the mid-21st century and 4.0-4.9 °C by the end of the century relative to the early-century (2000-2019). Moderate mitigation (RCP 4.5) reduces the mid-century warming to 0.8-1.9 °C and late-century warming to 1.8-2.7 °C. Annual precipitation in GLARM is projected to increase for the entire basin, varying from -0.4 % to 10.5 % during the mid-century and 1.2 % to 28.5 % during the late-century under different scenarios and simulations. The most significant increases are projected in spring and early summer when current precipitation is highest and little increase in winter when it is lowest. Lake surface temperatures (LSTs) are also projected to increase across the five lakes in all of the simulations, but with strong seasonal and spatial heterogeneities. The most significant LST increase will occur in Lake Superior. The strongest warming was projected in spring, followed by strong summer warming, suggesting earlier and more intense stratification in the future. In contrast, a relatively smaller increase in LSTs during fall and winter are projected with heat transfer to the deepwater due to strong mixing and energy required for ice melting. Correspondingly, the highest monthly mean ice cover is projected to be 3-6 % and 8-20 % across the lakes by the end of the century in RCP 8.5 and RCP 4.5, respectively. In the coastal regions, ice duration will decrease by up to 30-50 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two series of physical modeling experiments, with and without a grouting process, were conducted under different grouting pressures to study the effect of compaction grouting on the performance of compaction-grouted soil nails. In addition, a hyperbola-based model was proposed to describe the variation of the pullout forces with and without grouting. Some of the main conclusions drawn are as follows. First, the compaction effect initially influences the mobilized pullout force, but not the final stage of pullout; the large difference between the two series of tests in regard to the pullout force at the initial stage led to the first part of this conclusion. However, the final pullout force results of the tests, both those with and those without grouting, were similar. Second, once the soil condition changes, the compaction effect on the performance of a soil nail depends on the grouting pressure rather than the diameter of the grout bulb. Third, the difference in the soil response (i.e., vertical dilatancy and the vertical and horizontal squeezing effects) derived from the compaction grouting effect will result in the initial difference in the increased rate of the pullout force between the tests with a grouting process and those without. Finally, a hyperbola-based model was proposed to describe the variation of the pullout force of the model tests with and without grouting, through which the pullout force is available of prediction for the given diameter of grout bulb and pullout displacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a latex membrane with a diameter of 50 mm and thickness of 0.5 mm is used to encase an injection hole. The gap between the membrane and the nail rod is fixed to achieve compaction grouting and to prevent fracturing and permeating; hence, a regular grout bulb is easily formed and locked into the soil matrix to provide a pullout force for a compaction-grouted soil nail. For this type of soil nail, two series of physical model tests for an embedded soil nail and a soil nail with a predrilled hole (the soil sample was moistened and could sustain the hole without collapsing during the placement of the nail rod) were conducted to study the influence of the installation methods on the performance of a compaction-grouted soil nail. The results of the two series of tests were compared, and some conclusions were drawn: First, the aforementioned installation methods for a soil nail had little impact on the mass of injected grout, whereas the shape of the cured grout bulb showed some differences based on the type of soil response. Second, compared with that of an embedded soil nail, the pullout force of a postplaced soil nail remarkably decreased because the hole drilled for installation led to a gap between the soil nail and the surrounding soil. In addition, the loss rate correlated with the grouting pressure (i.e., the diameter of the grout bulb). Third, because of the lower soil densification, dilation, and squeeze effect, a slower growth rate (with increasing grouting pressure) of the pullout force (i.e., resistance) was found for the postplaced soil nail relative to that of the embedded soil nail, during which the efficiency of the increasing pullout force decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of large-scale model tests was conducted on compaction-grouted soil nails to study the influence of the degree of saturation on the soil response to compaction grouting and pull-out. The experimental results show that the initial degree of saturation of the soil strongly influences the grout injectability, thus the formed diameter of grout bulb. Subsequently, the diameter of the grout bulb alters the pull-out force, with larger grout bulbs generating higher pull-out forces and exhibiting greater hardening behaviour. Interestingly, the initial pull-out forces are the same for the same grouting pressure, regardless of the initial degree of saturation and the subsequently grout bulb. In addition, some of the main factors influencing the pressure grouting and pull-out of the soil nail, as the initial degree of saturation varies, are as follows. First, the variations in the soil pressure and density with the initial degree of saturation are similar to that of the volume of grout injected, and the compression of the soil induced by pressure grouting exhibits a similar evolution with the initial degree of saturation at different locations. Second, the initial degree of saturation of the soil sample plays a dominant role in the change in suction during pressure grouting and pull-out of soil nail. Third, the horizontal soil pressure derived from the pull-out of soil nail propagates closely in the soil sample of lower initial degree of saturation. The vertical soil pressure induced by the vertical soil dilation and squeezing effect varies in accidence with the initial degree of saturation and the grout bulb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed a new soil nail known as the compaction-grouted soil nail, and a physical model was established to investigate its pull-out behaviour with different grouting pressures. The study on scale effect of the physical model was performed subsequently via numerical modelling. Additionally, interface shear tests were performed using the same boundary conditions as the physical model test. The strength parameters obtained were used to estimate the pull-out resistance of a conventional soil nail. The merits of these two soil nail types were compared based on their pull-out resistances. The physical model test results showed that the pull-out resistance of the compaction-grouted soil nail increases with increasing grouting pressure. In addition, the pull-out resistance exhibits hardening behaviour without a yield point, indicating that the compaction-grouted soil nail enables soils to remain stable against a relatively large deformation before ultimate failure. Furthermore, a higher grouting pressure results in a higher rate of increase for pull-out resistance versus pull-out displacement, which improves the performance of the compaction-grouted soil nail in the stabilization of large deformation problems. A comparison of the two types of soil nails suggests that the new compaction-grouted soil nail is more sensitive to grouting pressure than the conventional soil nail in terms of pull-out resistance improvement. In other words, the performance (pull-out resistance) of the compaction-grouted soil nail can be markedly improved by increasing the grouting pressure without inducing any accidental or undesired cracking or soil displacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrafine Y2O3:Eu3+ phosphors were prepared by a modified solution combustion method. The as-prepared samples with sizes of 17.6–80 nm (nanophosphors) and 300 nm (submicron phosphors) were characterized by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The emission spectra of the samples are unchanged in comparison with that of standard material. The excitation spectra show a redshift in the charge-transfer-state band and a blueshift in the host gap band. In relation to commercial sample, the relative luminescence intensities of nano- and submicron phosphors are increased sufficiently to 64.4% and 93.6%, respectively. Higher quenching concentration of the activator Eu3+ ion was observed in the nanophosphor than that in the phosphor synthesized by solid state reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Laurentian Great Lakes are one of the most prominent hotspots for the study of climate change induced lake warming. Warming trends in large, deep lakes, which are often inferred by the observations of lake surface temperature (LST) in most studies, are strongly linked to the total lake heat content. In this study, we use a 3D hydrodynamic model to examine the nonlinear processes of water mixing and ice formation that cause changes in lake heat content and further variation of LST. With a focus on mechanism study, a series of process‐oriented experiments is carried out to understand the interactions among these processes and their relative importance to the lake heat budget. Using this hydrodynamic model, we estimate the lake heat content by integrating over the entire 3D volume. Our analysis reveals that (1) Heat content trends do not necessarily follow (can even be opposed to) trends in LST. Hence, using LST as a warming indicator can be problematic; (2) vertical mixing in water column may play a more important role in regulating lake warming than traditionally expected. Changes in the water mixing pattern can have a prolonged effect on the thermal structure; (3) Ice albedo feedback, even in cold winters, has little impact on lake thermal structure, and its influence on lake warming may have been overestimated. Our results indicate that climate change will not only affect the air‐lake energy exchange but can also alter lake internal dynamics, therefore, the lake's response to a changing climate may vary with time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Basal-like breast cancer exhibits a triple-negative phenotype and has a poor prognosis, even with traditional chemical and anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) treatments. However, the high mutation rate of this obstinate cancer type renders it suitable for immunotherapy. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a high-efficiency method for inducing tumor neoantigen release in situ , which has great potential for use in cancer immunotherapy. Here, we prepared a biomimetic black phosphorus quantum dot (BPQDs) formulation to induce breast cancer cell apoptosis in situ by near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation to mobilize the immune system to eliminate the residual and metastatic cancer cells. Erythrocyte membranes (RMs) were used to coat the BPQDs, forming a BPQD-RM nanovesicle (BPQD-RMNV) biomimetic formulation that exhibited a long circulation time and tumor accumulation in vivo. The basal-like 4T1 breast tumor underwent apoptosis and necrosis with the irradiation and recruited dendritic cells (DCs) to capture the tumor antigens in vivo. Furthermore, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody (aPD-1) was employed to prevent the CD8+ T cells from exhaustion. Notably, BPQD-RMNV-mediated PTT combined with aPD-1 treatment significantly delayed residual and metastatic tumor growth in vivo. Hence, BPQD-RMNV-mediated PTT combined with immune checkpoint blockade antibody increased the infiltration and activity of CD8+ T cells in the tumor, which directly restrained basal-like breast tumor growth in vivo. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Wucai (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. rosularis Tsen) is a variant of nonheading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.), which is one of the major vegetables in China. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has been used for Wucai breeding in recent years. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of Wucai CMS remains unclear. In this study, the phenotypic and cytological features of Wucai CMS were observed by anatomical analysis, and a comparative transcriptome analysis was carried out to identify genes related to male sterility using Illumina RNA sequencing technology (RNA-Seq). Results: Microscopic observation demonstrated that tapetum development was abnormal in the CMS line, which failed to produce fertile pollen. Bioinformatics analysis detected 4430 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the fertile and sterile flower buds. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed to better understand the functions of these DEGs. Among the DEGs, 35 genes (53 DEGS) were implicated in anther and pollen development, and 11 genes were involved in pollen cell wall formation and modification; most of these showed downregulated expression in sterile buds. In addition, several genes related to tapetum development (A6, AMS, MS1, MYB39, and TSM1) and a few genes annotated to flowering (CO, AP3, VIN3, FLC, FT, and AGL) were detected and confirmed by qRT-PCR as being expressed at the meiosis, tetrad, and uninucleate microspore stages, thus implying possible roles in specifying or determining the fate and development of the tapetum, male gametophyte and stamen. Moreover, the top four largest transcription factor families (MYB, bHLH, NAC and WRKY) were analyzed, and most showed reduced expression in sterile buds. These differentially expressed transcription factors might result in abortion of pollen development in Wucai. Conclusion: The present comparative transcriptome analysis suggested that many key genes and transcription factors involved in anther development show reduced gene expression patterns in the CMS line, which might contribute to male sterility in Wucai. This study provides valuable information for a better understanding of CMS molecular mechanisms and functional genome studies in Wucai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a non-destructive, low-cost, photo-based, 3D reconstruction technique for characterizing geo-materials with irregular shapes of a relatively large size. After being validated against two traditional volume measurement methods, namely the vernier caliper method and the fluid displacement method for regular and irregular shapes, respectively, 3D photogrammetry was used to analyse the grout bulbs formed in laboratory pressure grouting tests. The reconstructed 3D mesh model of the sample provides accurate and detailed 3D vertex data, which allowed the volume, densification efficiency and bleeding behaviour of the grout bulbs to be analysed. Comparing the bulb section views at different grouting pressures also offers an intuitive observation of the grout development and propagation process. Moreover, the 3D vertex data and surface area included in the model are of great importance in validating numerical predictions of the pressure grouting process and analysing the interface shear resistance of grouted soil nails or anchors. Compared to existing approaches, the new 3D photogrammetry method possesses several key advantages: (a) it does not require expensive, specialized equipment; (b) samples are not destroyed or modified during testing; (c) it allows to reconstruct objects of various scales and (d) the software is public domain. Therefore, the adoption of this 3D photogrammetry method will facilitate research in the pressure grouting process and can be extended to other problems in geotechnical engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important research topic in reinforcing deep soft soil slopes is the pullout distribution of a long anchor with multiple grout bulbs under various factors. The nonlinear variation between the compaction effect and grout bulb diameter was first quantitatively described using an exponential model. The pullout force of a long anchor with multiple grout bulbs was then calculated using a modified model considering the compaction effect. After verification based on the model test data, a parametric analysis was carried out on the elastic modulus of the anchor rod, grout bulb diameters, bulb numbers, and bulb sequences. The results indicated that a larger elastic modulus leads to a more obvious hardening behavior and a lower mobilized displacement of the pullout force. The grout bulb diameter significantly influences the ultimate pullout force and the mobilized displacement of the pullout force. Although the bulb number affects the ultimate pullout force and the distribution of the pullout force, the mobilized displacement of the pullout force does not change. For a long anchor with multiple grout bulbs, the sequence of the bulb diameters has a significant impact on the ultimate pullout force and the distribution and mobilized displacement of the pullout force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poor thermal stability of current commercial white light emitting diodes (WLED) fabricated using a blue chip, a yellow YAG:Ce 3+ phosphor (YAG) and resins, restricts their application in fields where long service time and high power lighting systems are required. Incorporating YAG into glass offers a possible way to resolve the problem by removing the organic resins in LED encapsulation. In the present study, YAG glass-ceramics with bismuth borate glass matrices were prepared using a rapid melt quenching technique. The YAG erosion mechanism was investigated for the first time in various glass matrix compositions at different co-sintering temperatures. The results demonstrate that neither B 2 O 3 nor Bi 2 O 3 individually erodes YAG particles, but the mixtures of B 2 O 3 and Bi 2 O 3 binary glass systems react with YAG and dissolve it almost completely or generate YAl 3 (BO 3 ) 4 (abbreviated as YAB), and they even erode as-produced YAB again under certain conditions. The production of YAB particles increases with the increase of the n Bi /n B ratio at a lower temperature (680 °C), while it first increases and then decreases at a higher temperature (800 °C). The maximum production of YAB can be obtained at the co-sintering temperature of 680 °C with an n Bi /n B ratio of 55:45 or at 760 °C with an n Bi /n B ratio of 35:65. The intermediate Bi 4 B 2 O 9 phase is found during the transformation of YAG into YAB. A simple but efficient approach is proposed to prevent YAG erosion and increase the luminous properties of YAG glass ceramics to a great extent by simply adding Ca 2+ into bismuth borate glass matrices. The degree of YAG erosion decreases with increasing Ca 2+ concentration until an impurity phase appears when the Ca 2+ concentration exceeds 20 mol%. The combination of good white light emission and suitable quantum efficiency as well as higher thermal stability makes the as-prepared YAG glass-ceramics equipped with a blue chip a possible alternative to commercial WLED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovative compaction-grouted soil nail was designed by injecting grout into a special latex balloon (grouting bag) to avoid bleeding and penetration of grout into the surrounding soil. A series of large-scale model tests was performed to study the surrounding soil responses due to grouting and the subsequent pull-out resistance of the soil nail. The experimental results show that grouting pressure plays an important role in the enhancement of the density and (or) strength of the surrounding soil. In addition, during the pull-out process, the compaction-grouted soil nail exhibits a strain-hardening behaviour without a yield point. This is a significant advantage of this new soil nail, indicating that it can enable soil masses to remain stable against a relatively large deformation before ultimate failure. The main factors behind the improvement of the pull-out resistance of the new soil nail are, first, the compaction-densification of the soil near the grouting bag due to grouting, resulting in the enhancement of the shear strength of the soil, and, second, the enlargement of the grouting bag, causing the increase of the interface shear and end resistance to the pull-out of the soil nail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model test was conducted for a newly developed soil nail, the result of which was compared to that of a 3D finite element method (FEM) simulation. The shape angle ( β ) and friction coefficients ( μ ) contributed to the difference in pull-out force between the model test and the simulation. Further verifications were conducted, during which the pull-out mechanisms of the soil nail for different β and μ were analysed. It was found that both β and μ have a positive influence on the pull-out force; β only affects the increase rate, while μ influences the overall pull-out force level. Three components were found to govern the pull-out force, with the component applied to the expanded cement bulk surface accounting for approximately 80% of the total. This study proves that the optimal approach for increasing pull-out force is to enlarge the diameter of the cement bulk rather than extend the nail length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel SrLu2O4: x Ho3+, y Yb3+ phosphors ( x=0.005-0.05, y=0.1-0.6) were synthesized by a simple solid-state reaction method. The phase purity, morphology, and upconversion luminescence were measured by X-ray diffraction ( XRD), scanning electron microscopy ( SEM), and photoluminescence ( PL) spectroscopy. The doping concentrations and sintering temperature were optimized to be x=0.01, y=0.5 and T=1400°C to obtain the strongest emission intensity. Under 980 nm laser diode excitation, the SrLu2O4:Ho3+, Yb3+ phosphors exhibit intense green upconversion ( UC) emission band centered at 541 nm (5F4,5S2→5I8) and weak red emission peaked at 673 nm (5F5→5I8). Under different pump-power excitation, the UC luminescence can be finely tuned from yellow-green to green light region to some extent. Based on energy level diagram, the energy-transfer mechanisms are investigated in detail according to the analysis of pump-power dependence and luminescence decay curves. The energy-transfer mechanisms for green and red UC emissions can be determined to be two-photon absorption processes. Compared with commercial NaYF4:Er3+, Yb3+ and common Y2O3:Ho3+, Yb3+ phosphors, the SrLu1.49Ho0.01Yb0.5O4 sample shows good color monochromaticity and relatively high UC luminescence intensity. The results imply that SrLu2O4:Ho3+, Yb3+ can be a good candidate for green UC material in display fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• DKK1 is significantly higher expressed in HNSC. • DKK1 is correlated with survival time of patients who received radiotherapy. • DKK1 is correlated with radioresistance in head and neck squamous carcinoma. • DKK1high tumors show a more immunosuppressive microenvironment. • Silencing DKK1 can increase the radiation sensitivity of the HNSC cell lines. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been approved to treat various types of tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC). However, most HNSC patients do not respond to ICIs. Radioimmunotherapy has been proposed to enhance the immune response rate in HNSC. Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), a secreted protein, plays important roles in the Wnt signaling pathways. Herein, we aimed to explore the effect of DKK1 on radioimmunotherapy in HNSC. We collected the gene expression profile and clinical information of HNSC patients from TCGA and GEO databases. The immune cell infiltration and immune score were assessed using R package CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE. The level of related pathways and biological processes were analyzed by GSEA. The signature scores of gene sets of interest were calculated by GSVA. We also performed cell viability and apoptosis assay, and clonogenic assay to investigate the radiation sensitivity of HSC-3 cells and CNE-2 cells after silencing DKK1 by siRNA. We found DKK1 was significantly higher expressed in HNSC, and closely correlated with patients' survival time, especially the patients who received radiotherapy. DKK1-knockdown HSC-3 cells or CNE-2 cells showed a decrease in cell viability and colony formation, and an increase in apoptotic rate after radiation. DKK1high tumors showed a more immunosuppressive microenvironment with lower infiltration of T cells and higher infiltration of marrow-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Our data show that DKK1 can affect both radiotherapy and immunotherapy in HNSC, suggesting that DKK1 can be a potential target for radioimmunology in HNSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an anchor support system, once the soil strength is improved by grouting with a geotextile, the pull-out force of anchors increases. To investigate the improvement of surrounding soils due to the grouting with a geotextile, a series of filtration and penetration tests under various parameters such as different initial degrees of compaction, water content and soil types were conducted via a self-developed device. In addition, microscopic tests were then carried out to obtain the soil's structure before and after grouting. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The strength of surrounding soils is improved by grouting with a geotextile through the compaction effect and the slurry infiltration, while its strengthening effect gradually declines with the increase in the initial degree of compaction. (2) As the initial water content increases, the strengthening effect derived from the compaction effect and the cohesive substances infiltration decreases, while this improved efficiency of the soil strength declines due to the water infiltration during grouting. (3) Although the effect of grouting with a geotextile on different soils is obviously different due to the different efficiency of slurry (i.e., water and cohesive substances) infiltration, it can improve the soil strength regardless of soil type, especially for sandy soils. (4) Under the filtration of geotextile, a hardened layer is formed at the grout–soil interface due to the accumulation of cohesive substances, which is beneficial to the performance improvement in applications such as the capsule-type anchor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel Er 3+ doped and Er 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped Ba 3 Lu 4 O 9 phosphors were synthesized by a simple high-temperature solid-state reaction method. The crystal structure and morphology of the samples were identified by XRD and SEM analysis. Under 980 nm laser diode excitation, the green (at 537 nm and 560 nm) and red (at 660 nm) UC emission were observed, which could be attributed to the ( 2 H 11/2 , 4 S 3/2 )→ 4 I 15/2 and 4 F 9/2 → 4 I 15/2 transitions, respectively. The UC luminescence can be finely tuned from green to dark-yellow light to some extent by increasing Yb 3+ doping concentration. The sintering temperature and doping concentration of Ba 3 Lu 4- x - y O 9 : x Er 3+ , y Yb 3+ were optimized to x = 0.1 and y = 0.6 at 1550 °C. The emission intensity ratio of Green/Red keeps declining monotonically with increasing Er 3+ or Yb 3+ concentration, which is due to the cross-relaxation effect and cooperative energy transfer between the two neighboring Er 3+ ions-as well as back energy transfer from Er 3+ to Yb 3+ ions. Based on the pump-power dependence and UC luminescence decay curves, the energy level diagram and the possible energy transfer mechanism of Er 3+ doped as well as Er 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped system were investigated in detail. In addition, according to the energy gap law, the possibilities of non-radiative transition between parts of energy levels of Er 3+ ions were calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warming trends in the Laurentian Great Lakes and surrounding areas have been observed in recent decades, and concerns continue to rise about the pace and pattern of future climate change over the world's largest freshwater system. To date, most regional climate models used for Great Lakes projections either neglected the lake-atmosphere interactions or are only coupled with a 1-D column lake model to represent the lake hydrodynamics. This study presents a Great Lakes climate change projection that has employed the two-way coupling of a regional climate model with a 3-D lake model (GLARM) to resolve 3-D hydrodynamics essential for large lakes. Using the three carefully selected Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) general circulation models (GCMs), we show that the GLARM ensemble average substantially reduces surface air temperature and precipitation biases of the driving GCM ensemble average in present-day climate simulations. The improvements are not only displayed from an atmospheric perspective but are also evident in the accurate simulations of lake temperature and ice coverage. We further present the GLARM projected climate change for the mid-21st century (2030–2049) and the late 21st century (2080–2099) in the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. Under RCP 8.5, the Great Lakes basin is projected to warm by 1.3–2.1 ∘ C by the mid-21st century and 4.1–5.0 ∘ C by the end of the century relative to the early century (2000–2019). Moderate mitigation (RCP 4.5) reduces the mid-century warming to 0.8–1.8 ∘ C and late-century warming to 1.8–2.7 ∘ C. Annual precipitation in GLARM is projected to increase for the entire basin, varying from 0 % to 13 % during the mid-century and from 9 % to 32 % during the late century in different scenarios and simulations. The most significant increases are projected in spring and fall when current precipitation is highest and a minimal increase in winter when it is lowest. Lake surface temperatures (LSTs) are also projected to increase across the five lakes in all of the simulations, but with strong seasonal and spatial variability. The most significant LST increases occur in Lakes Superior and Ontario. The strongest warming is projected in spring that persists into the summer, resulting from earlier and more intense stratification in the future. In addition, diminishing winter stratification in the future suggests the transition from dimictic lakes to monomictic lakes by the end of the century. In contrast, a relatively smaller increase in LSTs during fall and winter is projected with heat transfer to the deep water due to the strong mixing and energy required for ice melting. Correspondingly, the highest monthly mean ice cover is projected to reduce to 3 %–15 % and 10 %–40 % across the lakes by the end of the century in RCP 8.5 and RCP 4.5, respectively. In the coastal regions, ice duration is projected to decrease by up to 60 d. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Two-way coupling improved the simulation and projection for lake evaporation. • All NBS components are projected to increase in the future. • Water levels in the Great Lakes are projected to rise in the future. The Great Lakes of North America are the largest unfrozen surface freshwater system in the world and many ecosystems, industries, and coastal processes are sensitive to the changes in their water levels. The water levels of the Great Lakes are primarily governed by the net basin supplies (NBS) of each lake which are the sum of over-lake precipitation and basin runoff minus lake evaporation. Recent studies projected the future NBS of the Great Lakes by dynamically downscaling General Circulation Models (GCMs) using Regional Climate Models (RCMs). However, their RCMs had been coupled to one-dimensional (1D) lake column models which lack the ability to accurately simulate the Great Lakes' hydrodynamics and thermal structure. In this study, an ensemble of three dynamical downscalings based on the Great Lakes-Atmosphere Regional Model (GLARM) is used to project the future NBS and water level of the Great Lakes. GLARM is a three-dimensional (3D) regional climate modeling system for the Great Lakes region that two-way couples an RCM to a 3D hydrodynamic lake and ice model, making this the first study to use such an advanced model for water level projection of the Great Lakes. For the present-day climate, over-lake precipitation and lake evaporation simulated by GLARM, along with the basin runoff simulated by the GLARM-driven Large Basin Runoff Model (LBRM), track the mean seasonal cycle of the NBS components remarkably well. In particular, compared to previous studies, the most significant improvements are made in estimating the lake evaporation. For future hydroclimate, the ensemble average projects an increase in annual NBS and average annual water level for each lake. The projected NBS increase is mostly due to an increase in over-lake precipitation and basin runoff combined with a relatively smaller increase in lake evaporation. According to the ensemble average, by 2040–2049, the average annual water levels of Lake Superior, Michigan-Huron, and Erie are projected to increase by +0.19, +0.44, and +0.28 m, respectively, relative to 2010–2019. The individual downscaling cases highlight the uncertainty in climate projection, showing both increases and decreases in annual NBS and water level projection. The projected changes in the average annual water levels by 2040–2049 relative to 2010–2019 range from −0.01 to +0.32 m in Lake Superior, −0.13 to +0.80 m in Lake Michigan-Huron and −0.09 to +0.54 m in Lake Erie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 1D-ACCN model is used to optimize HVCB fault identification. • Attention mechanism and capsule network enhances the feature extraction capability. • The dynamic routing algorithm is employed for capsule construction and training. • The results demonstrate its superiority over the other traditional methods. The traditional fault diagnosis method of high-voltage circuit breakers (HVCBs) based on deep learning largely depends on the huge data size. When the data sample size is insufficient, it is difficult to meet the needs of diagnosis performance. To improve the diagnostic performance, a one-dimensional attention convolutional capsule neural network is proposed in this paper. First, to take advantage of the time fine-grained information of the vibration signals, a one-dimensional convolutional neural network with a wide convolution kernel is designed, thus avoiding the tedious manual feature extraction of the original data. Then, an attention mechanism is added in the pooling layer to change the weight allocation of vibration signal fragments and increase its feature extraction capability. Finally, a capsule layer is introduced between the convolution layer and the fully connected layer to represent feature vectorization, which ensures the integrity of fault feature extraction. The classification structure digital capsule is obtained by the feature transfer of dynamic routing. The experiment results show that the combination of the attention mechanism and capsule layer is feasible and the accuracy can reach 94.7% when the number of samples is small. Compared with the traditional method, the proposed method still has high diagnostic accuracy and anti-noise ability in the case of small sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel UN-CN is proposed for few-shot HVCB fault diagnosis. • U-net is introduced to extract discriminative features with insufficient samples. • Capsule network is used to reduce feature loss and solve the few-shot problem. • The dynamic routing algorithm is employed for model optimization. • The results demonstrate the superiority of UN-CN in few-shot fault diagnosis. Deep learning methods have achieved noteworthy seeing results in the mechanical fault diagnosis of high-voltage circuit breakers with the recent advancements in artificial intelligence. However, the premise of the above method for obtaining excellent performance is to have sufficient samples, which is impractical due to the characteristics of the high-voltage circuit breakers. This study proposes a novel U-Net with CapsNet for high-voltage circuit breakers fault diagnosis to resolve these issues, achieving a high-precision and robust diagnosis of few-shot high-voltage circuit breakers. In a few-shot diagnosis, the U-Net with CapsNet takes advantage of the high accuracy of the U-Net. The capsule network is used in the contraction and expansion paths of the original U-Net to reduce the loss of features in the pooling process. The forward transfer from the bottom to the high-level capsule is completed by the dynamic routing algorithm. The feature information in the high-level capsule is unified with the bottom layer. The experimental results show that using the U-Net with CapsNet proposal, we can quickly and accurately realize the fault diagnosis of few-shot high-voltage circuit breakers, with an accuracy of 93.25%. The model has faster convergence speed and better stability, which provides a reliable solution for efficient and accurate fault diagnosis of high-voltage circuit breakers compared with traditional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bi 3+ , P O 4 3 − and B O 3 3 − doped Sc 0.73 Y 0.2 VO 4 : Eu 0 . 07 3 + phosphors were synthesized by solid state reaction at 1200 °C. The structure, morphology and luminescence properties were investigated. The synthesized phosphors show narrow particle distribution with average size around 2 μm. Under 365 nm excitation, integrate emission intensity increases after doping with Bi 3+ , P O 4 3 − and BO 3 3 − . The optimal doping concentrations are 1%, 20%, 10% for Bi 3+ , P O 4 3 − and BO 3 3 − , respectively. The thermal stability is greatly improved, especially for BO 3 3 − doped sample, whose intensity is about 92% of its original intensity even at 200 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shikonin, one of the active components isolated from the root of Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst, have anti-tumor, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities and has been used clinically in phlebitis and vascular purpura. In the present work, the interaction of human immunoglobulin (HIg) with shikonin has been investigated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, fluorescence polarization, synchronous and 3D fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with molecular modeling techniques under physiological conditions with drug concentrations of 3.33–36.67 μM. The results of SEM exhibited visually the special effect on aggregation behavior of the complex formed between HIg and shikonin. The fluorescence polarization values indicated that shikonin molecules were found in a motionally unrestricted environment introduced by HIg. Molecular docking showed the shikonin moiety bound to the hydrophobic cavity of HIg, and there are four hydrogen-bonding interactions between shikonin and the residues of protein. The synchronous and 3D fluorescence spectra confirmed that shikonin could quench the intrinsic fluorescence of HIg and has an effect on the microenvironment around HIg in aqueous solution. The changes in the secondary structure of HIg were estimated by qualitative and quantitative FT-IR spectroscopic analysis. The binding constants and thermodynamic parameters for shikonin–HIg systems were obtained under different temperatures (300 K, 310 K and 320 K). The above results revealed the binding mechanism of shikonin and HIg at the ultrastructure and molecular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A mesoporous hydroxyapatite (HA) coating was prepared on a β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) porous scaffold by a sol-gel dip-coating method using the block copolymer Pluronic F127 (EO106PO70EO106) as the template. For application as a bone graft, in vitro cell response and bone-related protein expression of mesoporous HA coated β-TCP scaffold were investigated, using the non-mesoporous HA coated scaffold as the control group, to evaluate the influence of the mesoporous structure on the biological properties of HA coating. It was found that the increased surface area of the mesoporous HA coating greatly affected the response of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts and the expression of proteins. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay recorded a significantly higher expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) in the mesoporous group than those in the control group (*p <0.05) after different incubation periods. The introduction of mesopores enhanced the expression of ALP and BSP in the cells grown on the mesoporous HA coatings, on the premise of maintaining the protein expression in a sequence to ensure the correct temporo-spatial expression in osteogenesis. These results indicated that the mesoporous HA coating would provide a good environment for cell growth, suggesting that it could be used as the coating material for the surface modification of the tissue engineering scaffolds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Mesoporous materials with large specific surface area and pore volume have attracted much attention in the biomedical field. In this study, the uniform mesoporous hydroxyapatite (meso-HA) thin films were prepared on the glass substrates by a sol–gel technique using different concentrations of non-ionic surfactant Pluronic F127 as the template. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements indicated that the pore size distribution in the meso-HA samples were mainly sized ∼3.0nm. As compared to the non-mesoporous HA film, the meso-HA samples have remarkably greater surface area and surface wettability owing to the introduction of mesopores. Using MC3T3-E1 cells as the models, the enhanced cell spreading was observed on the meso-HA films after 4 days of culture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this work, a bioactive 45S5 glass–ceramic coating was synthesized on magnesium (Mg) alloy substrate by using a sol–gel dip-coating method, to improve the initial corrosion resistance of AZ31 Mg alloy. The surface morphology and phase composition of the glass–ceramic coating were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The coating composed of amorphous phase and crystalline phase Na2Ca2Si3O9, with the thickness of ∼1.0μm, exhibited a uniform and crack-free surface morphology. The corrosion behavior of the uncoated and coated Mg alloy substrates was investigated by the electrochemical measurements and immersion tests in simulated body fluid (SBF). Potentiodynamic polarization tests recorded an increase of potential (E corr) form −1.60V to −1.48V, and a reduction of corrosion current density (i corr) from 4.48μAcm−2 to 0.16μAcm−2, due to the protection provided by the glass–ceramic coating. Immersion tests also showed the markedly improved corrosion resistance of the coated sample over the immersion period of 7 days. Moreover, after 14 days of immersion in SBF, the corrosion resistance of the coated sample declined due to the cracking of the glass–ceramic coating, which was confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. The results suggested that the 45S5 glass–ceramic coated Mg alloy could provide a suitable corrosion behavior for use as degradable implants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Mesoporous hydroxyapatite (meso-HA) thin films were fabricated by a sol-gel method using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide as the template. The phase, surface morphology, and mesoporous structure of the meso-HA films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The uniform thin films consisted of meso-HA spherical particles with different pore size (2.0 or 3.1 nm) were prepared on the glass substrate at different pH value (pH 3.0 or 7.0). The introduction of mesopores would enhance the surface area of HA. Water contact angle was also measured on the non-mesoporous and meso-HA thin films, revealing the promotion of surface wettability in the mesoporous ones. In vitro cytocompatibility of HA films were evaluated by cell adhesion and proliferation tests using MC3T3-E1 cells. After 3 days of culture on the samples, the cells spread in an elongated shape and were well adhered to the surface of the meso-HA films. Moreover, the cells proliferation on the meso-HA films was higher than that on the non-mesoporous films. There are significant differences in the cell density between the control group and the meso-HA films with the pores sized in 2.0 nm after being cultured for 2 and 3 days ( P < 0.05). The results suggested that the presence of mesopores could influence the surface and biological properties of HA films, and the mesoporous structure would enhance the cell response of HA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: One hundred Mycoplasma pneumoniae strains were isolated from pediatric patients from March 2008 to July 2009. Of 100 isolates, 90 (90%) were resistant to erythromycin (MICs >128 μg/mL for 88 strains and 64 μg/mL for 2 strains), azithromycin, and clarithromycin. Fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines maintain good activities against clinical M. pneumoniae isolates. Of 90 macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae strains, 88 (98%) harbored an A-to-G transition mutation at position 2063 in 23S rRNA genes, and the remaining 2 showed either A2064G or A2063T mutation; the latter point mutation is newly discovered and reported. Ninety-three (93%) clinical isolates were classified into the P1 gene restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) type I, and 7 (7%) were type II. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this work, we report a facile two-phase approach to synthesize nearly monodisperse cubic zinc sulfide nanocrystals. Toluene and water were used as separate solvents for zinc stearate and sodium sulfide, respectively, and oleic acid was used as a stabilizing ligand for the nanocrystals. Their photophysical properties were investigated by UV–vis absorption spectra. Transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction in combination with X-ray powder diffraction indicated the presence of pure cubic ZnS nanocrystals in good crystallization with the size ranged from about 2.0 to 5.0nm in diameters. The possible mechanism was also presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Al2O3–BaO binary system has been studied using the CALPHAD technique in this paper. The modeling of Al2O3 in the liquid phase is modified from the traditional formula with the liquid phase represented by the ionic two-sublattice model as (Al3+, Ba2+) P (AlO2 1−, O2−) Q . Based on the measured phase equilibrium data and experimental thermodynamic properties, a set of thermodynamic functions has been optimized using an interactive computer-assisted analysis. A comparison between the calculated results and experimental data is presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The binary phase diagrams of the NdCl3–MCl (M=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) systems were studied using the CALPHAD technique. For describing the Gibbs energies of the liquid phase in these systems, the new modified quasi-chemical model in the pair-approximation for short-range ordering was used. Based on measured phase equilibrium data and experimental thermochemical properties, a set of thermodynamic functions has been optimized using an interactive computer-assisted analysis, which was applied to calculate the self-consistent thermodynamic phase diagrams. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, the phase diagrams of the LaBr3–MBr (M=Na, K, Rb, Cs) systems are optimized and calculated with the CALPHAD technique. The new modified quasi-chemical model in the pair approximation for local order was used to describe the Gibbs energies of the liquid in these systems. A set of thermodynamic functions has been optimized on the basis of an interactive computer-assisted analysis. The optimized thermodynamic parameters were used to calculate the thermodynamically self-consistent phase diagrams. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Supplement illumination is indispensable in the indoor plant cultivation domain. In this research work, double perovskite Ca 2 LuNbO 6 :Mn4+ phosphors were produced. A strategy of enhancing luminescence performance by utilizing A-site cationic fluoride as a flux was proposed. The structure and morphology of Ca 2 LuNbO 6 :Mn4+ phosphor was characterized. Under the excitation of 360 nm, the emission spectra of Ca 2 LuNbO 6 :Mn4+ phosphor cover from 600 nm to 750 nm peaking at 683 nm. It benefits the red section of chlorophyll absorption band and possesses the wavelengths of 680 nm and 700 nm demanded by photosystem I (PS I) and photosystem II (PS II) to realize Emerson enhancement effect. After adding CaF 2 as flux, the emission intensity increases by 2.5 times. Due to its compatibility with the A-site cation of host, CaF 2 agent not only lower the sintering temperature but also increase the crystallite size, which result in the enhancement of luminescence. The D q /B and optical band gap of Ca 2 LuNbO 6 host is 2.32 and 3.79 eV, respectively, which show that Mn4+ ions locate in the [NbO 6 ] octahedra of strong crystal field and host has the suitable optical band gap for Mn4+ ions. With the help of CaF 2 , the thermal stability, activation energy Δ E a , internal quantum efficiency of Ca 2 LuNbO 6 :Mn4+ phosphors are promoted at 373 K from 64.8% to 70.7% of that at 273 K, from 0.33 to 0.36 eV, and from 9.1% to 23.5%. The luminescence lifetime of Ca 2 LuNbO 6 :Mn4+ is the order of a fraction of a millisecond. Finally, the as-prepared Ca 2 LuNb 0.996 O 6 :0.004Mn4+ phosphor was successfully fabricated through a 365 nm near ultraviolet (NUV) chip, which has the peak wavelengths of 683 nm and possesses 680 nm and 700 nm demanded by PS I and PS II. It is implied that Ca 2 LuNbO 6 :Mn4+ phosphor-converted light emitting diode has prospective market in the domain of supplement illumination of plant cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Cr3+‐doped and Mn4+‐Cr3+ co‐doped double perovskite fluoride phosphors K2LiGaF6 are prepared using a simple hydrothermal method. High‐efficiency near‐infrared (NIR) emission near 762 nm is obtained under blue‐light excitation, and the co‐doping effect of Mn4+ on the NIR luminescence properties of Cr3+ is studied. Compared with the Cr3+ single‐doped phosphor, Mn4+, and Cr3+ co‐doped K2LiGaF6 exhibit a sharp increase of 129% in NIR emission, an enhancement in the internal quantum efficiency from 82.5% to 90.0%, and an enhancement in the thermal stability at 425 K from 85.0% to 90.7%. The encapsulated NIR phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diode device at 300 mA exhibits a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 15.3%. These values exceed most previously reported results. This study provides a new approach for enhancing the luminescence properties of Cr3+‐doped fluoride NIR phosphors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cr3+‐activated near‐infrared (NIR) phosphors have gained extensive attention for use in NIR phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diodes (pc‐LEDs), which are required for smart NIR spectroscopy techniques. Nevertheless, obtaining broadband NIR‐emitting phosphors with outstanding thermal stabilities and photoluminescence (PL) efficiencies remains a significant challenge. Herein, considering NaSr2XGe5O14 (X = Al, Ga, Sc, and In) as hosts, which possess a large band gap and multiple sites for the substitution of Cr3+ ions. NaSr2XGe5O14:Cr3+ phosphors are successfully prepared using a solid‐state reaction technology. Upon blue light excitation, the phosphors cover a broad NIR emission band in 650–1100 nm region. Notably, an abnormal blueshift and PL enhancement are observed following the substitution of Al/Ga with Sc/In. In particular, the PL internal quantum efficiency is improved from 34.5% (NaSr2GaGe5O14: Cr3+) to 87.5% (NaSr2ScGe5O14: Cr3+). Moreover, the manufactured NIR pc‐LED exhibited an exceptional photoelectric efficiency of 17.7% with an NIR output power of 10.2 mW at 20 mA, and its potential application in nondestructive detection is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning (DL) has attracted significant attention in partial discharge (PD) pattern recognition of gas‐insulated switchgear (GIS). However, the existing DL method extracts numerical information and ignores spatial correlation information. In addition, once the sample size is reduced, model performance is severely degraded. To address these issues, a novel capsule deep graph convolutional network (CDGCN) is employed for GIS PD pattern recognition. First, the GIS PD data is transformed to graph data. Then, the CDGCN is established for GIS PD pattern recognition. The introduction of a ChannelSortPooling layer enriches the graph representation information and filters out the feature values with higher information content. In addition, the multi‐view graph representation is converted to a capsule form, and a capsule network with stronger feature extraction capability is introduced to improve the accuracy of the final graph representation. The results reveal that the proposed CDGCN can effectively diagnose the GIS PD and is more accurate than the traditional DL method. The proposed CDGCN can handle small samples pattern recognition problems and provides a reliable reference for GIS PD pattern recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data-driven artificial intelligence methods, especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have achieved excellent performance in high-voltage circuit breaker (HVCB) fault diagnosis. However, CNN relies heavily on massive data. When the amount of data decreases, the fault diagnosis performance drops severely. To settle these problems, a few-shot transfer learning (FSTL) with attention mechanism (AM) to realize the mechanical fault diagnosis of HVCBs is proposed. First, a one-dimensional CNN with AM is used to extract the fault features of HVCBs. The introduction of the AM makes CNN pay more attention to the interesting part of the fault signal to extract discriminative features. Then, domain adaptive transfer learning is used to realize a reliable diagnosis of HVCBs in small samples.The subdomain adaptation is adopted to adjust the distribution of related subdomains under the same category. The proposed subdomain adaptation can not only align the global distribution well but also effectively align the distribution of the same category of subdomains. Experimental results show that the FSTL proposed can achieve highly accurate and robust fault diagnosis of HVCBs with few-shot on-site. Compared with the traditional methods, the FSTL is obvious and provides a reliable reference for the diagnosis of HVCBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A green and cheap route to the production of cubic zinc sulfide nanocrystals is presented. Nanocrystals were synthesized in sole solvent paraffin liquid with zinc oxide, elemental sulfur and oleic acid. Their photophysical properties were investigated by UV–vis absorption and photoluminescence spectra. The temporal evolution of UV–vis spectra showed that the reactions could be terminated after about 5 min growth with a main absorption peak at 267 nm. The typical photoluminescence peaks (excited by 260 nm) were observed at about 285 nm and 397 nm. Transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction in combination with X-ray powder diffraction indicated the presence of cubic ZnS nanocrystals in good crystallization with the average size of 5.0 nm in diameter. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Diverse metabolic behaviors endow microorganisms with various ecological functions, and metabolic activities of microbial species may affect the environmental conditions of their habitats. In this study, genome-guided analysis of Planktothrix spp. first divided these strains into six distinct groups, and comparisons of Planktothrix genomes revealed the inter- and intra-species variation. Prediction of central metabolism showed the functional diversity with regard to uptake of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur sources. As the carbon-fixing microorganisms, Planktothrix isolates played a critical role in transforming the atmospheric carbon into organic carbon-the waterbodies' pool of available carbon. Diazotrophic lifestyle in certain Planktothrix strains may provide valuable avenues for supporting the equilibrium community. Furthermore, genome mining supported the exploration of biosynthetic gene clusters dedicated to cyanobacterial natural products, mainly including non-ribosomal peptide, polyketide, cyanobactin, and microviridin. Notably, some Planktothrix strains had the potential to non-ribosomally synthesize the microcystin (MC), a potent cyclic heptapeptide toxin, and MC-mediated cycling might strengthen the association between MC-producing and MC-degrading microorganisms. In short, genome-wide study of Planktothrix strains advances our current understanding of their metabolic potential and especially ecological roles in shaping natural environments. Unlabelled Image • Genome-based phylogeny dividing Planktothrix strains used into six separate clades • A global comparison strongly showing the intra- and inter-species differentiation • Metabolic diversity potentially contributing to their various ecological roles • An interplay pattern probably suggesting nutrient recycling in aquatic environments [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has laid more emphasis on reducing the parameter amount and storage space of the model in addition to the automatic and accurate fault diagnosis. In this case, this paper proposes a lightweight convolutional neural network (LCNN) method for intelligent fault diagnosis of rotating machinery, which can largely satisfy the need of less parameter amount and storage space as well as high accuracy. First, light-weight convolution blocks are constructed through basic elements such as spatial separable convolutions with the aim to effectively reduce model parameters. Secondly, the LCNN model for the intelligent fault diagnosis is constructed via lightweight convolution blocks instead of the tradi-tional convolution operation. Finally, to address the "black box" problem, the entire network is visualized through Tensorboard and t-distribution stochastic neighbor embedding. The results demonstrate that when the number of lightweight convolutional blocks reaches 6, the diagnosis accuracy of the LCNN model exceeds 99.9%. And the proposed model has become the most robust with parameters significantly decreasing. Furthermore, the proposed LCNN model has realized accurate, automatic, and robust fault diagnosis of rotating machinery, which makes it more suitable for deployment under the IIoT context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cold dielectric high temperature superconducting (HTS) cable system, which consists of 100 m three-phase cables, terminals, cryogenic system, and monitoring system, was developed by Futong Group in Tianjin. The rated voltage and rated current of the HTS cable system was designed to be 35 kV and 1 kA, respectively, and the YBCO tapes provided by SWCC were used as the conductors and shielding layers. The HTS cable system was installed at Futong Science Park and put into operation on February 15, 2017. Since then, the HTS cable system has been running stably for more than 20 months with an operating current of ∼200 A at a coolant temperature from 72 to 77 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunlight-like full-spectrum phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (pc-LEDs) require near-infrared (NIR) emission bands to fill the spectrum gap and consequently propel their widespread applications. Although fluoride NIR phosphors have been increasingly investigated, balancing high quantum efficiency (QE), high thermal stability, and wideband NIR emission to obtain excellent overall performance in a single system is still a challenge for Cr3+-doped fluoride NIR phosphor and is significant for direct utilization. Herein, a high-efficiency and thermally stable broadband NIR emission was realized in a novel LiSrGaF6:Cr3+ fluoride phosphor benefitting from a relatively weak crystal field and electron–phonon coupling effect. Upon blue light excitation, the ultra-broad NIR luminescence ranging from 650 to 1150 nm can be achieved with an FWHM of 149 nm peaking at ∼813 nm. Furthermore, this system possesses a high QE of up to 76.88% and its emission intensity at 423 K still maintains 61.62% of its initial intensity at room temperature. An NIR output power of 42.82 mW and photoelectric conversion efficiency of 14.27% of NIR pc-LED devices have also been presented based on this NIR phosphor, demonstrating its possible application in compact nonvisible light sources. In addition, a highly continuous sunlight-like vis-NIR pc-LED was further constructed by employing a blue chip with commercial cyan (BaSi2O2N2:Eu2+), yellow (Y3Al5O12:Ce3+), red (CaAlSiN3:Eu2+), and this LiSrGaF6:Cr3+ NIR phosphor. The as-obtained pc-LED exhibits an ultra-broad spectrum ranging from 400 nm to 1000 nm, exhibiting a higher color reproduction with a color rendering index (CRI) of 95.1 and luminous efficiency (LE) of 50.22 lm W−1. These results indicate that LiSrGaF6:Cr3+ phosphor can be a promising NIR phosphor candidate for high-quality sunlight-like full-spectrum lighting and infrared night vision technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]