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Abstract Background Human placental hydrolysate (hPH) contains anti-inflammatory substances. This study aimed to analyze whether injecting hPH into the subacromial space could reduce pain in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Methods This single-blind, randomized controlled study enrolled 50 patients with shoulder impingement syndrome who were randomly assigned to either the hPH or placebo groups. All patients received three ultrasound-guided subacromial space injections of 4 mL hPH or normal saline every week. Outcome measurements included the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score during daily activity, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), and EuroQoL 5-Dimension 5-Level (EQ-5D-5L) utility index. Patients were followed up for nine weeks after the last injection. Results Significant differences were noted in the VAS (p

Abstract As the production, usage, and disposal of plastics increase, the microplastics generated—plastic particles smaller than 5 mm—increases, exacerbating environmental pollution. In turn, various organisms become increasingly exposed to contaminated environments, potentially affecting humans through the food chain. Crucial findings from in vivo experiments indicate histopathological changes caused by microplastics impact the morphology and physiological function of organisms. This study describes the histopathological changes induced by microplastics across the circulatory, nervous, digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems and explains associated functional alterations. Except in the nervous system, the main morphological changes involve degenerative changes throughout the body, such as apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Most changes were induced by inflammatory responses to microplastics, leading to fibrosis and subsequent functional impairments. Various studies confirm that microplastics stimulate cells, leading to increased reactive oxygen species production, inflammation, and cell death. Consequently, these morphological changes impair related systemic functions. This review highlights fundamental morphological changes in organs and cells due to microplastics and discusses the limitations involving systems showing no changes.

Abstract Introduction Patients with cancer experience physical, mental, and social pain that affects themselves and their families. The increasing cancer incidence and advances in treatment have increased the number of cancer survivors in Korea, and there is an influx of patients in Seoul and other metropolitan areas, leading to shortages of continuous care and comprehensive life support facilities. Patients must travel long distances for treatment, which poses logistical and quality-of-life challenges. Methods This prospective cohort study targets patients with incurable cancer (n = 720) and their families (n = 288) from ten regional cancer centers and two affiliated hospitals in Korea. The sub-cohorts are based on treatment refusal, spinal metastasis with symptoms, catheter-related symptoms, and skeletal-related events. Medical records and patient-reported outcomes will be collected every three months and for up to three years, with surveys for guardians conducted for one-year post-patient demise. Discussion The dynamic nature of cancer significantly affects patients and their caregivers. It is necessary to identify the factors that affect their quality of life to integrate them into society. Conclusion The findings of this study will inform the establishment of a regional cancer center consortium. This will address the unmet needs of local cancer patients and their families, enhance their overall quality of life, and contribute to the well-being of the local community. Trial registration KCT0009177 (registered at https//cris.nih.go.kr/ on 2024/02/16).

Background: Hallux valgus (HV) is a common foot deformity in which the great toe deviates laterally and the first metatarsal deviates medially, leading to pain, discomfort, and reduced mobility. HV severity is typically assessed using the hallux valgus angle (HVA) and intermetatarsal angle (IMA). Objects: This study aimed to explore how changes in skeletal, muscular, and functional variables correlate with HV severity and to provide evidence for more integrated treatment approaches. Methods: Sixty volunteers with mild to moderate bilateral HV (HVA 15–40 degrees) participated. The measurements included HVA and IMA via radiography, abductor hallucis muscle (AbdH) cross-sectional area (CSA) and tone using ultrasound and Myoton PRO, range of motion (ROM) of the ankle and great toe metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint with a goniometer, and plantar pressure during gait with a Zebris FDM system. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used for the statistical analysis. Results: An Increased HVA was associated with a higher IMA (r = 0.858, p < 0.05). The HVA was inversely related to the AbdH CSA (r = –0.337, p < 0.05) and muscle tone (r = –0.889, p < 0.01). With increasing HVA, dorsiflexion ROM of the ankle (r = –0.307, p < 0.01) and both flexion (r = –0.197, p < 0.05) and extension (r=-0.182, p

Background: The increasing prevalence of smartphone use has been associated with musculoskeletal pain; however, the specific roles of demographic factors, smartphone usage time, posture, contents and state of addiction on pain in the upper-body regions remain unclear. Objects: This study investigated the influence of smartphone usage characteristics, including age, occupation, visual condition, duration, content, and posture, as well as smartphone addiction, on musculoskeletal pain in upper-body regions. This study aimed to comprehensively elucidate the factors contributing to the pain associated with smartphone use. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 316 participants aged 20–59 years. Data on personal characteristics, smartphone use patterns, state of addiction (measured using the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version), and musculoskeletal discomfort (Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire and Cornell Hand Discomfort Questionnaire) were collected. Binary logistic regression analysis identified significant predictors of pain in different body regions. Results: Younger age (20–30 years), being housewives or students, and vision impairment (shortsightedness) significantly increased the likelihood of neck, shoulder, and hand pain. Prolonged smartphone use (7–10 hours daily) and gaming were strongly associated with elevated pain risk, whereas moderate usage (1–4 hours daily) may be protect against lumbar pain. Non-neutral postures, especially side lying, have emerged as critical risk factors, with left-side lying linked to hand pain and right-side lying linked to upper back pain. Smartphone addiction consistently predicted pain across all regions by amplifying physical strain through prolonged engagement and poor posture. Conclusion: This study highlighted the multifactorial nature of smartphone-related musculoskeletal pain, emphasizing the roles of demographic characteristics, usage patterns, and addiction. These findings provide a foundation for developing tailored ergonomic and behavioral interventions to mitigate pain risks, particularly in high-use populations. Future research should validate these findings through longitudinal studies and objective measures.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of kombucha on the surface of composite resins and to examine the degradation-inhibiting effect of adding calcium to kombucha. Methods: Six experimental groups were established, with three types of liquid kombucha: one with 3% added calcium, carbonated water as a positive control, and mineral water as a negative control. The pH and titratable acidity values of the experimental groups were measured. The samples were filled with condensed composite resin and placed in the experimental drinks for 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes. The Vickers microhardness of the surface was measured before and after immersion, and the changes were compared. Results: The pH values of the experimental group were I’m alive (2.87±0.02), Hollys (2.95±0.01), Ediya (2.99±0.01), I’m alive +3% Ca (4.09±0.01), carbonated water (4.66±0.01), and mineral water (7.67±0.02). I’m alive (–12.35) showed the largest reduction in surface hardness, followed by Hollys (–9.78), carbonated water (–7.97), I’m alive +3% Ca (–7.82), Ediya (–7.60), and mineral water (–1.56). In the Vickers microhardness measurements, all experimental groups, except for the mineral water group, showed significant differences (p＜0.05). The scanning electron microscope results showed that the experimental group and positive control had rough surfaces and micropores. Conclusion: The surface hardness was significantly reduced in all experimental groups except for water. In particular, in the case of kombucha with low pH, the reduction rate increased, weakening the physical properties of the material. In addition, the reduction rate of surface hardness was lower in kombucha with added calcium, and it is believed that drinking kombucha containing calcium can minimize the erosion of dental materials.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the erosive potential of powdered vitamin C on the bovine enamel tooth surface. Methods: The experiment included five groups: Lemona, Vitagran, Korea Eundan, Coca-Cola (positive controls), and artificial saliva (negative controls). The pH and titratable acidity were measured. Bovine enamel specimens were immersed in the experimental solutions for 15 minutes each day for 7 days. The surface microhardness was measured using the Vickers hardness number before immersion and on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th days. The surfaces of the bovine enamel specimens were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: The pH of the experimental groups was as follows: Lemona (2.04±0.04) had the lowest pH, followed by Vitagran (2.56±0.01), the positive control group Coca-Cola (2.60±0.03), Korea Eundan (3.14±0.02), and the negative control group artificial saliva (7.06±0.05). Surface microhardness decreased significantly during the immersion period (p＜0.001). The largest surface microhardness reduction value was shown in Lemona (–201.22±20.60), followed by Vitagran (–190.02±14.73), Korea Eundan (–189.27±27.14), Coca-Cola (–99.28±17.21), artificial saliva (–10.99±9.94). According to the SEM findings, the experimental and positive control groups exhibited rough surfaces with micropores, whereas the negative control group exhibited smooth surfaces before specimen immersion. Conclusion: Consuming powdered vitamin C at a low pH may degrade the enamel surface. To reduce the erosive effect, it is recommended to rinse the mouth with water and brush the teeth after an hour.

The system forming ovarian follicles is developed to investigate in vitro folliculogenesis in a confined environment to obtain functional oocytes. Several studies have reported the successful generation of fully functional oocytes using mouse-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and mouse female germline stem cells (fGSCs) as sources of stem cells for in vitro gametogenesis models. In addition, human oogonia have been generated through heterologous co-culture of differentiated human primordial germ cell-like cells (hPGCLCs) with mouse germline somatic cells, although oocyte formation remains challenging. Thus, studies on in vitro ovarian formation in other species are utilized as an introductory approach for in vitro mammalian gametogenesis by understanding the differences in culture systems between species and underlying mechanisms. In this study, we optimized the method of the entire oogenesis process from rat embryonic gonads. We identified well-maturated MII oocytes from rat gonads using our constructed method. Moreover, we generated the first successful in vitro reconstitution of xenogeneic follicles from mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs) and rat somatic cells. We also established an appropriate culture medium and incubation period for xenogeneic follicles. This method will be helpful in studies of xenogeneic follicular development and oocyte generation.

This study aims to improve the tensile and high-cycle fatigue properties of a high-speed-extruded BA53 (Mg–5Bi–3Al, wt.%) alloy using a non-homogenized extrusion billet. Homogenization treatment of the BA53 billet leads to a significant reduction in the area fraction of Mg3Bi2 particles from 12.9% to 2.5% and an increase in the average grain size from 142 to 189 μm. The BA53 material produced via the high-speed extrusion of the cast billet (Cast-E) and that produced via the high-speed extrusion of the homogenized billet (Homo-E) both exhibit a fully recrystallized microstructure. However, Cast-E has a finer grain size and many more Mg3Bi2 particles than Homo-E. In addition, the tensile yield strength and elongation of Cast-E are 211 MPa and 9.4%, respectively, higher than those of Homo-E (198 MPa and 7.9%). This higher strength is attributed to the strengthening effects of the higher number of Mg3Bi2 particles, the finer grain size, and the higher internal strain energy. The fatigue limit for Cast-E is 100 MPa, which is 25% higher than that of Homo-E (80 MPa). This occurs because the numerous fine Mg3Bi2 particles in Cast-E inhibit the formation of persistent slip bands on the specimen surface and impede crack propagation. This study proposes a new manufacturing process that does not require billet homogenization, thus simultaneously improving the productivity of the extrusion process and the tensile and fatigue properties of the resulting BA53 alloy.

Interest in kidney transplant studies in the elderly population is increasing as more research has been conducted on the immune system. With this review, we hope to encourage the need for research on kidney transplantation in the elderly.

Background Suicide rates have significantly increased in South Korea, yet many individuals lack adequate support. Barriers such as reluctance to seek mental health help and fear of social stigma contribute to this gap. A mobile app focused on suicide risk awareness could provide accessible support, though none are currently available for public use in South Korea. This study conducted a usability test on a newly developed suicide risk awareness app using a mixed methods approach. Methods Thirty-eight students from a large university in South Korea participated in the study, with 19 in a high-risk suicide group and 19 in a nonrisk suicide group. After using the app for 2 weeks, all participants completed an online usability survey, and 19 students took part in individual interviews. Results Independent samples t-tests showed that participants, regardless of risk group, rated the app positively for ease of use, accessibility, design, perceived learning, and satisfaction. Regression analysis identified perceived learning as the strongest predictor of satisfaction, followed by ease of use. The qualitative analysis highlighted areas for improvement, including providing direct and guided feedback on suicide risk. Conclusion The study demonstrated the potential of a mobile app to enhance suicide risk awareness among young adults in South Korea. Moreover, user engagement with the app can be improved by ensuring confidentiality and fostering perceived learning.

Background: Although extramusculoskeletal manifestations, such as uveitis and psoriasis, in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) are well-documented, studies on the occurrence of glomerulonephritis in this population are scarce. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the incidence rate and risk factors for glomerulonephritis in patients with axial SpA using a nationwide population-based cohort in Korea. Design: Nationwide population-based study. Methods: This study included patients diagnosed with axial SpA between 2016 and 2019 from Korea’s National Health Insurance Database. Patients with a diagnosis of preexisting kidney disease prior to their axial SpA diagnosis and those diagnosed with glomerulonephritis within 1 year of their axial SpA diagnosis were excluded. For the remaining patients, the incidence rates of glomerulonephritis and Cox proportional hazard ratios were analyzed. Results: Among the 11,796 patients, 58 had glomerulonephritis, resulting in an incidence rate of 1.82 per 1000 person-years. After adjusting for age and sex, the hazard ratio for patients with a Charlson Comorbidity Index score of ⩾1 was 2.03 (confidence interval (CI), 1.14–3.63; p = 0.017). When adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities, the hazard ratio for patients with hypertension was 2.37 (CI, 1.20–4.69; p = 0.014). Among the 58 patients, 4 (6.9%) were diagnosed with glomerulonephritis, as confirmed via kidney biopsy. Conclusion: The incidence rate of glomerulonephritis in Korean patients with axial SpA is lower than that in patients with other musculoskeletal manifestations. In addition, the presence of comorbidities, including hypertension, is a significant risk factor for glomerulonephritis in patients with axial SpA. Despite the low occurrence, careful monitoring for glomerulonephritis in patients with axial SpA is essential.

Objectives: Ovarian mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma (MLA) is a rare malignancy with limited understanding of its molecular features and therapeutic vulnerabilities. Although similar to uterine MLA, its unique characteristics remain undefined. This study aimed to characterize ovarian MLA using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and compare it with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Methods: We analyzed the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of an ovarian MLA sample using scRNA-seq. Differential gene expression and pathway analyses were performed to identify unique molecular signatures and therapeutic targets. HGSOC scRNA-seq datasets were used for comparative analysis. Results: Ovarian MLA demonstrated reduced heterogeneity, with a predominance of epithelial cells compared to HGSOC. Transcriptomic profiling revealed an upregulation of mitochondrial metabolism and lipid biosynthesis genes, indicating a metabolic shift toward oxidative phosphorylation. Gene enrichment and protein–protein interaction analyses identified distinct pathways, including mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, suggesting mitochondrial reprogramming. Conclusions: This study provides the first scRNA-seq-based molecular characterization of ovarian MLA, differentiating it from HGSOC. Findings suggest potential therapeutic avenues, with a proposed combination therapy targeting MAP kinase and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. Validation in larger cohorts is necessary for clinical application.

Summary: Probiotics with “pharmabiotic” properties are increasingly recognized as effective tools for combating obesity by altering gut microbiota and reducing body fat. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their anti-obesity effects remain largely unexplored due to the absence of a universal methodology. Herein, we developed a multiomics-based strategy to elucidate how probiotics reduce lipid production in adipocytes. Our initial investigation assessed the impact of probiotics at defined adipocyte differentiation stages. Leveraging these insights, we performed comprehensive multiomics analyses at key intervals to identify the suppression mechanisms of lipid formation. Lactobacillus reuteri, specifically, targets early differentiation stages, inhibits branched-chain amino acid catabolism, and reduces lipid accumulation in adipocytes by suppressing Krüppel-like factor 5. Concurrently, enhanced hypoxia-inducible factor 1 expression impedes adipogenesis by downregulating lipin-1 expression. This study not only demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach in revealing complex host-microbe interactions but also significantly advances probiotic therapeutic development, offering promising avenues for obesity management.

Background & Aims: Large-scale studies on the association between primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Asians are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of HCC and its risk factors in a nationwide cohort. Methods: The data of 4,882 patients with PBC and 38,603 matched controls were extracted from the Korean National Health Insurance Service (2007–2020) and analyzed. The incidence of HCC and its risk factors in patients with PBC were assessed and compared with those in the matched controls. The results were validated in a multicenter hospital cohort of 862 patients with PBC, recruited from Asan Medical Center (n = 815) and Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital (n = 47) in Korea. Results: In total, 105 patients with PBC developed HCC over the median follow-up period of 5.42 years, yielding an incidence rate of 3.7/1,000 person-years (PYs), which was significantly higher than that in the controls (0.5/1,000 PYs; adjusted hazard ratio: 9.07; 95% CI: 6.71–12.27). PBC, older age, male sex, diabetes, and smoking were identified as significant risk factors for HCC. Twenty-three of the 862 patients with PBC developed HCC in the multicenter hospital cohort, yielding an incidence of 4.0/1,000 PYs (95% CI: 2.4–5.7). Older age (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR]: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00–1.10), male sex (SHR: 3.00, 95% CI: 1.11–8.13), current alcohol consumption (SHR: 3.70, 95% CI: 1.08–12.59), and cirrhosis (SHR: 5.17, 95% CI: 2.07–12.93) were identified as risk factors in the hospital cohort. Conclusions: Patients with PBC were at a significantly higher risk of developing HCC. Older age and male sex were consistent risk factors in both cohorts. Impact and implications:: Notable heterogeneity has been observed among different studies in terms of the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Large-scale studies on the association between PBC and HCC in Asians are scarce. In our nationwide cohort study, patients with PBC exhibited a significantly heightened risk of developing HCC and mortality than the age- and sex-matched controls. Individuals with PBC had a 9.1-fold higher risk of developing HCC than their matched counterparts, with an incidence rate of 3.7/1,000 person-years. Older age, male sex, smoking, and diabetes were identified as prominent risk factors for HCC in patients with PBC in the nationwide cohort. Older age, male sex, and alcohol consumption were identified as the factors significantly contributing to the elevated risk of HCC in patients with PBC in validation multicenter hospital cohort.

A taxonomic study of two Korean staphylinid species is presented. Baeocera satana Nakane is identified for the first time in the Korean Peninsula and diagnosed with illustrations of its diagnostic characters. Dalotia coriaria (Kraatz) is newly discovered in South Korea and is redescribed with illustrations of its diagnostic characters.

Abstract Background Organizational adoption is a key but understudied step in translating evidence-based interventions into practice. The purpose of this study was to report recruitment strategies and factors associated with church enrollment and intervention adoption in a national implementation study of the Faith, Activity, and Nutrition (FAN) program. Methods We worked with partners using multiple strategies to disseminate intervention availability. Interested churches completed an online form. To enroll, the church coordinator (FAN coordinator) and pastor completed baseline surveys and then received intervention online training access. We compared enrolled vs. non-enrolled churches on how they heard about the study and church characteristics. We compared intervention-adopting vs. non-adopting churches on Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) constructs using Fisher’s exact tests, χ2, or independent sample t-tests and reported differences where p

Abstract Background Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analyses have found higher genetic burden in autistic females compared to males, supporting higher liability threshold in females. However, genomic evidence of sex differences has been limited to European ancestry to date and little is known about how genetic variation leads to autism-related traits within families across sex. Methods To address this gap, we present WGS data of Korean autism families (n = 2255) and a Korean general population sample (n = 2500), the largest WGS data of East Asian ancestry. We analyzed sex differences in genetic burden and compared with cohorts of European ancestry (n = 15,839). Further, with extensively collected family-wise Korean autism phenotype data (n = 3730), we investigated sex differences in phenotypic scores and gene-phenotype associations within family. Results We observed robust female enrichment of de novo protein-truncating variants in autistic individuals across cohorts. However, sex differences in polygenic burden varied across cohorts and we found that the differential proportion of comorbid intellectual disability and severe autism symptoms mainly drove these variations. In siblings, males of autistic females exhibited the most severe social communication deficits. Female siblings exhibited lower phenotypic severity despite the higher polygenic burden than male siblings. Mothers also showed higher tolerance for polygenic burden than fathers, supporting higher liability threshold in females. Conclusions Our findings indicate that genetic liability in autism is both sex- and phenotype-dependent, expanding the current understanding of autism’s genetic complexity. Our work further suggests that family-based assessments of sex differences can help unravel underlying sex-differential liability in autism.

Objectives Heavy metals eluted from mine waste pollute surrounding soil and water systems, which can spread to crops and have a harmful effect on the human body. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of recycling discarded mussel shells(MS) and manila clam shells (MC) as stabilizers for the immobilization of arsenic(As) and heavy metals(Pb, Zn) in soil. Methods MS and MC were processed with -#10 mesh natural material, -#20 mesh natural material, and -#10 mesh calcined material and treated at 0-10 wt%. After 1 week or 4 weeks of wet curing, it was eluted with 0.1 N HCl and the concentrations of As, Pb, and Zn in the soil were analyzed through inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy(ICP-OES) analysis. In addition, red lettuce was cultivated in the stabilized soil and the concentration of heavy metals that were transferred to crops was evaluated. The stabilization mechanism was investigated by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM-EDX) analysis. Results and Discussion The stabilization efficiency for arsenic and heavy metals was in the order of natural -#10 mesh < natural -#20 mesh < calcined -#10 mesh. The calcined stabilizer showed a high stabilization efficiency of 98% at a 2 wt% treatment level. Pb was not detected in the red lettuce grown in the stabiliz ed soil, and the standard for leafy vegetables (Pb-0.3 mg/kg or less) was satisfied according to the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. The SEM-EDX analysis revealed that As was stabilized through Ca-As precipitation and heavy metals(Pb, Zn) were stabilized through pozzolanic reactions. Conclusion Stabilizers developed from MS and MC can be effectively applied to the stabilization of As and heavy metal-contaminated soil, and are expected to be used as economical and environmentally friendly stabilizers.

Purpose To investigate the form and level of daily caffeine intake recommended above 400 mg in medical students expected to consume caffeinated beverages to enhance their performance. Methods From May to June 2023, freshman through senior medical students at a medical school in Korea were administered a seven-item questionnaire designed to measure the amount of caffeine-containing foods consumed, the weekly interval between consumption, the reason for consumption, and the level of caffeine-induced symptoms experienced. Results Out of 443 students, 361 responded (81.5%). The most commonly consumed caffeine beverages were coffee (79.2%), followed by soda (33.2%), tea (27.4%), chocolate (25.2%), and energy drinks (20.5%). The estimated (average±standard deviation) daily intake was estimated to 274.6±276.5 mg, and they consumed caffeine on an average of 4.25±2.26 days per week. Students who consumed 400 mg or more of caffeine daily consumed 19.9%. The primary motivation for caffeine intake was “to improve academic performance” (60.9%) and “preferred food” (51.8%). Among the responders, 98% of them replied they had symptoms that could be caused by caffeine, in order of palpitations (47.4%), frequent urination (42.9%), anxiety (27.1%), indigestion (17.5%), and excitement (17.5%). A total of 45.7% reported two symptoms, and 24.7% reported three or more. Conclusion Caffeinated beverage consumption was routine among current medical students, with 20% consuming more than the recommended daily amount. Most students experienced at least one caffeine-induced symptom, with two symptoms in half, suggesting the need for policy measures and warnings about caffeine-containing foods.

Abstract Background Zolgensma is a gene‐replacement therapy that has led to a promising treatment for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). However, clinical trials of Zolgensma have raised two major concerns: insufficient therapeutic effects and adverse events. In a recent clinical trial, 30% of patients failed to achieve motor milestones despite pre‐symptomatic treatment. In addition, more than 20% of patients showed hepatotoxicity due to excessive virus dosage, even after the administration of an immunosuppressant. Here, we aimed to test whether a ubiquitination‐resistant variant of survival motor neuron (SMN), SMNK186R, has improved therapeutic effects for SMA compared with wild‐type SMN (SMNWT). Methods A severe SMA mouse model, SMA type 1.5 (Smn−/−; SMN2+/+; SMN∆7+/−) mice, was used to compare the differences in therapeutic efficacy between AAV9‐SMNWT and AAV9‐SMNK186R. All animals were injected within Postnatal Day (P) 1 through a facial vein or cerebral ventricle. Results AAV9‐SMNK186R‐treated mice showed increased lifespan, body weight, motor neuron number, muscle weight and functional improvement in motor functions as compared with AAV9‐SMNWT‐treated mice. Lifespan increased by more than 10‐fold in AAV9‐SMNK186R‐treated mice (144.8 ± 26.11 days) as compared with AAV9‐SMNWT‐treated mice (26.8 ± 1.41 days). AAV9‐SMNK186R‐treated mice showed an ascending weight pattern, unlike AAV9‐SMNWT‐treated mice, which only gained weight until P20 up to 5 g on average. Several motor function tests showed the improved therapeutic efficacy of SMNK186R. In the negative geotaxis test, AAV9‐SMNK186R‐treated mice turned their bodies in an upward direction successfully, unlike AAV9‐SMNWT‐treated mice, which failed to turn upwards from around P23. Hind limb clasping phenotype was rarely observed in AAV9‐SMNK186R‐treated mice, unlike AAV9‐SMNWT‐treated mice that showed clasping phenotype for more than 20 out of 30 s. At this point, the number of motor neurons (1.5‐fold) and the size of myofibers (2.1‐fold) were significantly increased in AAV9‐SMNK186R‐treated mice compared with AAV9‐SMNWT‐treated mice without prominent neurotoxicity. AAV9‐SMNK186R had fewer liver defects compared with AAV9‐SMNWT, as judged by increased proliferation of hepatocytes (P

Abstract Background Being overweight is a key modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, the impact of longitudinal changes in body mass index (BMI) on the risk of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) remains unclear, especially among overweight populations. Methods This nested case–control study utilized data from the Korean National Health Information Database between 2009 and 2018. A total of 23 453 OHCA patients, who underwent national health check‐ups within 1 and 2–4 years before OHCA occurrence, and 31 686 controls, who underwent similar national health check‐ups, were included. The study population was matched for sex, age and survival status. Conditional logistic regression was employed to analyse the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of each BMI per cent change in assessing the risk of OHCA occurrence within 1 year. Results A reverse J‐shaped association between BMI per cent change and OHCA risk was observed, even among overweight populations. Among the overweight populations, weight loss significantly increased OHCA risk, with ORs (95% CI) of 4.10 (3.23–5.20) for severe weight loss (BMI decrease > 15%), 2.72 (2.33–3.17) for moderate weight loss (BMI decrease 10–15%) and 1.46 (1.35–1.59) for mild weight loss (BMI decrease 5–10%). Conversely, mild weight gain (BMI increase 5–10%) did not significantly increase OHCA risk. The impact of weight changes on the occurrence of OHCA differed by sex, being more prominent in males. Conclusions Significant weight changes within a 4‐year period increase the risk of OHCA with a reverse J‐shaped association, even among overweight and obese individuals. Maintaining a stable weight could be a reliable public health strategy irrespective of the weight status, particularly for males.

Abstract Background The cholinergic neurotransmitter system is crucial to cognitive function, with the basal forebrain (BF) being particularly susceptible to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. However, the interaction of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in cholinergic pathways and BF atrophy without amyloid pathology remains poorly understood. Methods We enrolled patients who underwent neuropsychological tests, magnetic resonance imaging, and 18F-florbetaben positron emission tomography due to cognitive impairment at the teaching university hospital from 2015 to 2022. Among these, we selected patients with negative amyloid scans and additionally excluded those with Parkinson’s dementia that may be accompanied by BF atrophy. The WMH burden of cholinergic pathways was quantified by the Cholinergic Pathways Hyperintensities Scale (CHIPS) score, and categorized into tertile groups because the CHIPS score did not meet normal distribution. Segmentation of the BF on volumetric T1-weighted MRI was performed using FreeSurfer, then was normalized for total intracranial volume. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between BF volumes and CHIPS scores. Results A total of 187 patients were enrolled. The median CHIPS score was 12 [IQR 5.0; 24.0]. The BF volume of the highest CHIPS tertile group (mean ± SD, 3.51 ± 0.49, CHIPSt3) was significantly decreased than those of the lower CHIPS tertile groups (3.75 ± 0.53, CHIPSt2; 3.83 ± 0.53, CHIPSt1; P = 0.02). In the univariable regression analysis, factors showing significant associations with the BF volume were the CHIPSt3 group, age, female, education, diabetes mellitus, smoking, previous stroke history, periventricular WMH, and cerebral microbleeds. In multivariable regression analysis, the CHIPSt3 group (standardized beta [β std] = -0.25, P = 0.01), female (β std = 0.20, P = 0.04), and diabetes mellitus (β std = -0.22, P

Abstract Head trauma is a common reason for emergency department (ED) visits. Delayed intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in patients with minor head trauma is a major concern, but controversies exist regarding the incidence of delayed ICH and discharge planning at the ED. This study aimed to determine the incidence of delayed ICH in adults who developed ICH after a negative initial brain computed tomography (CT) at the ED and investigate the clinical outcomes for delayed ICH. This nationwide population cohort study used data from the National Health Insurance Service of Korea from 2013 to 2019. Adult patients who presented to an ED due to trauma and were discharged after a negative brain CT examination were selected. The main outcomes were the incidence of ICH within 14 days after a negative brain CT at initial ED visit and the clinical outcomes of patients with and without delayed ICH. The study patients were followed up to 1 year after the initial ED discharge. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to estimate the hazard ratio for all-cause 1-year mortality of delayed ICH. During the 7-year study period, we identified 626,695 adult patients aged 20 years or older who underwent brain CT at the ED due to minor head trauma, and 2666 (0.4%) were diagnosed with delayed ICH within 14 days after the first visit. Approximately two-thirds of patients (64.3%) were diagnosed with delayed ICH within 3 days, and 84.5% were diagnosed within 7 days. Among the patients with delayed ICH, 71 (2.7%) underwent neurosurgical intervention. After adjustment for age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and insurance type, delayed ICH (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.86–2.48; p

Abstract Biobased furans have emerged as chemical building blocks for the development of materials because of their diverse scaffolds and as they can be directly prepared from sugars. However, selective, efficient, and cost-effective scalable conversion of biobased furans remains elusive. Here, we report a robust transaminase (TA) from Shimia marina (SMTA) that enables the scalable amination of biobased furanaldehydes with high activity and broad substrate specificity. Crystallographic and mutagenesis analyses provide mechanistic insights and a structural basis for understanding SMTA, which enables a higher substrate conversion. The enzymatic cascade process established in this study allows one-pot synthesis of 2,5-bis(aminomethyl)furan (BAMF) and 5-(aminomethyl)furan-2-carboxylic acid from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. The biosynthesis of various furfurylamines, including a one-pot cascade reaction for BAMF generation using whole cells, demonstrates their practical application in the pharmaceutical and polymer industries.

Background: Koreoleptoxis globus is an endangered candidate species of snail in South Korean streams. This species primarily inhabits streams characterized by fast current velocities and coarse-particle streambed substrates. In this study, 12 types of probability distribution models, including exponential, normal, log-normal, logistic, Weibull, gamma, beta, and Gumbel, were used to quantitatively assess the physical microhabitat preferences of K. globus. The evaluation was based on data collected from 340 sampling units across 34 sites in South Korea between April 2024 and May 2024, focusing on variables such as water depth, current velocity, and streambed substrate. Results: The best-fitting probability distribution models for each physical environmental factor were identified as follows: 1) water depth, inverted log-normal distribution, 2) current velocity, beta distribution, and 3) streambed substrate, Weibull distribution. Optimal water depth preferences ranged from 31.2 cm to 53.7 cm. Current velocity preferences ranged from 57.8 cm s-1 to 88.8 cm s-1. Substrate preferences ranged from −7.4 Φm to −5.6 Φm. The mean values for these factors were water depth of 35.8 cm, current velocity of 63.0 cm s-1, and streambed substrate of −5.7 Φm. Mode values were water depth of 44.4 cm, current velocity of 75.6 cm s-1, and substrate of −6.7 Φm. Standard deviation values were water depth of 15.8 cm, current velocity of 21.4 cm s-1, and streambed substrate of 1.5 Φm. Conclusions: Overall, the beta and Weibull distribution models demonstrated a high degree of fit, likely owing to the inherent flexibility of these models. Beta distribution models were well suited for cases with negative skewness, whereas Weibull distribution models provided a better fit for cases with positive skewness. The physical habitat characteristics of K. globus were quantitatively demontrated to correspond to riffled areas. Further research is required to explore the interactions between physical environmental factors and the impact of habitat disturbance.

Abstract Carbon corrosion poses a significant challenge in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), leading to reduced cell performance due to catalyst layer degradation and catalyst detachment from electrodes. A promising approach to address this issue involves incorporating an anticorrosive carbon material into the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrode, even in small quantities (≈3 wt% in electrode). Herein, the successful synthesis of fluorine‐doped graphene nanoribbons (F‐GNR) incorporated with graphitic carbon nanotubes (F‐GNR@CNT), demonstrating robust resistance to carbon corrosion is reported. By controlling the synthesis conditions using an exfoliation method, the properties of the composite are tailored. Electronic structural studies, employing density functional theory (DFT) calculations, to elucidate the roles of fluorine dopants and graphitic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in mitigating carbon corrosion are conducted. Physicochemical and electrochemical characterization of F‐GNR@CNT reveal its effectiveness as a cathode additive at the single‐cell scale. The addition of F‐GNR@CNT to the Pt/C cathode improves durability by enhancing carbon corrosion resistance and water management, thus mitigating the flooding effect through tailored surface properties. Furthermore, advanced impedance analysis using a transmission line model is performed to gain insights into the internal resistance and capacitive properties of electrode structure.

Ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM) has a broad scope of application across material systems and scientific disciplines. In UEM, we investigate multiscale dynamics in the spatial domain ranging from micrometres to ångströms, in reciprocal space, and on timescales from microseconds to attoseconds, with an energy resolution of a few electronvolts or less. Notably, UEM has played a pivotal role in visualisation of ultrafast structural dynamics with high local selectivity, enabling the exploration of the dynamic nature of chemical bonding in non-equilibrium states and investigation of electron – photon interactions to manipulate free-electron wavefunctions. This breakthrough has created new opportunities in condensed matter physics, chemical dynamics, and quantum electrodynamics. In addition, efforts are underway to achieve high-resolution UEM in correlative real-space microscopy to diffractography and spectroscopy in a single instrument for comprehensive investigations of light – matter interactions and structure – dynamics – function relations. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of UEM imaging capabilities and scientific interests, outlining the technological challenges faced by UEM in related fields and exploring potential approaches to overcome these challenges. Furthermore, we highlight the emerging fields of interest and present future perspectives that can further extend the imaging capabilities of UEM.

Purpose Few studies have investigated the impact of biologics on the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) among Korean patients with psoriatic diseases. We compared the risk of MACEs and all-cause mortality among patients with psoriatic disease treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-12/23 inhibitors in Korea.Methods Patients with psoriatic disease prescribed with TNF-α and IL-12/23 inhibitors since 2016 were selected from the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) Database. Follow-up data for MACEs and all-cause mortality between 2016 and 2020 were collected. A total of 2886 individuals were included, including 1987 IL-12/23 inhibitor users and 899 TNF-α inhibitor users.Results Compared with IL-12/23 inhibitor users, TNF-α inhibitor users had a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia and a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality but not MACE. After controlling for age, female TNF-α inhibitor users had a significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality. Meanwhile, after controlling for sex, TNF-α inhibitor users aged 60 years or older demonstrated a significantly elevated risk of all-cause mortality. In conclusion, No statistically significant difference in MACE risk was observed between patients who used TNF-α and IL-12/23 inhibitors. Nevertheless, the use of IL-12/23 inhibitors, especially among older and female patients, resulted in a lower overall mortality.

Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is expressed in all stages of prostate cancer, including in advanced androgen-independent tumors and bone metastasis. PSCA may associate with prostate carcinogenesis and lineage plasticity in prostate cancer. PSCA is also a promising theranostic marker for a variety of other solid tumors, including pancreatic adenocarcinoma and renal cell carcinoma. Here, we identified a novel fully human PSCA antibody using phage display methodology. The structure-based affinity maturation yielded a high-affinity binder, F12, which is highly specific and does not bind to 6,000 human membrane proteins based on a membrane proteome array assay. F12 targets PSCA amino acids 63–69 as tested by the peptide scanning microarray, and it cross-reacts with the murine PSCA. IgG1 F12 efficiently internalizes into PSCA-expressing tumor cells. The antimitotic reagent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE)-conjugated IgG1 F12 (ADC, F12-MMAE) exhibits dose-dependent efficacy and specificity in a human prostate cancer PC-3-PSCA xenograft NSG mouse model. This is a first reported ADC based on a fully human PSCA antibody and MMAE that is characterized in a xenograft murine model, which warrants further optimizations and investigations in additional preclinical tumor models, including prostate and other solid tumors.

Dopamine-modified hyaluronic acid (DA-HA) has been initially developed as an efficient coating and adhesion material for industrial uses. However, the biological activity and safety of DA-HA in the brain have not been explored yet. Here, we report a series of evidence that DA-HA exhibits similar functionality as dopamine (DA), but with much lower toxicity arising from autoxidation. DA-HA shows very little autoxidation even after 48-h incubation. This is profoundly different from DA and its derivatives including l-DOPA, which all induce severe neuronal death after pre-autoxidation, indicating that autoxidation is the cause of neuronal death. Furthermore, in vivo injection of DA-HA induces significantly lower toxicity compared to 6-OHDA, a well-known oxidized and toxic form of DA, and alleviates the apomorphine-induced rotational behavior in the 6-OHDA animal model of Parkinson's disease. Our study proposes that DA-HA with DA-like functionalities and minimal toxicity has a great potential to treat DA-related disease.

Protein therapeutics are emerging as essential technologies due to their functional and chemical properties. However, their application is currently limited to delivery by oral and injection methods—the former being inefficient and the latter invasive and potentially tissue damaging. Researchers are, therefore, exploring noninvasive delivery systems for proteins through the skin, including transdermal and topical delivery. The large molecular size of proteins presents a key challenge for skin penetration, hindering their ability to penetrate the dense skin lamellar structure. This review focuses on using nanoparticles as carriers to increase protein stability and enhance skin penetration. The use of noninvasive or minimally invasive enhancers for controlling and improving penetration depth is also examined. Furthermore, the physical properties of nanoparticles that affect delivery are evaluated, aiming to propose ways to advance transdermal and topical delivery methods in the future.

Abstract Background Although one’s socioeconomic status affects health outcomes, limited research explored how South Korea’s National Health Insurance (NHI) system affects mortality rates. This study investigated whether health insurance type and insurance premiums are associated with mortality. Methods Based on the National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening cohort, 246,172 men and 206,534 women aged ≥ 40 years at baseline (2002–2003) were included and followed until 2019. Health insurance type was categorized as employee-insured (EI) or self-employed-insured (SI). To define low, medium, and high economic status groups, we used insurance premiums at baseline. Death was determined using the date and cause of death included in the cohort. Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze the association between insurance factors and the overall and cause-specific mortality. Results The SI group had a significantly higher risk of overall death compared to the EI group (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval]: 1.13 [1.10–1.15] for men and 1.18 [1.15–1.22] for women), after adjusting for various factors. This trend extended to death from the five major causes of death in South Korea (cancer, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, pneumonia, and intentional self-harm) and from external causes, with a higher risk of death in the SI group (vs. the EI group). Further analysis stratified by economic status revealed that individuals with lower economic status faced higher risk of overall death and cause-specific mortality in both sexes, compared to those with high economic status for both health insurance types. Conclusion This nationwide study found that the SI group and those with lower economic status faced higher risk of overall mortality and death from the five major causes in South Korea. These findings highlight the potential disparities in health outcomes within the NHI system. To address these gaps, strategies should target risk factors for death at the individual level and governments should incorporate such strategies into public health policy development at the population level. Trial registration This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chungbuk National University Hospital (CBNUH-202211-HR-0236) and adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (1975).

Abstract Inside germinal centers (GCs), antigen-specific B cells rely on precise interactions with immune cells and strategic localization between the dark and light zones to clonally expand, undergo affinity maturation, and differentiate into long-lived plasma cells or memory B cells. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, the key gatekeepers of GC-dependent humoral immunity, exhibit remarkable dynamic positioning within secondary lymphoid tissues and rely on intercellular interactions with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) during their differentiation and execution of B-cell-facilitating functions within GCs. In this review, we briefly cover the transcriptional regulation of Tfh cell differentiation and function and explore the molecular mechanisms governing Tfh cell motility, their interactions with B cells within GCs, and the impact of their dynamic behavior on humoral responses.

In this article, a new compact planar phased array antenna is proposed for blind spot reduction in V2X communications. The proposed antenna can be easily integrated on the front-panel or rear-view side by providing 2-dimensional wide communication coverage while overcoming physical integration space limitations. Moreover, because the proposed antenna is based on a planar structure, it can be integrated effectively with beamforming circuits. To verify the proposed antenna, both single and array configurations were fabricated and compared with conventional patch antennas at 5.9 GHz. The proposed single antenna with a size of 1λ0 × 1.1λ0 × 0.02λ0 exhibited a measured bandwidth of 4.3% and a peak gain of 6.1 dBi. The measured HPBWs in the E- and H- planes were approximately 126° and 136°, respectively, compared to 75.5° and 66.9° for the conventional patch antenna. Further, the proposed antenna and reference patch antenna were extended to 1 × 8 array configurations with 8-ch beamforming circuits. The measured scan angle of the proposed antenna was 160°, compared to only 98° for the patch antenna. Finally, a vehicular communication test was conducted with 256-QAM signals, where the proposed 1 × 8 antenna array exhibited a stable error vector magnitude (EVM) over a wide coverage angle of 150°.

Abstract Failure of proper ventricular trabeculation is often associated with congenital heart disease. Support from endocardial cells, including the secretion of extracellular matrix and growth factors is critical for trabeculation. However, it is poorly understood how the secretion of extracellular matrix and growth factors is initiated and regulated by endocardial cells. We find that genetic knockout of histone deacetylase 3 in the endocardium in mice results in early embryo lethality and ventricular hypotrabeculation. Single cell RNA sequencing identifies significant downregulation of extracellular matrix components in histone deacetylase 3 knockout endocardial cells. Secretome from cultured histone deacetylase 3 knockout mouse cardiac endothelial cells lacks transforming growth factor ß3 and shows significantly reduced capacity in stimulating cultured cardiomyocyte proliferation, which is remarkably rescued by transforming growth factor ß3 supplementation. Mechanistically, we identify that histone deacetylase 3 knockout induces transforming growth factor ß3 expression through repressing microRNA-129-5p. Our findings provide insights into the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease and conceptual strategies to promote myocardial regeneration.

Background: Sleep accounts for approximately one-third of a person’s lifetime. It is a relaxing activity that relieves mental and physical fatigue. Pillows of different sizes, shapes, and materials have been designed to improve sleep quality by achieving an optimal sleep posture. Objects: This study aimed to determine which pillow provides the most comfortable and supports the head and neck during sleep, which may enhance sleep quality. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy adults (19 males and 9 females) with an average age of 29 years participated in this cross-sectional study. This experiment was conducted while the participants laid down for 5 minutes in four different pillow conditions: (1) no pillow (NP), (2) neck support foam pillow (NSFP), (3) standard microfiber filled pillow (SFP), and (4) hybrid foam pillow (HFP). The head-neck peak pressure, cranio-vertebral angle in supine (CVAs), cranio-horizontal angle in supine (CHAs), chin-sternum distance (CSD), and muscle tone of sternocleidomastoid were analyzed using one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: The head-neck peak pressure was the highest in the NSFP condition, followed by the NP, SFP, and HFP conditions. The CVAs, CHAs, and CSD of the SFP were lower than those of the other pillows. Muscle tone was the highest in the NP condition, followed by the of NSFP, HFP, and SFP conditions. The participants subjective comfort level in both the supine and side-lying postures was highest in the HFP condition, followed by the SFP and NSFP conditions. Conclusion: This study can be used to establish the importance of pillow selection for highquality sleep. The results of this study, suggest that a hybrid pillow with a good supportive core and appropriate fluffiness can maintain comfort and correct cervical spine alignment during sleep.

Background/Objectives: Variations in image clarity across different OCT devices, along with the inconsistent delineation of RNFL boundaries, pose a challenge to achieving consistent diagnoses for glaucoma. Recently, deep learning methods such as GANs for image transformation have been gaining attention. This paper introduces deep learning methods to transform low-clarity images from one OCT device into high-clarity images from another, concurrently estimating the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) segmentation lines in the enhanced images. Methods: We applied two deep learning methods, pix2pix and cycle-GAN, and provided a comparison of their performance by evaluating the similarity between the generated and actual images, as well as comparing the generated RNFL boundary delineation with the actual boundaries. Results: The image conversion performance was compared based on two criteria: Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) and curve dissimilarity. In the comparison of FID values, the cycle-GAN method showed significantly lower values than the pix2pix method (p-value < 0.001). In terms of curve similarity, the cycle-GAN method also demonstrated higher similarity to the actual curves compared to both manually annotated curves and the pix2pix method (p-value < 0.001). Conclusions: We demonstrated that the cycle-GAN method produces more consistent and precise outcomes in the converted images compared to the pix2pix method. The resulting segmented lines showed a high degree of similarity to those manually annotated by clinical experts in high-clarity images, surpassing the boundary accuracy observed in the original low-clarity scans.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections have increased in humans, animals, and the food industry, with ready-to-eat (RTE) food products being particularly susceptible to contamination. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains has rendered the current control strategies insufficient to effectively control STEC infections. Herein, we characterized the newly isolated STEC phage vB_ESM-pEJ01, a polyvalent phage capable of infecting Escherichia and Salmonella species, and assessed its efficacy in reducing STEC in vitro and food matrices. The phage, belonging to the Tevenvirinae, exhibits effective bacteriolytic activity, a short latent period, large burst size, and stability under a broad pH range and moderate temperatures. Moreover, the phage demonstrated strong anti-biofilm efficacy even at low concentrations. Genomic analysis revealed that the phage was similar to the well-characterized RB49 phage (T4-like phage) but possesses distinct host-specificity-related genes that potentially contribute to its extensive host range. The efficacy of phage vB_ESM-pEJ01 was evaluated in artificially STEC-inoculated green juice samples, where it significantly reduced STEC and the abundance of Shiga toxin-producing genes at 4 and 25 °C. Therefore, these results suggest that the polyvalent phage vB_ESM-pEJ01 is a promising biocontrol agent for foodborne pathogens in RTE foods such as fresh juices.

Background/Objectives: The early detection of individuals at risk of cognitive impairment is a clinical imperative. With the recent advancement of digital devices, smartphone application-based cognitive assessment is considered a promising tool for cognitive screening and monitoring inside and outside the clinic. This study examined whether a smartphone-based cognitive assessment, Brain OK, was valid for evaluating cognitive performance and identifying people at risk of cognitive impairment. Methods: We recruited 88 study participants aged over 60. They completed two cognitive tests with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), a validated paper-and-pencil cognitive screening tool, and Brain OK, a smartphone-based cognitive testing application. To examine convergent validity, we conducted analyses of Spearman correlations between MoCA and BrainOK, a Bland–Atman plot with regression analysis, and the area under the curve (AUC). Results: There was a significant positive association between Brain OK and the MoCA total score, with a coefficient of 0.9044 (SE = 0.057, t = 15.750, p < 0.001). The Bland–Altman plot represented a reasonable level of agreement between the two tests. We conducted the AUC analysis of Brain OK to compare the cognitively normal and impaired groups. The AUC value for the Brain OK score of 13.5 was the highest at 0.941. The sensitivity and specificity were 0.958 and 0.925, respectively. Conclusions: The smartphone app-based Brain OK test was feasible for assessing cognitive function and acceptable for identifying subjects with cognitive impairment. The results suggest Brain OK complements traditional in-person cognitive assessments and may help enhance cognitive health dialogue between doctors and patients.