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Yeast-like symbionts (YLSs) are transovarially transmitted between brown planthopper generations, but the transmission mechanism is poorly understood. In the present study, we found that YLSs do not enter the brown planthopper oocyte until it develops to late vitellogenesis. During oocyte vitellogenesis, the diversification and morphological changes of the follicular cells surrounding the oocyte are associated with the accumulation and polarization of vitellogenin (Vg) and lipids in the oocyte, indirectly affecting the entry of YLSs into the oocyte. Additionally, the posterior follicular cells, one of the diversified follicular cell populations, form the epithelial plug that is the only structure for YLSs to enter the oocyte. In addition, actin is rearranged within the follicular cells to build an actin bridge for YLSs to move from the epithelial plug to the oocyte, indicating that actin mediates the entry of YLSs into the brown planthopper oocyte during oocyte vitellogenesis. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the entry of YLSs into the brown planthopper oocyte is triggered by oocyte vitellogenesis.

A novel design for a volume holographic optical disc to reduce radial cross talk is proposed. By adopting a proper spatial filter, the radial cross talk can be reduced and the radial selectivity increases so that the multiplexing capacity can increase effectively. The theory and the corresponding experiment are demonstrated.

We propose a paraxial solution for pixel shift selectivity, which can simulate the pixel shift selectivity in two dimensions and in wide range easily. Thus, the effect of different reference patterns can be calculated in detail. From the simulation result, we conclude that the pixel shift selectivity get worse for amplitude modulation reference patterns. Making no modulation is the best reference pattern for pixel shift selectivity, however the point spread function will be worst in this case. To get an optimum system in both pixel shift selectivity and point spread function, the reference pattern with phase modulation will be the best choice.

An out-of-plane angular detection scheme with random phase encoding is proposed. A ground glass is attached on a rod, which is rotated around a center point, so that the rotation of the rod induces the displacement of the ground glass in a circular path. To enhance the rotational sensitivity we adjust the Bragg selectivity of the volume holographic optical element encoded by random phase. Therefore, the rotational sensitivity can be tuned over a large range from several degrees to ten thousandth degrees by changing the radius of rotation. The theoretical calculation, as well as experiment, is demonstrated.

A paraxial solution of the coaxial holographic storage algorithm is proposed, which can be applied to calculate the pixel response and shift selectivity. The pixel response shows that the reference pattern is a key issue.

We propose a novel way to enhance the Bragg selectivity of a volume hologram with use of a light pipe. Longitudinal shifting selectivity of the system is shown obviously enhanced experimentally and theoretically.

In this paper we propose a new way to fix the diffracted pattern on the original output plane by a specific geometrical arrangement during the rotation of the holographic disk. The behaviors on bit error rate (BER) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are calculated and discussed.

We propose a novel imaging structure based on a volume holographic optical element that allows one-dimensional optical imaging through a specific Bragg window. The lateral magnification is shown to be linear and negative. Lateral magnifications of 2.5, 5, and 10 of the imaging element are demonstrated theoretically and experimentally.

A paraxial solution to the coaxial holographic storage algorithm is proposed based on the scalar diffraction theory and a VOHIL model (volume hologram being an integrator of the lights emitted from elementary light sources), which can give insight into the optical characteristics of the collinear holographic storage system in an effective way, including the point spread function and shift selectivity. The paraxial solution shows that the reference pattern is the key issue in the point spread function. Thus, the bit error rate of the system can be improved by changing the reference pattern. The proposed solution will be useful in the design of a new reference pattern to perform a high-quality readout pattern in the coaxial holographic storage system.