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This study examined four ecological systems, namely individual, family, school, and media environments. A series of moderator analyses were conducted to examine variations in effect size estimates across the study characteristics. The current study estimated that the effect size results were gleaned from 360 primary studies, including 90 journal articles and 270 thesis/dissertations, published between 2011 and 2022. The current meta-analysis results supported the ecological framework. That is, the impact of each ecological system on the development of positive and negative peer relationships varies depending on age groups and protective-risk factors. Specifically, for positive peer relationships, the largest effect size of the protective factor was found at the individual level for young and school- aged children, but at the school level for adolescents. Regarding the risk factors for positive peer relationships, the media was the ecological system with the strongest effect size for both young children and adolescents, while the individual-level demonstrating the strongest effect for school-aged children. Results from this meta-analysis allow us to identify some vital intervention areas in terms of healthy peer-relationship development, which should be of considerable interest to the educators and policymakers who are responsible for assessing and intervening with at-risk young children, school-aged children, and adolescents. From a practical standpoint, the current meta-analysis results are expected to contribute to developing effective prevention initiatives by targeting specific protective and risk factors for peer relationship development on the ecological system level.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of college life adaptation program on nursing students ′ college life adaptation and nursing professional attitude. College life adaptation program of a freshman atcollege which consists of two area : theory-practice and liberal-cultivation of character and college freshman for 70hours, 5 a week in 10 session for 2 weeks. The collected data were analyzed using paired t-test, ANOVA. As a resultof the study, the score for college life adaptation(t=11.42, p=

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of emotional connection with parents, social support, and isolation on unmarried mothers' child-rearing efficacy. The subjects of this study were 194 unmarried mothers. Data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, Cronbach's α, and Pearson's correlation using the SPSS 12.0 program. The test of the theoretical model was performed with an analysis of the correlational matrix in the AMOS 7.0 package for path analysis. The results of this study were as follows: First, the number of adult unmarried mothers was higher than that of teen mothers. Most unmarried mothers had a in low monthly income-, were unemployed, and received economic assistance from the government or social welfare institutions as a major source of their income. Their decision to have a child were for the following reason: the desire to have a child, fear of having an abortion, belief that abortion is a crime, and uncertainty about which decision to make, etc. Second, the women's emotional connection with their parents had a direct effect on social support. Social support had a direct effect on isolation:,however, it did not have a direct effect on parenting efficacy. Third, the women's emotional connection with their parents had a direct effect on isolation. Isolation had a direct effect on parenting efficacy. Fourth, social support mediated by the women's emotional connection with their parents had an indirect effect on isolation and child-rearing efficacy. Isolation mediated the women's emotional connection with their parents and had an indirect effect on child-rearing efficacy.

본 연구는 간호학생의 간호 수기술 향상을 위해 사전 동영상 학습방법을 활용한 기본간호학 실습 교육평가방법의 학습동기, 학업적 자기효능감 및 문제해결과정을 파악하고자 하는 상관성 조사연구였다. 학습동기와 학업적 자기효능감은 간호과 선택동기, 전공만족도, 기본간호학실습 만족도, 사전 동영상 시청의 도움정도, 체크리스트 활용 실기평가의 적절성에 따라 통계적으로 차이가 있었다. 문제해결과정은 전공만족도, 기본간호학실습만족도, 사전 동영상 시청의 도움 정도, 체크리스트 활용 실기평가의 적절성에 따라 통계적으로 차이가 있었다. 학습동기는 학업적 자기효능감 및 문제해결과정과, 학업적 자기효능감은 문제해결과정과 유의한 정적상관관계를 나타냈다. 결론적으로, 사전 동영상 학습방법을 활용한 기본간호학실습 교육평가방법은 간호학생의 학습동기, 학업적 자기효능감 및 문제해결과정과 관련이 있었다. 【This study was designed to clarify the learning motivations, academic self-efficacy, and problem-solving processes in the educational evaluative method in the fundamental nursing practice using moving pictures. The learning motivations and academic self-efficacy showed statistical differences based on the students' motivations of selecting, their satisfaction with the major and nursing practice, helpfulness of moving pictures, and the suitability of practical tests using a checklist. Problem-solving processes revealed statistical differences based on the students' motivations of selecting the nursing department, their satisfaction with the major and fundamental nursing their satisfaction with the major and nursing practice, the helpfulness of moving pictures, and the suitability of practical tests using a checklist. The learning motivations showed significant positive interrelations with the academic self-efficacy and problem-solving processes. In conclusion, the educational evaluative method in the fundamental nursing practice using moving pictures was related to the nursing students' learning motivations, academic self-efficacy, and problem-solving processes.】

This study was pre-experimental research designed to compare the differences between pre-and post-program on nursing student`s career maturity, career decision-making self-efficacy and employment stress. The subjects were 247 junior-year students in nursing school. Mean value for career maturity was from 2.59 to 2.57, career decision-making self-efficacy from score 3.44 to 3.65 in average(t

The microstructural changes of Fe-20Mn-12Cr-1Cu alloy have been studied during high temperature gas nitriding (HTGN) at the range of in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas. The mixed microstructure of austenite and -martensite of as-received alloy was changed to austenite single phase after HTGN treatment at the nitrogen-permeated surface layer, however the interior region that was not affected nitrogen permeation remained the structure of austenite and -martensite. With raising the HTGN treatment temperature, the concentration and permeation depth of nitrogen, which is known as the austenite stabilizing element, were increased. Accordingly, the depth of austenite single phase region was increased. The outmost surface of HTGN treated alloy at appeared Cr nitride. And this was in good agreement with the thermodynamically calculated phase diagram. The grain growth was delayed after HTGN treatment temperature ranges of due to the grain boundary precipitates. For the HTGN treatment temperature of , the fine grain region was shown at the near surface due to the grain boundary precipitates, however, owing to the depletion of grain boundary precipitates, coarse grain was appeared at the depth far from the surface. This depletion may come from the strong affinity between nitrogen and substitutional element of Al and Ti leading the diffusion of these elements from interior to surface. Because of the nitrogen dissolution at the nitrogen-permeated surface layer by HTGN treatment, the surface hardness was increased above 150 Hv compared to the interior region that was consisted with the mixed microstructure of austenite and -martensite.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of youth voluntary on sense of citizenship, positive self-perception, and peer relations, which procedures was conducted by being comparison between middle school students and high school ones. This study also use the data given by 2st of the Seoul Education Longitudinal Study(SELS), which subjects were 7,593 youths(3,566 in middles school students and 4,027 in high school ones). The most significant variable for youth's peer relations was sense of citizenship both middle school and high school student, which indicates not only that it is encouraged by sense of citizenship but also that developing and leading the sense of citizenship for youth should be given by the school welfare policy. Positive self-perception in middle school youth influenced the second effect on their peer relations, but high school student's peer relation was impacted by the voluntary service into a secondary effect.

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of maladaptive personality (borderline personality, narcissistic personality, and dependent personality) and conflict behavior on marital adjustment(dyadic satisfaction, dyadic consensus, dyadic cohesion, and affectional expression) among married women. Subjects in this study were 725 married women who lived in Cheong-buk, in Gyeonggi province, Korea. Data were analyzed by the methods of frequency, percentage, Cronbach`s , and factor analysis, Pearson`s correlation, and hierarchical regression using SPSS-WIN version 12.0. The results of this study were as follows: 1) the less borderline personality was perceived, the more narcissistic personality was perceived, In addition, a greater perceived amount of destructive conflict behavior of wives was linked to highdyadic satisfaction in the wives`. Wives` destructive conflict- behavior was the most important parameter to predict dyadic satisfaction. 2) The less borderline personality was perceived, the less dependent personality was perceived, while the more narcissistic personality was perceived, the more destructive conflict behavior of husbands was perceived, with the, wives` incidence of dyadic consensus appearing high. Husbands` destructive conflict behavior was the most important parameter to predict a dyadic consensus. 3) The less borderline personality was perceived, the more narcissistic personality was perceived, In addition, more destructive conflict behavior of the husbands was linked to highdyadic cohesion in the wives`. Husbands` destructive conflict behavior was the most important to predict dyadic cohesion relatively. 4) The more destructive conflict behavior of wives was perceived, the higher the wives` affectional expression appeared. The wives` destructive conflict behavior was the most important parameter to predict affectional expression.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of family-of-origin differentiation, anxiety, and sense of well-being on marital adjustment among married men and women. The Participants of this study were 244 married men and 324 married women, who had preschooler children. The results were as follows: First, family-of-origin differentiation in both men and women had a direct effect on anxiety and sense of well-being. Second, family-of-origin differentiation for both men and women were indirectly influenced by marital adjustment through anxiety and sense of well-being. Third, anxiety of women influenced dyadic consensus at greater degree than men`s. Fourth, anxiety and sense of well-being in both men and women had a direct effect on dyadic consensus, dyadic satisfaction, dyadic cohesion and dyadic affection expression. Finally, in women`s cases, it was indicated that emotional cut-off from mother directly influences marital adjustment.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of family economic distress, paternal depression, marital relationship, and controlling parenting style on behavioral problems in young children and to present a program for their reduction. The participants of this study were 344 fathers, whose young children were attending kindergartens located in Cheongju city. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequency, factor analysis, reliability analysis, and Pearson`s productive correlation, t and F-tests via the SPSS 12.0 program, with the path model analyzed using the AMOS 7.0 program. There were six paths where family economic distress, mediated by paternal depression, marital relationship, controlling parenting style, had effects on the behavioral problems in young children. However, the path where family economic distress had an indirect effect on the behavioral problems in young children via paternal depression and marital relationship appeared to be the most influential. Also, paternal depression appeared to have the most impact on young children`s behavioral problems.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the interactions of ego-resilience and social supports in the school adjustment in children. The subjects of this study were 479 children drawn from the fourth and sixth grades of three elementary schools in Cheongju city. The pilot study was done to examine the applicability of survey instruments. Data was analyzed by frequency, percentage, Cronbach's t-test, ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test, correlation, and hierarchial analysis using the SPSSWIN program. The results of this research were as follows: First, the results showed that the effects of the interaction of ego-resilience and social supports on school adjustment were different according to the children's gender and age. Second, teacher supports had influence on school life satisfaction, interest in the subject, attitude in class, and observance of school rules according to the children's gender and age. Finally, overall, the influence of school life satisfaction, interest in subjects, attitude in class, and observance of school rules was greater for girls than boys.

The purpose of this study was to examine the developmental trajectories of adolescents` internalizing problem behaviors. The data came from 3,188 middle school students through their participation in the Korea Youth Panel Survey(KYPS). Adolescents with a high level of internalizing problem behaviors in the first year showed a rapid decline in these behaviors over time, whereas for adolescents with a low level of these behaviors in the first year the decline was slow. The predictors of the developmental trajectories were related to individual variables, such as gender, self-esteem, self-control, stress, self-stigmatization, and academic achievement. The developmental trajectories of adolescents` internalizing problem behaviors were classified into four groups. The predictors of the patterns of developmental trajectories in adolescents` internalizing problem behaviors appeared to be related to individual variables.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of family-of-origin differentiation, ego identity, and attitudes toward children on marital intimacy among married men and women. The participants of this study were 261 married men and 274 married women whose marital period were less than 14 years, and whose first child was less than 12 years old and who were living in Chungbuk Province. Data were analyzed by frequency, percentages, ttest, F-test with Tukey test for post-hoc test, Cronbach for reliability analysis, factor analysis, and Pearson`s correlation using the SPSS program(12.0 version). The model test was done with analysis of correlational matrix by the AMOS 5.0 package using a maximum likelihood estimation. Family of origin differentiation, ego identity, and attitude toward children had different effects on marital intimacy according to gender. Also, ego identity was the strongest predictor of men`s marital intimacy whereas attitude was the strongest for women`s marital intimacy.

The purpose of this study was to employ the Latent Growth Curve Model(LGM) to investigate the developmental trajectories of children`s internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors and to identify predictors that might have an effect on change and the level of developmental trajectories. Furthermore, we classified the developmental trajectories of children`s internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors, and also analyzed factors which caused differences in developmental trajectories by Semi-Parametric Group-based Modeling. This study used data from wave 1-4(2004~2008) of elementary school fourth grade panel of the Korea Youth Panel Survey(KYPS). The results showed that children`s internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors changed significantly from the fourth grade of elementary school to the first grade of middle school. The predictors for developmental trajectories of children`s internalizing problem behaviors were gender, self-control, parental conflict, deviant peers, and attachment to teachers. The predictors for the developmental trajectories of children`s externalizing problem behaviors were gender, self-esteem, self-control, and deviant peers. The developmental trajectories of children`s internalizing problem behaviors was classified into three groups. The developmental trajectories of children`s externalizing problem behaviors was classified into four groups.

The objectives of this descriptive survey study are to understand college students‟ self-esteem, physical image, awareness of gender equality, and outlook on marriage, and to explore the measures necessary to establish healthy outlooks on marriage for the future. The subjects were 356 college students. Self-esteem was found to be significantly related to household income (F = 3.48, P = 0.020) and academic achievement (F = 3.16, P = 0.040); physical image to academic achievement (F = 6.76, P < 0.001), personality traits (t = 3.56, P < 0.001), peer relationships (F = 11.95, P < 0.000), and opposite-sex friends (t = 3.19, P < 0.000); gender equality awareness to gender (t = −3.09, P = 0.002), college year level (F = 11.14, P < 0.000), household income (t = 3.62, P = 0.010), academic achievement (F = 2.98, P = 0.050), and high school type (F = 5.41, P < 0.001); and outlook on marriage to gender (t = −4.44, P < 0.000), college year level (F = 2.58, P = 0.050), peer relationships (F = 3.35, P = 0.030), and high school type (F = 5.30, P < 0.001). Self-esteem was found to be positively correlated with gender equality awareness (r = 0.141, P = 0.008).