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Nitrogen is one of the most important macronutrients for crops, and, in conjunction with artificial intelligence algorithms, it is possible to estimate it with the aid of vegetation indices through remote sensing. Various indices were calculated and those with a correlation of ≥0.7 were selected for subsequent use in random forest, gradient boosting, and artificial neural networks to determine their relationship with nitrogen levels measured in the laboratory. Random forest showed no relationship, yielding an R2 of zero; and gradient boosting and the classical method were similar with 0.7; whereas artificial neural networks yielded the best results with an R2 of 0.93. Thus, estimating nitrogen levels using this algorithm is reliable, by feeding it with data from the Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index, Transformed Chlorophyll Absorption Reflectance Index, Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index/Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index, and Transformed Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index/Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index

Este estudio analiza la relación entre percepciones laborales y las preferencias político-electorales de los trabajadores de plataformas digitales de reparto en la Ciudad de México. Se problematizan tres ideas ampliamente discutidas en la literatura sobre el trabajo controlado por plataformas. Primero, se examina en qué medida estas ocupaciones exacerban identidades individualistas y proto-emprendedoras entre los trabajadores. Luego, se analiza cómo las circunstancias laborales pueden favorecer una prefiguración ideológica libertaria en consonancia con las tesis del "neoliberalismo desde abajo" (Gago, 2015) y el populismo autoritario de las clases trabajadoras precarizadas (Pinheiro-Machado, 2023). Finalmente, se explora si las inclinaciones ideológicas de estos trabajadores reflejan preferencias electorales de derecha ligadas a este tipo de ocupación.

Exponen la legalidad y la constitucionalidad del concepto de barrio o colonia cerrada, evidencian las acciones tomadas por quienes presiden las mesas directivas de las colonias con una justificación basada en cuestiones de seguridad pública y los alcances jurídicos de dichos actos que originan violaciones de derechos fundamentales y tensiones entre vecinos. Delimita la dimensión normativa del derecho administrativo y constitucional con los conceptos de eficacia y validez y confronta las teorías extra garantistas de los ciudadanos

The use of metal nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance hydrogen production in dark fermentation (DF) has become a pioneering field of interest. In particular, iron-based nanoparticles (FeNPs) play a pivotal role in enhancing the activity of metalloenzymes and optimizing feedstock utilization, resulting in improved hydrogen production. This study investigated the effect of FeNPs (magnetite) supplementation at three different concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 ppm in a continuous dark fermenter for the production of hydrogen from rice straw acid hydrolysate. The highest hydrogen production rate of 2.6 ± 0.3 NL H2/L-d was achieved with the addition of 100 ppm of nanoparticles, representing a 53% increase compared to the condition without FeNPs addition. This improvement was driven by a microbial community in which Clostridium was the major dominant genus. In addition, increasing the nanoparticle concentration to 100 ppm resulted in an increase in butyrate concentration to 2.0 ± 0.1 g/L, which is 43% higher than the butyrate concentration without FeNPs. However, when the NP concentration was increased to 200 ppm, the hydrogen production rate decreased to 1.6 ± 0.2 NL H2/L-d. This study can serve as a guideline for future research aimed at evaluating the effects of FeNPs in continuous dark fermentation systems. This work highlights the potential benefits and challenges associated with the use of FeNPs, paving the way for future studies to optimize their application and improve the efficiency of dark fermentation processes.

Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) screening and treatment in pregnancy allows the opportunity to reduce adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes worldwide. Although C. trachomatis infection is easily treated and cured with antibiotics, only some countries have routine pregnancy screening and treatment programs. We therefore evaluated whether just one maternal screening for C. trachomatis is enough to prevent adverse pregnancy and negative neonatal outcomes. Among the 4087 first-time gynecological–obstetric consultations granted at the National Institute of Perinatology in 2018, we selected the study population according to a case–cohort design. Antenatal C. trachomatis screening and treatment interventions were performed on 628 pregnant women using COBAS® TaqMan CT. C. trachomatis DNA was also detected in samples from 157 infants of these mothers. In the maternal cohort, incidence of C. trachomatis infection was 10.5%. The vertical transmission rate was 1.5% for the cohort of mothers who tested positive for C. trachomatis and received treatment, and 29.7% for those with a negative test. By evaluating symptomatic neonatal infection, the hazard rate of perinatal pneumonia was 3.6 times higher in C. trachomatis-positive babies than in C. trachomatis-negative babies. Despite the low rate of mother-to-child transmission in women positive for C. trachomatis, possible maternal infection that is not detected in pregnancy significantly increases the risk of neonatal infection with consequent perinatal pneumonia.

México es uno de los 76 países en el mundo que celebran elecciones en 2024. Los artículos contenidos en este Dossier examinan importantes riesgos y oportunidades asociados a las elecciones de 2024 en México. Uno de esos riesgos puede ser que la democracia “se juegue” en la boleta electoral. Si bien las elecciones son un mecanismo esencial de la democracia, en ellas no se compite únicamente por los votos. Hay ocasiones en las que también se disputa la integridad de los comicios y el futuro mismo de la democracia. Este texto examina esa posibilidad y discute las aportaciones de los artículos para comprender el significado democrático, las oportunidades y las fortalezas de las elecciones mexicanas de 2024.

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentration is directly proportional to the amount of vermicompost (VC) added to sand substrates. The objectives of this work were to establish the effect of the amount of VC in sand substrates on the concentration of IAA and to determine its influence on tomato plants. Sand substrates with VC percentages (0, 20, 40, and 50%) were placed in pots; in each one, the concentration of IAA was determined at the beginning and the end (after supporting tomato plants), and its bacterial load was determined. In tomato plants, some vegetative and yield components were measured. The results show that by adding 1 kg of VC in a sand-based substrate, the concentration of exogenous IAA increases by 0.0470 and 0.0642 mg g−1 (at the beginning and the end, respectively). This increase was reflected in the development of the plants; for example, their roots demonstrated their maximum development (370.20 cm−3) when the amount of VC in the substrate was 3.95 kg. Therefore, the amount of VC used in the preparation of substrates influences the concentration of IAA in them, which is reflected in the development of tomato plants.

Abstract Background von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a hereditary cancer syndrome caused by germline mutations in the VHL gene. Patients have significant morbidity and mortality secondary to vascular tumors. Disease management is centered on tumor surveillance that allows early detection and treatment. Presymptomatic genetic testing is therefore recommended, including in at-risk children. Methods We tested 17 families (n = 109 individuals) for VHL mutations including 43 children under the age of 18. Personalized genetic counseling was provided pre and post-test and the individuals undergoing presymptomatic testing filled out questionnaires gathering socio-demographic, psychological and psychiatric data. Mutation analysis was performed by direct sequencing of the VHL gene. Mutation-carriers were screened for VHL disease-related tumors and were offered follow-up annual examinations. Results Mutations were identified in 36 patients, 17 of whom were asymptomatic. In the initial screening, we identified at least one tumor in five of 17 previously asymptomatic individuals. At the end of five years, only 38.9% of the mutation-carriers continued participating in our tumor surveillance program. During this time, 14 mutation carriers developed a total of 32 new tumors, three of whom died of complications. Gender, education, income, marital status and religiosity were not found to be associated with adherence to the surveillance protocol. Follow-up adherence was also independent of pre-test depression, severity of disease, or number of affected family members. The only statistically significant predictor of adherence was being symptomatic at the time of testing (OR = 5; 95% CI 1.2 - 20.3; p = 0.02). Pre-test anxiety was more commonly observed in patients that discontinued follow-up (64.7% vs. 35.3%; p = 0.01). Conclusions The high initial uptake rate of genetic testing for VHL disease, including in minors, allowed the discontinuation of unnecessary screening procedures in non mutation-carriers. However, mutation-carriers showed poor adherence to long-term tumor surveillance. Therefore, many of them did not obtain the full benefit of early detection and treatment, which is central to the reduction of morbidity and mortality in VHL disease. Studies designed to improve adherence to vigilance protocols will be necessary to improve treatment and quality of life in patients with hereditary cancer syndromes.

Comprehensive morphometric and hydrometeorological studies on Bacalar Lagoon, Mexico’s largest tropical karstic lake and a significant aquatic system of the Yucatán Peninsula, are lacking. This study provides a detailed analysis of its bathymetry, morphometry, and hydrometeorological characteristics. The lake’s main basin stretches more than 52.7 km in length, with widths varying from 0.18 km to 2.28 km. It has a volume of 554.4 million cubic meters, with an average depth of 8.85 m, reaching depths of up to 26 m in the north and featuring sub-lacustrine dolines in the south, with depths of 38 m, 48.5 m, and 63.6 m. The study reveals seasonal variations in surface water temperature, closely linked to air temperature (r = 0.89), and immediate responses of water levels to hydrometeorological events. Water level fluctuations also exhibit seasonal patterns that are correlated with regional aquifer conditions, with a lag of 2 months after seasonal rainfall. Interannual variability in rainfall and water levels was observed. From 2010 to 2012, rainfall consistently remained below its mean climatic value, due to a prolonged La Niña event, while the exceptionally wet conditions in 2020 were also associated with La Niña. Extreme and anomalous hydrometeorological events, such as those following tropical storm Cristobal in 2020, revealed the fragility of Bacalar Lagoon, causing a notable transformation in lake color and transparency, shifting it from its typical oligotrophic state to eutrophic conditions that lasted longer than a year. These color changes raise questions about the factors impacting ecological health in tropical karstic regions. Additional factors affecting water quality in the BL in 2020, such as deforestation, coastline changes, and urban growth, warrant further investigation. Our study can serve as a starting landmark.

El uso de aceite como aislante dieléctrico es parte fundamental del funcionamiento y vida útil de los transformadores. La función más importante que debe desarrollar un aceite dieléctrico es la de enfriamiento y disipación del calor generado durante la operación de los transformadores, siendo el aceite mineral, el tradicionalmente usado en este tipo de aplicaciones. Sin embargo, en la actualidad se han empezado a desarrollar aceites de tipo vegetal que resultan atractivos debido a su alta biodegradabilidad y punto de inflamación. Este articulo está elaborado de la siguiente manera: primero se realiza una breve descripción del aislamiento usado en el transformador, en la segunda parte se presentan las características químicas, físicas y eléctricas que debe poseer un aceite para que realice su función de manera efectiva. Finalmente se presenta un análisis de los resultados de la transferencia de calor de ambos tipos de aceites.

Analiza las tensiones existentes entre las limitantes existentes del Derecho Nacional y la dificultad para el combate de la Delincuencia Organizada y los delitos de ese orden, desde la negativa para el reconocimiento del problema hasta las estrategias limitadas de la autoridad para su persecución. Conceptualiza desde la perspectiva de los principales autores de las teorías del Neoconstitucionalismo y Garantismo Penal, los términos sustantivos que presentan fricción en la materia.

El presente artículo de carácter exploratorio se acerca a la práctica del tercero neutral e imparcial quien conduce los servicios de mediación, negociación y conciliación intra la procuración de justicia en Sonora, para identificar las fortalezas y debilidades en la aplicación de estrategias y técnicas durante el encuentro discursivo de las partes conflictuadas por el hecho penal, que tiene como objetivo que ambas narren o describan las historias personales, expongan sus deseos, emociones, posiciones e intereses de tal manera que por sí mismas sean capaces de concretar el mejor acuerdo para dar por concluido el proceso penal a través de un Acuerdo Reparatorio o de una Suspensión Condicional del Proceso. Habilitados para alcanzar el mejor Acuerdo Reparatorio en las salidas alternas de un proceso penal

Solute segregation in the carbon-depleted (CDZ) heat-affected zone of dissimilar metal welds (DMW) designed for nuclear power plant EPRTM reactors has been investigated by atom probe tomography (APT) and related to the mechanical properties (toughness test). The analysis of grain boundaries (GBs) by APT allowed the quantification of the P segregation and other solute elements, in all the analyzed samples, before and after long-term ageing heat treatments. The post-weld stress-relief heat treatment applied to the samples before the ageing heat treatments leads to important GBs segregation levels. Following thermal ageing treatments allow a relative increase of GB segregation. P segregation increases with the various thermal ageing conditions. The experimental data were used to model P segregation in high-angle GBs. The simulations show that P segregation is kinetically limited by bulk diffusion, explaining the observed P segregation increase with temperature. P segregation in GBs in the CDZ of the DMW should remain low compared to the expected equilibrium segregation level during the entire reactor service. In addition to solute segregation in extended defects, APT measurements revealed the presence of Cu-rich clusters in GBs, dislocations, and grains in all the aged samples. These clusters were not observed in the sample before ageing.

Introduction: Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is considered one of the main causes of disability and dependence affecting quality of life in elderly people and their families. Current pharmacological treatment includes acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine) and memantine; however, only one-third of patients respond to treatment. Genetic factors have been shown to play a role in this inter-individual variability in drug response. Development: We review pharmacogenetic reports of AD-modifying drugs, the pharmacogenetic biomarkers included, and the phenotypes evaluated. We also discuss relevant methodological considerations for the design of pharmacogenetic studies into AD. A total of 33 pharmacogenetic reports were found; the majority of these focused on the variability in response to and metabolism of donepezil. Most of the patients included were from Caucasian populations, although some studies also include Korean, Indian, and Brazilian patients. CYP2D6 and APOE are the most frequently studied biomarkers. The associations proposed are controversial. Conclusions: Potential pharmacogenetic biomarkers for AD have been identified; however, it is still necessary to conduct further research into other populations and to identify new biomarkers. This information could assist in predicting patient response to these drugs and contribute to better treatment decision-making in a context as complex as ageing. Resumen: Introducción: La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es la primera causa de demencia y una de las principales causas de discapacidad y dependencia que afecta la calidad de vida de los adultos mayores y de sus familiares. En la actualidad el manejo farmacológico disponible incluye a los fármacos inhibidores de la acetilcolinesterasa (donepezilo, galantamina, rivastigmina) y a la memantina. Sin embargo, se ha reportado que solo un tercio de los pacientes responden al tratamiento. Se ha evidenciado que los factores genéticos pueden explicar parte de la variabilidad en la respuesta a estos fármacos. Desarrollo: En esta revisión se incluyen los estudios farmacogenéticos de fármacos modificadores de EA, los farmacogenes analizados y los fenotipos que fueron evaluados, además de las consideraciones metodológicas que es importante tomar en cuenta en este tipo de estudios. Se encontraron 33 reportes de farmacogenética de EA en los que principalmente se ha estudiado la variabilidad en la respuesta y en el metabolismo de donepezilo. La población más estudiada es la caucásica, aunque también han sido investigados coreanos, indios y brasileños. Los biomarcadores más estudiados son CYP2D6 y APOE. Los resultados de las asociaciones son controversiales. Conclusiones: Se han identificado posibles biomarcadores farmacogenéticos para el tratamiento de EA; sin embargo, se requieren más estudios farmacogenéticos en otras poblaciones que no han sido investigadas, así como profundizar en la identificación de los biomarcadores. Este conocimiento podría ayudar a predecir la respuesta a fármacos modificadores de EA y contribuiría a tomar mejores decisiones en el tratamiento de la enfermedad en un contexto tan complejo como es el envejecimiento.

Abstract Background This study aimed to estimate the economic impact of replacing the current Peruvian primary immunization scheme for infants under 1 year old with an alternative scheme with similar efficacy, based on a hexavalent vaccine. Methods A cost-minimization analysis compared the costs associated with vaccine administration, adverse reactions medical treatment, logistical activities, and indirect social costs associated with time spent by parents in both schemes. A budgetary impact analysis assessed the financial impact of the alternative scheme on healthcare budget. Results Incorporating the hexavalent vaccine would result in a 15.5% net increase in healthcare budget expenditure ($48,281,706 vs $55,744,653). Vaccination costs would increase by 54.1%, whereas logistical and adverse reaction costs would be reduced by 59.8% and 33.1%, respectively. When including indirect social costs in the analysis, the budgetary impact was reduced to 8.7%. Furthermore, the alternative scheme would enable the liberation of 17.5% of national vaccines storage capacity. Conclusions Despite of the significant reduction of logistical and adverse reaction costs, including the hexavalent vaccine into the National Immunization Program of Peru in place of the current vaccination scheme for infants under 1 year of age would increase the public financial budget of the government as it would represent larger vaccine acquisition costs. Incorporating the indirect costs would reduce the budgetary impact demonstrating the social value of the alternative scheme. This merits consideration by government bodies, and future studies investigating such benefits would be informative.

Voltage-dependent gating of the voltage-gated proton channels (HV1) remains poorly understood, partly because of the difficulty of obtaining direct measurements of voltage sensor movement in the form of gating currents. To circumvent this problem, we have implemented patch-clamp fluorometry in combination with the incorporation of the fluorescent non-canonical amino acid Anap to monitor channel opening and movement of the S4 segment. Simultaneous recording of currents and fluorescence signals allows for direct correlation of these parameters and investigation of their dependence on voltage and the pH gradient (ΔpH). We present data that indicate that Anap incorporated in the S4 helix is quenched by an aromatic residue located in the S2 helix and that motion of the S4 relative to this quencher is responsible for fluorescence increases upon depolarization. The kinetics of the fluorescence signal reveal the existence of a very slow transition in the deactivation pathway, which seems to be singularly regulated by ΔpH. Our experiments also suggest that the voltage sensor can move after channel opening and that the absolute value of the pH can influence the channel opening step. These results shed light on the complexities of voltage-dependent opening of human HV1 channels.

El presente trabajo pretende brindar una perspectiva crítica respecto a ciertos aspectos del sistema electoral salvadoreño a la vez que muestra ciertos avances que se han llevado a cabo en años recientes y por ultimó se podrán vislumbrar ciertas propuestas que buscan fortalecer el sistema democrático del país. Es evidente que luego de los acuerdos de paz se crearon nuevas instituciones con el fin de garantizar el Estado de Derecho y lograr cicatrizar heridas del pasado. Dentro de esos cambios se buscaba la creación de instituciones y normas que brindarán una mayor legitimidad al sufragio en los cargos de elección pública.

Abstract Background The phased withdrawal of oral polio vaccine (OPV) and the introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is central to the polio ‘end-game’ strategy. Methods We analyzed the cost implications in Chile of a switch from the vaccination scheme consisting of a pentavalent vaccine with whole-cell pertussis component (wP) plus IPV/OPV vaccines to a scheme with a hexavalent vaccine with acellular pertussis component (aP) and IPV (Hexaxim®) from a societal perspective. Cost data were collected from a variety of sources including national estimates and previous vaccine studies. All costs were expressed in 2017 prices (US$ 1.00 = $Ch 666.26). Results The overall costs associated with the vaccination scheme (4 doses of pentavalent vaccine plus 1 dose IPV and 3 doses OPV) from a societal perspective was estimated to be US$ 12.70 million, of which US$ 8.84 million were associated with the management of adverse events related to wP. In comparison, the cost associated with the 4-dose scheme with a hexavalent vaccine (based upon the PAHO reference price) was US$ 19.76 million. The cost of switching to the hexavalent vaccine would be an additional US$ 6.45 million. Overall, depending on the scenario, the costs of switching to the hexavalent scheme would range from an additional US$ 2.62 million to US$ 6.45 million compared with the current vaccination scheme. Conclusions The switch to the hexavalent vaccine schedule in Chile would lead to additional acquisition costs, which would be partially offset by improved logistics, and a reduction in adverse events associated with the current vaccines.

The objectives of this study were to identify and rank the covariables of soil-forming factors that affect the distribution and spatial variability of pH in an agricultural area and to obtain a predictive map of soil pH. Samples of topsoil were obtained from different sites and taken to the laboratory, where they were prepared to determine the pH, organic matter, and percentages of particle size. In addition, the values of environmental covariables that affect pH were obtained. A database of the coordinates, laboratory results, and values of the covariables was constructed. Principal component analysis of the covariables was performed, and an analysis of the pH spatial structure was conducted and interpolated to obtain a predictive map of pH. Of the soil physical characteristics, the covariables clay and sand had a greater influence on the spatial behavior of pH with respect to the rest of the covariables of soil-forming factors, while human activity acted as a catalyst of the acidification process. Soil pH exhibited autocorrelation and moderate spatial dependence (66.7%) and was thus spatially predictable. The pH prediction map was accurate (RMSE = 0.158 and MEB = 0.020).

Voltage-dependent proton-permeable channels are membrane proteins mediating a number of important physiological functions. Here we report the presence of a gene encoding Hv1 voltage-dependent, proton-permeable channels in two species of reef-building corals. We performed a characterization of their biophysical properties and found that these channels are fast-activating and modulated by the pH gradient in a distinct manner. The biophysical properties of these novel channels make them interesting model systems. We have also developed an allosteric gating model that provides mechanistic insight into the modulation of voltage-dependence by protons. This work also represents the first functional characterization of any ion channel in scleractinian corals. We discuss the implications of the presence of these channels in the membranes of coral cells in the calcification and pH-regulation processes and possible consequences of ocean acidification related to the function of these channels.

Se describen las prácticas de conservación de suelo realizadas por nueve agricultores de Santa Cruz Moxolahuac, Puebla, México, a partir del modelo teórico transaccional (Holahan, 2006). Se aplicaron dos técnicas de investigación: observación sistematizada para medir los componentes ambiental y conductual, y encuesta para medir el componente psicológico. Los resultados son clasificados en tres tipos de incongruencias, las cuales provocan que no se alcance la resiliencia en los sistemas agrícolas. Por ello, la propuesta de intervención socioambiental sería lograr la correspondencia entre las necesidades ambientales que presenta el sistema agrícola y los conocimientos, las actitudes y los comportamientos cotidianos del agricultor respecto a sus prácticas de conservación de suelo.

This article presents an analytical extension to Fiorina’s “running tally” approach to party identification through empirical testing using Latin American data, in order to include partisan independence as a possible outcome of negative retrospective evaluations of governmental performance. Voters who evaluate government performance more negatively have a higher propensity to not identify with any political party. An instrumental probit model shows that, when controlling for the possible inverse causality between partisan independence and a negative assessment of government performance, the latter variable provides the strongest prediction of the lack of partisan identification in comparison with sociological, cultural, modernization and political-institutional variables. A theoretical explanation is offered based on the “principal-agent” model.

Resumen: Introducción: Los disrafismos espinales corresponden, dentro del Instituto Nacional de Perinatología «Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes» de la Ciudad de México (INPer), a la segunda causa de atención neuroquirúrgica, después de las hidrocefalias congénitas. El objetivo del presente estudio es conocer las características demográficas y epidemiológicas de los recién nacidos vivos, durante el último año, con defectos del cierre del tubo neural. Material y métodos: Realizamos un estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo, incluyendo todos los nacidos vivos dentro del Instituto con diagnóstico al egreso de defectos craneales y/o espinales de cierre del tubo neural. El análisis se presenta con estadística descriptiva, mediante el uso de tablas de frecuencias, medianas y rangos. Resultados: Se registraron 15 nacidos vivos con defectos del cierre del tubo neural, de los cuales 3 presentaban más de un defecto independientemente de la malformación de Chiari, y el 80%, hidrocefalia. Todas las madres refirieron ingesta adecuada de ácido fólico. En ningún caso se detectó antecedente de familiares con disrafismos o consumo materno de antiepilépticos. Un paciente con defecto cerrado presento fístula y ventriculitis infecciosa como complicación. Conclusión: El número de casos atendidos en el INPer, por defectos del cierre del tubo neural, se triplicó respecto al último año. La atención posnatal brindada evidencia menos complicaciones que las reportadas en la literatura, específicamente infecciosas, y se debe a una atención oportuna multidisciplinaria así como posiblemente al hecho de realizar una corrección de todos los defectos abiertos dentro de las primeras 24 h. Abstract: Introduction: After congenital hydrocephalus, spinal dysraphisms represent the second cause of neurosurgical consultation within the National Institute of Perinatology ‘Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes’ in Mexico City (INPer). The objective of the present study is to establish the demographic and epidemiological characteristics of live newborns with neural tube defects, during the past year. Material and methods: We carried out a descriptive, observational, retrospective study, including all live births within the Institute and diagnosis at discharge of cranial and/or spinal neural tube defects. The analysis is presented with descriptive statistics, using frequency tables, medians and ranges. Results: Fifteen live births with neural tube closure defects were recorded, of which 3 had more than one defect other than the Chiari malformation, and 80% presented hydrocephalus. All the mothers reported adequate intake of folate. There was no history of relatives with dysraphisms or maternal consumption of anti epileptic drugs. One patient with a closed defect developed fistula and infectious ventriculitis as a surgical complication. Conclusion: The number of cases attended in the INPer, due to neural tube defects, tripled compared to the previous year. The post natal care provided showed fewer complications than those reported in the literature, specifically infectious complications, due to timely multidisciplinary care and possibly due to the surgical closure of all open neural tube defects within the first 24 h. Palabras clave: Tubo neural, Mielomeningocele, Espina bífida, Hidrocefalia, Diastematomielia, Keywords: Neural tube, Myelomeningocele, Spina bifida, Hydrocephalus, Diastematomyelia

Resumen: Introducción: La hemorragia peri-intraventricular (HIV) es la complicación neurológica más importante de la prematurez, con alteraciones en el neurodesarrollo a largo plazo. El objetivo del trabajo fue describir los factores de riesgo asociados a la HIV en neonatos