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Objective: This study aimed to explore the imaging characteristics of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pulmonary embolism and analyze the prognosis of the condition, thereby reducing the mortality and misdiagnosis rate of complications in this type of pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: In this retrospective study, a total of 70 patients diagnosed with pulmonary embolism by computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) from January 2016 to May 2021 in Anhui Chest Hospital were included. Among them, 35 patients with pulmonary embolism combined with pulmonary tuberculosis were set as the study group, and the other 35 patients with pulmonary embolism only were set as the control group. The imaging findings of chest CT examination, the incidence of pulmonary hypertension, the level of N-terminal proto-B-type brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and the prognosis of patients were compared between the two groups. The incidence of deep venous embolism was evaluated by ultrasonography of the lower extremity. Results: In the study group, the median age of patients was 71 years, and the ratio of males to females was 2.5 to 1. In the control group, the median age was 66 years old, and the male-to-female ratio was 2.2 to 1. There were 16 cases (16/35, 45.71%) in the study group and 10 cases (10/35, 28.57%) in the control group with an increased level of NT-proBNP. Pulmonary hypertension occurred in 10 patients (10/35, 28.57%) in the study group and 7 patients (7/35, 20.00%) in the control group. Patients who lost follow-up included 5 in the study group (5/35, 14.29%) and 3 in the control group (3/35, 8.57%). There were 17 cases (17/35, 48.57%) in the study group and 3 cases (3/35, 8.57%) in the control group with pulmonary artery widening, and the difference was significant (P < 0.001). There were 13 deaths in the study group (13/35, 37.14%) and 1 death in the control group (1/35, 2.86%), and the difference was significant (P Conclusion: Special signs of pulmonary artery widening, pulmonary hypertension of varying degrees, and increased levels of NT-proBNP of varying degrees can be found in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pulmonary embolism, and the three signs are positively correlated. The mortality of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pulmonary embolism is significantly higher than that of patients with pulmonary embolism alone. Pulmonary tuberculosis and pulmonary embolism both occur in the ipsilateral lung, causing clinical symptoms to cover each other, thereby making diagnosis difficult.

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) has become an important economic fruit tree in China. In April 2022, branch dieback was observed in 15-year-old walnut trees (cv Wen 185) in a commercial orchard in Aksu, Xinjiang, China (40°21′55′′N, 80°1′48′′E), with an incidence of 2% (4 out of 200 trees) of affected trees. The symptoms observed, included depressed and shrunken cankers, twigs and branches dieback. Cross-sections of diseased branches revealed dark-brown wedge-shaped lesions. To isolate the potential causal pathogen, four specimens were isolated from diseased branches, and small pieces taken from the edge of canker samples (0.5 × 0.5 cm), were disinfected by immersion in 75% ethanol for 30 s and 2% NaClO solution for 3 min, and rinsed three times with sterile water. The disinfected wood samples were then placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated in the dark at 25°C for 2-3 days. Then, we applied the mycelial tip purification method and repeated this purification process until a single colony was formed. Four pure isolates (3-1-51A, W-2-54, K-1-43A, K-1-43B) developed white to white-gray fast-growing colonies with abundant aerial mycelium after seven days at 25°C on PDA and gradually became dark olive green over subsequent growth stages. Conidia production was then induced on 2% w/v water agar containing sterilized pine needles under near-U/V light (Alves et al., 2004). The conidia were initially hyaline, thick-walled, oblong to ovoid with one septum and a size range of 19.47-24.16 × 9.78-13.51 µm (n = 40). Based on morphological characteristics these isolates were tentatively identified as Diplodia mutila (Fr.) Mont. (Alves et al., 2004).To confirm the pathogen identified, the representative isolate 3-1-51A was amplified and sequenced using specific primer pairs (ITS1/ITS4, EF1-986/EF1-728E, BT2a/BT2b) to the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α), and beta-tubulin (TUB) (White et al. 1990; Carbone and Kohn 1999; O’ Donnell and Cigelnik 1997), respectively. The sequences showed 100% similarity to two D. mutila strains CBS230.30 and CBS112553. Maximum likelihood analysis was performed based on a concatenated dataset (ITS + TEF1-α + TUB) gene using MEGA 11. 0 and isolate 3-1-51A formed a single clade with the reference ex-type of D. mutila. The isolate 3-1-51A was deposited into GenBank as OP006733, OP373140, and OP373139 for ITS, TEF1-α, and TUB, respectively. To fulfill Koch’s postulates, pathogenicity tests were performed using isolate 3-1-51A on one-year-old healthy walnut branches cv. Wen 185 of walnut trees (n=5). Five twigs of healthy walnut branches were cleaned, submerged in 1% NaClO for 15 minutes and then dried. Then, a sterile hole punch (5mm in diameter) was used to create a wound in the middle of each walnut branch, and placing mycelial plugs(3 days old; 5 mm in diameter) and sealed with parafilm. An equal number of twigs inoculated with sterile agar plugs served as controls. On the 7th day after inoculation, dark brown coloration was developed on the branches with symptoms of shrinkage dryness, and dieback. D. mutila isolate was re-isolated only from the inoculated branches. In negative control twigs, lesions and re-isolated were absent, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. D. mutila has been previously reported causing canker and branch dieback in walnut trees in Chile (Díaz et al. 2018) and California (Chen et al. 2014). Previously, D. seriata (Zhang et al. 2017), Botryosphaeria dothidea (Guo et al. 2016), Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae (Guo et al. 2016), Dothiorella gregaria (Liu et al. 1986) and Neofusicoccum parvum (Yu et al. 2015) have been identified on walnut trees in China. To our knowledge, this is the first report of canker and branch dieback caused by D. mutila in walnut trees in Xinjiang, China. Further studies are now required to better understand the etiology of canker and branch dieback on walnut trees from different areas in China.

This study uses demographic methods to understand Chinese women in 20s’ beauty concerns. Mainly focus on the impact about five following 5 socio-cultural factors of beauty concerns includes media beauty interest, beauty consciousness, friend beauty tendency, cultural living standards, and dependence on others. In the survey, Chinese women in their 20s will be asked about the impact on sociocultural factors of beauty interests. The study conducted a total of 350 women in 30 cities across China, including large cities, metropolitan cities, secondary cities, small cities and prefectural cities. Excluding 41 unfaithful or missing responses, 301 surveys were used as final analysis. The survey results are categorized according to general characteristics and socio-cultural factors in appearance. In general characteristics, people in their 20s were divided into three groups (20-23 years old, 24-26 years old, 27-29 years old) to surveyed on their final educational background, direct, poor areas, and monthly living expenses. Also, the socio-cultural factors of appearance were divided into five categories including media appearance, beauty awareness, friend beauty tendency, cultural living standards and dependence on others. Their beauty concerns are mainly focused on hair beauty, face beauty, nail beauty, and skin care. Investigating the above content, “the difference between interest in beauty based on general characteristics”, “the relationship between social cultural factors of appearance and interest in beauty”, and “the influence of socio-cultural factors on appearance” were identified as research questions.

Circadian rhythm disorder (CRD) in space flight can lead to memory impairment, performance decrements and adverse health outcomes, the main manifestations of which are circadian desynchronization, sleep loss and insomnia. Sleep deprivation (SD) provide the means to evaluate these effects and the risks associated with CRD on ground. Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB) has beneficial effects on the treatment of sleep disturbances and memory loss. Fresh GEB (FG), an unprocessed raw tuber of GEB, has been used as functional health food in Asian countries for a long time. However, the research report of FG to ameliorate memory impairment caused by insomnia or lack of sleep is meager. In this study, ICR male mice were sleep-deprived continuously and water extract of FG (WFG) was orally administrated (3 and 9 g/kg/d, i.g) during the SD process lasted for 25 days, except control and model groups gavage administration with water, positive control group with modafinil (MOD, 0.1 g/kg/d, i.g). We studied the effect of WFG on CRD-induced learning and memory impairment using a set of behavioral analyses including the object location recognition test (OLRT), novel object recognition test (NORT), and the passive avoidance test (PAT). In addition, oxidative stress parameters were assessed by measuring the malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) reactivity in serum and hippocampus. Our results revealed that SD decreased discrimination index (DI) in OLRT and NORT, with shorter latency into the dark chamber in PAT. Both WFG and MOD treatment can reverse these changes (P0.05). We concluded that WFG treatment improve CRD-induced learning and memory impairment and oxidative stress damage which makes FG a promising candidate as herbal health product of memory decline in CRD.

To investigate the effect and potential mechanism of dihydromyricetin (Dmy) on H9C2 cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy.H9C2 cells were randomly divided into 7 groups, namely control, model, EV (empty pCDH-CMV-MCS-EF1-CopGFP-T2A-Puro vector), IV (circHIPK3 interference), Dmy (50 µ mol/L), Dmy+IV, and Dmy+EV groups. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by cell counting kit-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectivley. Western blot was used to evaluate the levels of light chain 3 II/I (LC3II/I), phospho-phosphoinositide 3-kinase (p-PI3K), protein kinase B (p-AKT), and phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR). The level of circHIPK3 was determined using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Electron microscopy was used to observe autophagosomes in H9C2 cells.Compared to H9C2 cells, the expression of circHIPK in H9C2 hypoxia model cells increased significantly (P0.05). Compared to the control group, the cell apoptosis and autophagosomes increased, cell proliferation rate decreased significantly, and the expression of LC3 II/I significantly increased (all P0.05). Compared to the model group, the rate of apoptosis and autophagosomes in IV, Dmy, and Dmy+IV group decreased, the cell proliferation rate increased, and the expression of LC3 II/I decreased significantly (all P0.05). Compared to the control group, the expressions of p-PI3K, p-AKT, and p-mTOR in the model group significantly reduced (P0.05), whereas after treatment with Dmy and sh-circHIPK3, the above situation was reversed (P0.05).Dmy plays a protective role in H9C2 cells by inhibiting circHIPK expression and cell apoptosis and autophagy, and the mechanism may be related to PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

Herein, we report the structures of chiral-at-cage carborane derivatives bearing carbazole chromophores that emit circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) and aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence (AIECL). By adjusting the substituent positions on the carborane derivatives, two chiral luminescent molecules, Cb1 and Cb2, with different properties were obtained. The photoluminescence dissymmetry factors |g

The mixed-criticality system provides multiple real-time applications with different criticalities in a single system. Poor energy-saving performance of the previous studies on mixed-criticality sporadic tasks are mainly due to the fact that the slack time generated from the random arrival of sporadic tasks is not taken into account. In this article, we focus on scheduling energy aware mixed-criticality sporadic tasks and take the random arrival of sporadic tasks into account. We proposed a dynamically frequency updating mixed-criticality algorithm (DFU). DFU based on the earliest deadline first scheme can exploit the slack time generated from high criticality tasks in a low criticality mode to reduce processor frequency. In addition, it also can dynamically update the utilization of sporadic tasks set to further reduce processor frequency. The simulation experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of DFU and experimental results show that DFU consumes 34.29% less energy than that of the existing algorithms.

Background: Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a rare idiopathic disease with a stable course that involves the mucous membrane of the tracheobronchial tree. Most cases present no specific symptoms, and there are currently no established guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. In this report, we discuss a single case of a patient with TO who was diagnosed based on clinical imaging and histopathology. Case Summary: A patient with a history of smoking and alcohol consumption, but no specific clinical symptoms, was diagnosed with TO after undergoing fiber-optic bronchoscopy. Nodular processes with smooth surface mucosa and detached bronchial mucosa were observed. The presence of TO was confirmed by pathological examination. Conclusion: The diagnosis of TO is difficult, and early fiber-optic bronchoscopy and pathological examination should be performed to facilitate the diagnosis.

Co−TiO2 nanocomposite films were prepared via magnetron sputtering at various substrate temperatures. The films comprise Co particles dispersed in an amorphous TiO2 matrix and exhibit coexisting ferromagnetic and superparamagnetic properties. When the substrate temperature increases from room temperature to 400 °C, Co particles gradually grow, and the degree of Co oxidation significantly decreases. Consequently, the saturation magnetization increases from 0.13 to 0.43 T at the same Co content by increasing the substrate temperature from room temperature to 400 °C. At a high substrate temperature, conductive pathways form among some of the clustered Co particles. Thus, resistivity rapidly declines from 1600 to 76 μΩ·m. The magnetoresistive characteristic of Co−TiO2 films is achieved even at resistivity of as low as 76 μΩ·m. These results reveal that the obtained nanocomposite films have low Co oxidation, high magnetization and magnetoresistance at room temperature.

Cardiac fibrosis is a major structural change observed in the heart of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), ultimately resulting in heart failure (HF). Suppression of inflammation is an effective therapeutic strategy for treating cardiac fibrosis and HF. Gentiopicroside (GPS), the primary component of Gentiana manshurica Kitagawa, possess potent anti-inflammatory activity. However, its cardioprotective role remains elusive.We explored the potential cardioprotective role of GPS in T2DM rats and its underlying mechanisms.T2DM rats built by high-fat diet and streptozotocin were orally administered 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg GPS, daily for 8 weeks. The positive control drug was Metformin (200 mg/kg/day). Primary cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were induced by high glucose (30 mM) and subsequently treated with GPS (100 μM). Cardiac function and pathological changes were analyzed using echocardiography and histological staining. Potential targets of GPS were predicted using Molecular docking. Real-time PCR as well as western blotting were applied to verify the expression of objective genes.All three doses reduced fasting blood glucose levels, but only 50 and 100 mg/kg GPS improved cardiac function and alleviated inflammation and fibrosis in T2DM rats. GPS (100 mg/kg) exhibited a better effect, similar to that of metformin. Mechanistically, binding between GPS and the MH2 domain of Smad3 blocked high glucose-induced Smad3 phosphorylation, thus attenuating inflammation, oxidative stress, and activation in CFs.We, for the first time, demonstrated that GPS improved cardiac function in T2DM rats and elucidated the underlying mechanism through which GPS targeted Smad3 phosphorylation to suppress inflammation and activation in CFs, thereby revealing the potential application of GPS in HF therapy.

Methylphenidate (MPH) is the first-line drug for the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, individual curative effects of MPH vary. Many studies have demonstrated that synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) gene MnlI polymorphisms may be related to the efficacy of MPH. However, the association between SNAP-25MnlI polymorphisms and changes in brain hemodynamic responses after MPH treatment is still unclear. This study used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to preliminarily investigate the interaction of MPH treatment-related prefrontal inhibitory functional changes with the genotype status of the SNAP-25 gene in children with ADHD. In total, 38 children with ADHD aged 6.76–12.08 years were enrolled in this study and divided into the following two groups based on SNAP-25 gene MnlI polymorphisms: T/T genotype group (wild-type group, 27 children) and G allele carrier group (mutation group, 11 children). The averaged oxygenated hemoglobin concentration changes [Δavg oxy-Hb] and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes [Δavg deoxy-Hb] in the frontal cortex before MPH treatment and after 1.5 h (post-MPH1.5h) and 4 weeks (post-MPH4w) of MPH treatments were monitored using fNIRS during the go/no-go task. SNAP-IV scores were evaluated both pre-MPH and post-MPH4w treatments. In the T/T genotype group, [Δavg oxy-Hb] in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was significantly higher after 4 weeks of MPH (post-MPH4W) treatment than pre-treatment; however, in the G allele group, no significant differences in [Δavg oxy-Hb] were observed between pre- and post-treatments. In the go/no-go task, the accuracy was significantly increased post-MPH4w treatment in the T/T genotype group, while no significant differences were observed in response time and accuracy of the “go” sand no-go task in the G allele group for pre-MPH, post-MPH1.5h, and post-MPH4w treatments. The T/T genotype group exhibited a significant decrease in SNAP-IV scores after MPH treatment, while the G allele group showed no significant difference. In conclusion, fNIRS data combined with SNAP-25 MnlI polymorphism analysis may be a useful biomarker for evaluating the effects of MPH in children with ADHD.

BACKGROUND: The number of obese people continues to increase worldwide, and obesity-related complications add to every country’s health burden. Consequently, new weight-loss medications, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), are attracting increasing attention. This study sought to assess the cost effectiveness for weight loss of 4 GLP-1RAs in adult patients with obesity in the United States. METHODS: Four GLP-1RA groups that received Liraglutide (1.8 mg QD), Semaglutide (1.0 mg QW), Dulaglutide (1.5 mg QW), or Exenatide (10 μg BID), and one no-treatment group were compared using a decision-tree model. All the estimated parameters were derived from published articles. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were adopted as the study endpoints. We analyzed the results with the willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold, and conducted deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. RESULTS: The GLP-1RAs produced effective weight-loss results; however, not all the GLP-1RAs were cost effective compared to no treatment based on a WTP threshold of $195000/QALY. Among the 4 GLP-1RAs, Semaglutide provided a cost-effective strategy with an ICER of $135467/QALY. The sensitivity analyses showed that these results are reliable. CONCLUSIONS: Among the 4 GLP-1RAs, Semaglutide was the most cost-effective obesity medication.

Objective To study the stemness characteristics of uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma(UCEC)and its potential regulatory mechanism.Methods Transcriptome sequencing data of UCEC was obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas.Gene expression profile was normalized by edgeR package in R3.5.1.A one-class logistic regression machine learning algorithm was employed to calculated the mRNA stemness index(mRNAsi)of each UCEC sample.Then,the prognostic significance of mRNAsi and candidate genes was evaluated by survminer and survival packages.The high-frequency sub-pathways mining approach(HiFreSP)was used to identify the prognosis-related sub-pathways enriched with differentially expressed genes(DEGs).Subsequently,a gene co-expression network was constructed using WGCNA package,and the key gene modules were analyzed.The clusterProfiler package was adopted to the function annotation of the modules highly correlated with mRNAsi.Finally,the Human Protein Atlas(HPA)was retrieved for immunohistochemical validation.Results The mRNAsi of UCEC samples was significantly higher than that of normal tissues(

We address the problem of scheduling mixed tasks which consist of n hard real time periodic tasks with shared resources and soft aperiodic tasks and consider two conflicting goals: reducing energy consumption and decreasing response time of aperiodic tasks. Firstly, we compute the optimal speed of periodic tasks and present a novel static mixed task scheduling (SMTS) algorithm. It schedules periodic tasks with the optimal speed and aperiodic tasks with maximum processor speed. Secondly, a dynamic mixed task scheduling (DMTS) algorithm which can reclaim dynamic slack time generated from periodic tasks and the constant bandwidth server to reduce energy consumption is proposed. In addition, it combines dynamic voltage scaling and dynamic power management techniques. Finally, we prove that the DMTS algorithm is feasible. The experimental results show that the DMTS algorithm reduces average 7.18% and 53.66% energy consumption × response time compared with SMTS algorithm and baseline algorithm, respectively.

Background:Surgical treatment is indicated for unstable acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation. The hook plate (HP) technique is a commonly used treatment method, but the use of the suture button (SB) technique is increasing.Purpose:To conduct a meta-analysis of clinical studies evaluating patient outcomes between the SB and HP techniques for acute unstable AC joint dislocation.Study Design:Meta-analysis.Methods:A literature search of the Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases was performed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Cohort studies and case-control studies comparing the SB and HP procedures for acute unstable AC joint dislocation were included. Statistical analysis was performed with RevMan (v 5.3.5).Results:Eight clinical studies that met the inclusion criteria were identified and included a total of 204 patients treated with the SB technique and 195 patients with the HP technique. Patients treated with the SB technique had a higher Constant score (mean difference [MD], 3.95; 95% CI, 1.20-6.70; P = .005) and a lower visual analog scale pain score (MD, –0.75; 95% CI, –1.12 to 0.37; P < .0001) when compared with the HP technique. No significant differences in operation time (MD, –0.38; 95% CI, –7.14 to 6.37; P = .91), coracoclavicular distance (MD, –0.07; 95% CI, –0.49 to 0.35; P = .75), complications (odds ratio, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.22-1.54; P = .28), and loss of reduction (odds ratio, 2.55; 95% CI, 0.66-9.83; P = .17) were found between the SB and HP techniques. The subgroup analysis showed that the arthroscopic SB technique resulted in a higher Constant score (MD, 6.75; 95% CI, 4.21-9.29; P < .00001) as compared with the HP technique, but no differences were observed between the open SB and HP techniques (MD, 0.69; 95% CI, –0.82 to 2.20; P = .37).Conclusion:This meta-analysis demonstrated that the SB technique resulted in better functional outcomes and a reduced visual analog scale pain score when compared with the HP technique. However, for operation time, coracoclavicular distance, complications, and loss of reduction, there were no statistically significant differences between the techniques. Compared with the open procedure, arthroscopic SB may be superior for better functional outcomes.

OBJECTIVE This study primarily aims to explore the value of combining the measurement of plasma α-synuclein oligomer levels with enhanced T2 star-weighted angiography (ESWAN) in the early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. METHODS Sixty patients with early Parkinson's disease and 30 normal adults, with similar ages and genders, were enrolled in the study. Their levels of plasma α-synuclein oligomers were measured, and ESWAN was performed. The amplitudes, phases and R2* values of the head, body and tail of the ipsilateral and contralateral substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) were measured, at the side of the limb with severe symptoms or early symptoms. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to explore the value of these indexes in the early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. RESULTS The plasma level of α-synuclein oligomer was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (P

In the case of multiple nonstationary independent source signals and linear instantaneous time-varying mixing systems, it is difficult to adaptively separate the multiple source signals. Therefore, the adaptive blind source separation (BSS) problem is firstly formally expressed and compared with tradition BSS problem. Then, we propose an adaptive blind identification and separation method based on the variable learning rate equivariant adaptive source separation via independence (EASI) algorithm. Furthermore, we analyze the scope and conditions of variable-learning rate EASI algorithm. The adaptive BSS simulation results also show that the variable learning rate EASI algorithm provides better separation effect than the fixed learning rate EASI and recursive least-squares algorithms.

The microstructure and partitioning behaviors of alloying elements in the γ and γ′ phases in Ni-based powder metallurgy superalloys with different Ti and Al contents were investigated. The results showed that Ti and Al were mainly enriched in the γ′ phase, partially partitioned in the γ matrix, and slightly distributed in the carbides. Different Ti and Al contents in various alloys influenced the composition and amount of MC carbides but did not influence the MC carbides’ morphology. With increasing Ti and Al contents, γ + γ′ fan-type structures formed at the grain boundary, eventually resulting in a coarsened γ′ phase. In addition, the morphology of the secondary γ′ phase transformed from nearly spherical to cuboidal. The saturation degrees of Cr, Co, and Mo in the γ matrix were substantially improved with increasing Ti and Al contents.

Dynamic power management (DPM) and dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) are crucial techniques to reduce the energy consumption in embedded real-time systems. Many previous studies have focused on the energy consumption of the processor or I/O devices. In this paper, we focus on the problem of energy management integrating DVS and DPM techniques for periodic embedded real-time applications with rate monotonic (RM) policy and present a system level fixed priority energy-efficient scheduling (SLFPEES) algorithm. The SLFPEES algorithm consists of I/O device scheduling and job scheduling. I/O device scheduling is based on the dynamic power management with rate monotonic (DPM-RM) policy which puts devices into the sleep state when the idle interval is larger than devices break even time. Job scheduling is based on the RM policy and uses stack resource protocol (SRP) to guarantee exclusive access to the shared resources. For energy efficiency, the SLFPEES algorithm schedules the task with a lower speed and a higher speed. The experimental result shows that the SLFPEES algorithm can yield significantly energy savings with respect to the existing techniques.

Previous standby-sparing techniques assume that all tasks don't access to shared resources. In addition, primary tasks and backup tasks are allocated to the primary processor and spare processor respectively. Spare processor schedules tasks with maximum processor speed. Unlike previous techniques, we have studied the problem of minimizing energy consumption and preserving the original reliability for dynamic-priority real-time task set with shared resources in a standby-sparing system. We propose a novel energy-aware mixed partitioning scheduling algorithm (EAMPSA). Earliest deadline first/dynamic deadline modification (EDF/DDM) scheduling scheme is used to ensure that the shared resources can be accessed in a mutual exclusive manner. Uniformly speed is used to the primary processor and the spare processor. In addition, we use the mixed mapping partitioning of primary and backup tasks method to map tasks. A novel method of mapping task is proposed i.e. the tasks which need to access to shared resources are mapped into the primary processor and the tasks which have no resource requirements are mapped into the spare processor. Furthermore, DVS and DPM techniques are used for both primary and backup tasks to save energy. The experimental results show that the EAMPSA algorithm consumes average 55.43% less energy than that of the SSPT algorithm.