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In the scenario of node failure in mobile multi-agent, Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) rout-ing protocol fails in network information transmission due to the damage of communication link. In addi-tion, the existing AODV multipath routing protocol node load balancing mechanism is imperfect. In order to solve the low network survivability caused by the above problems, an improved responsive multipath routing protocol MD_AODV (Multipath Destroy-resistance AODV) is proposed. The protocol is opti-mized in three aspects: multi-channel concurrency mechanism, node load balancing mechanism and shortest path maintenance mechanism. The simulation analysis of the modified AODV multipath routing protocol is realized on OPNENT simulation platform. The simulation results show that compared with AODV protocol, the improved multipath routing protocol can enhance the utilization of network re-sources and has better link redundancy. Moreover, the modified routing protocol not only enhances the reliability and fault tolerance of the path, but also increases the network aggregation bandwidth. &nbsp

Developments in computer communications and networks enabled the deployment of exciting new areas. Meanwhile, Efficient network and communication technologies also promote the development of routing protocols. AODV(Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing, AODV) routing protocol has invulnerability to different mobile attributes of agent nodes and network damage scenarios. However, this invulnerability performance can not meet the needs of mobile multi-agent cooperative communication. Therefore, this paper proposes an improved responsive multipath routing protocol MD_AODV(Multipath Destroy-resistance AODV, MD_AODV). This routing protocol is based on AODV routing protocol. It is mainly improved in three aspects: multichannel concurrency mechanism, node load balancing mechanism and shortest path maintenance mechanism. Firstly, in this research, an improved multipath routing protocol is modeled and implemented, which is based on OPNET Network simulation platform. Then, network models with different degrees of impairment are built. Combines the mobile attributes of mobile multi-agent task coordination to carry out invulnerability simulation experiments . These experiments study the invulnerability of the improved multipath routing protocol. Finally, this paper evaluates and compares the routing invulnerability of MD_AODV, AODV and AOMDV(Ad-hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector, AOMDV). The evaluation results show that MD_AODV routing has better invulnerability when the network is severely damaged

This paper proposes and demonstrates a single-line discontinuous track recognition system by associating the track recognition problem of a humanoid robot with the lane detection problem. The proposal enables the robot to achieve stable running on the single-line discontinuous track. The system consists of two parts: the robot end and the graphics computing end. The robot end is responsible for collecting track information and the graphics computing end is responsible for high-performance computing. These two parts use the TCP for communication. The graphics computing side uses PolyLaneNet lane detection algorithm to train the track image captured from the first perspective of the darwin-op2 robot as the data set. In the inference, the robot end sends the collected tracking images to the graphics calculation end and uses the graphics processor to accelerate the calculation. After obtaining the motion vector, it is transmitted back to the robot end. The robot end parses the motion vector to obtain the motion information of the robot so that the robot can achieve stable running on the single-line discontinuous track. The proposed system realizes the direct recognition of the first perspective image of the robot and avoids the problems of poor stability, inability of identifying curves and discontinuous lines, and other problems in the traditional line detection method. At the same time, this system adopts the method of cooperative work between the PC side and the robot by deploying the algorithm with high computational requirements on the PC side. The data transmission is carried out by stable TCP communication, which makes it possible for the robot equipped with weak computational controllers to use deep-learning-related algorithms. It also provides ideas and solutions for deploying deep-learning-related algorithms on similar low computational robots.

Robot soccer is a classic research direction in the field of robotics. From the appearance of soccer robot, it is mainly divided into wheeled robot and humanoid robot. At present, humanoid robots and small group wheeled robots mainly compete on two-dimensional plane. Because of the small competitive dimension, the offensive and defensive tactics tend to be simple. In order to enhance the competitiveness and appreciation of humanoid. And complex motion devices based on human motion capture data (HMCD) are designed Human simulation has gradually become one of the effective means of robot design. In order to enhance the competitiveness and appreciation of humanoid, this paper innovatively designs a set of consistent kicking actions based on darwin-op2 robot, combined with HMCD method, realizes the effect of actively lobbing ball. Ideally, the robot can basically kick the ball above 35cm. Besides the robot can basically kick the ball above 30cm in practice, and the success rate is as high as 75%. It improves the competitiveness from two-dimensional to three-dimensional, which provides new ideas and schemes for attack and defense tactics and expands the dimension of competition. It also provides a new direction for the development of humanoid robot football in the future.

Background Wheat root-associated microbes play an indispensable role in helping plants obtain phosphorus (P) from soil. However, it is not clear how the effects of soil P on microorganisms vary with growth stage and variety. Therefore, revealing the interactive effects of soil P content, growth stage and variety on wheat root-associated microorganisms, which is important for further improving the P absorption strategy of plants. Methods Three wheat varieties were selected for pot experiment under three levels of soil P content, and sampling at seedling, flowering and mature stage, respectively. Using 16S rRNA gene profiling, we investigated the relative contribution of compartment niche, growth stage, variety and soil P content and their interaction effects on wheat root-associated prokaryotic communities. Results Wheat root-associated prokaryotic community assembly was mainly shaped by compartment niches. For each compartment niche, growth stage had higher contribution to the variations of prokaryotic communities than soil P content and wheat variety. The effects of P content on the prokaryotic communities varied by growth stage and variety. Meanwhile, the effects of wheat variety were also influenced by growth stage and soil P content. It is worth mentioning that low P content exacerbated the variation of prokaryotic communities among varieties. Conclusions This study revealed the interaction of host selection and soil P content on root-associated prokaryotic communities. The effects of soil P on wheat root-associated prokaryotic communities are dependent on P content, growth stage and variety. Our study provides a fundamental understanding on the relationship between soil P content and microorganisms.

The lateral periaqueductal gray (LPAG) is essential for coordinating active and passive defensive behaviors which rely on heightened arousal, but its impact on sleep–wake regulation remains unknown. Here, by using targeted recombination in active populations transgenic mouse tool along with neuroanatomical approaches, we first show that two different populations of glutamatergic neurons are activated during wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in the LPAG. Fiber photometry showed that most LPAG vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Vglut2) neurons are preferentially active during wakefulness. Chemogenetic and optogenetic activation of LPAGVglut2 neurons strongly enhanced arousal associated with immobility. The wakefulness- and immobility-promoting effects of LPAGVglut2 neurons are mediated by their projections to the locus coeruleus and ventral gigantocellular reticular nucleus, as supported by optogenetic manipulations. In contrast, chemogenetic inhibition of LPAGVglut2 neurons reduced REM sleep and increased non-REM sleep. Most LPAG neurons activated during REM sleep hypersomnia and showed descending projections to the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus. These findings revealed that two different LPAGVglut2 populations of neurons and circuits induce wakefulness associated with immobility and REM sleep.

Diamond is arguably the best candidate material for heat dissipation applications, especially in high-power electronic devices. Silicon carbide (SiC) is a kind of wide band gap material, which can be used in applications of silicon (Si) components to reach the performance limits. In this paper, thin diamond films were successfully deposited on C-face and Si-face of 6H-SiC substrates respectively using MPCVD at temperatures from 800 to 1050 °C. SEM images indicated the growth quality comparison of the two faces of SiC. The diffraction peaks of the diamond (111), (220), and (311) crystal planes can be observed by XRD measurement, and the intensity of the diamond diffraction peaks grown on the C-face is stronger than that on Si-face. The growth process was analyzed by Raman spectrum. FWHM of diamond Raman spectra on Si-face and C-face are 6.07cm-1 and 5.47cm-1 respectively. All above measurement results show that the diamond grown on the C-face has higher crystal quality than that on Si-face of SiC.

The ventral pallidum (VP) regulates motivation, drug addiction, and several behaviors that rely on heightened arousal. However, the role and underlying neural circuits of the VP in the control of wakefulness remain poorly understood. In the present study, we sought to elucidate the specific role of VP GABAergic neurons in controlling sleep–wake behaviors in mice. Fiber photometry revealed that the population activity of VP GABAergic neurons was increased during physiological transitions from non-rapid eye movement (non-REM, NREM) sleep to either wakefulness or REM sleep. Moreover, chemogenetic and optogenetic manipulations were leveraged to investigate a potential causal role of VP GABAergic neurons in initiating and/or maintaining arousal. In vivo optogenetic stimulation of VP GABAergic neurons innervating the ventral tegmental area (VTA) strongly promoted arousal via disinhibition of VTA dopaminergic neurons. Functional in vitro mapping revealed that VP GABAergic neurons, in principle, inhibited VTA GABAergic neurons but also inhibited VTA dopaminergic neurons. In addition, optogenetic stimulation of terminals of VP GABAergic neurons revealed that they promoted arousal by innervating the lateral hypothalamus, but not the mediodorsal thalamus or lateral habenula. The increased wakefulness chemogenetically evoked by VP GABAergic neuronal activation was completely abolished by pretreatment with dopaminergic D1 and D2/D3 receptor antagonists. Furthermore, activation of VP GABAergic neurons increased exploration time in both the open-field and light–dark box tests but did not modulate depression-like behaviors or food intake. Finally, chemogenetic inhibition of VP GABAergic neurons decreased arousal. Taken together, our findings indicate that VP GABAergic neurons are essential for arousal related to motivation.

Quantitative drug release is important for improving therapeutic efficiency and avoiding side effects. While using long-term delivery system for repeated therapy, it is indispensable but challenging to accurately control the drug dosing. Herein, a photocleavable prodrug-loaded hydrogel is proposed for near infrared (NIR) light-triggered quantitative pulsed drug release. IR783, a commercially available NIR fluorescent dye, is conjugated with methyl honokiol (mHNK) to give photocleavable IR783-mHNK prodrug. Injectable glycol chitosan (GC) hydrogel is chosen as a reservoir, in which IR783-mHNK can be efficiently loaded via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Upon 680 nm light-emitting diode (LED) light irradiation, IR783-mHNK cleaves and mHNK is released. Notably, it is found that IR783-mHNK presented synchronous photocleavage-fluorescence bleaching phenomenon, suggesting that the fluorescence of the prodrug synchronously decreases while undergoing photocleavage. The amounts of released mHNK and residual IR783-mHNK are visible and can be quantified with good correspondence. Quantitative drug release is achieved by controlling irradiation duration and monitoring fluorescence intensity. The prodrug-loaded hydrogel shows good stability, minimum leakage and efficient light responsibility both in vitro and in vivo. After light triggering, monitorable quantitative mHNK release and on-demand sleep-promotion are verified in mice, while no toxicities or side effects are observed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Depression, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder, and altered olfaction are often present in Parkinson's disease. Our previous studies demonstrated the role of the olfactory bulb (OB) in causing REM sleep disturbances in depression. Furthermore, adenosine A

As one of the fundamental sleep states, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is believed to be associated with dreaming and is characterized by low-voltage, fast electroencephalographic activity and loss of muscle tone. However, the mechanisms of REM sleep generation have remained unclear despite decades of research. Several models of REM sleep have been established, including a reciprocal interaction model, limit-cycle model, flip-flop model, and a model involving γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and aminergic/orexin/melanin-concentrating hormone neurons. In the present review, we discuss these models and summarize two typical disorders related to REM sleep, namely REM sleep behavior disorder and narcolepsy. REM sleep behavior disorder is a sleep muscle-tone-related disorder and can be treated with clonazepam and melatonin. Narcolepsy, with core symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy, is strongly connected with orexin in early adulthood.

Depression, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder, and altered olfaction are often present in Parkinson's disease. Our previous studies demonstrated the role of the olfactory bulb (OB) in causing REM sleep disturbances in depression. Furthermore, adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) which are richly expressed in the OB, play an important role in the regulation of REM sleep. Caffeine, an adenosine A1 receptors and A2AR antagonist, and other A2AR antagonists were reported to improve olfactory function and restore age-related olfactory deficits. Therefore, we hypothesized that the A2AR neurons in the OB may regulate olfaction or odor-guided behaviors in mice. In the present study, we employed chemogenetics to specifically activate or inhibit neuronal activity. Then, buried food test and olfactory habituation/dishabituation test were performed to measure the changes in the mice's olfactory ability. We demonstrated that activation of OB neurons or OB A2AR neurons shortened the latency of buried food test and enhanced olfactory habituation to the same odors and dishabituation to different odors; inhibition of these neurons showed the opposite effects. Photostimulation of ChR2-expressing OB A2AR neuron terminals evoked inward current in the olfactory tubercle (OT) and the piriform cortex (Pir), which was blocked by glutamate receptor antagonists 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid and 6-cyano-7nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. Collectively, these results suggest that the OB mediates olfaction via A2AR neurons in mice. Moreover, the excitatory glutamatergic release from OB neurons to the OT and the Pir were found responsible for the olfaction-mediated effects of OB A2AR neurons.

Natural helicid (4-formylphenyl-O-β-d-allopyranoside), a main active constituent from seeds of the Chinese herb Helicia nilagirica, has been reported to exert a sedative, analgesic and hypnotic effect, and is used clinically to treat neurasthenic syndrome, vascular headaches and trigeminal neuralgia. In the current study, mechanical allodynia tests, electroencephalograms, electromyogram recordings and c-Fos expression in neuropathic pain-like model mice of partial sciatic nerve ligation were used to investigate the effect of helicid on neuropathic pain and co-morbid insomnia. Our results showed that helicid at a dose of 100, 200 or 400 mg kg-1 could increase the mechanical threshold by 2.5-, 2.8- and 3.1-fold for 3 h after administration, respectively. Helicid at 200 and 400 mg kg-1 given at 07:00 hours increased the amount of non-rapid eye movement sleep in a 3-h period by 1.27- and 1.35-fold in partial sciatic nerve ligated mice. However, helicid (400 mg kg-1 ) given at 21:00 hours did not change the sleep pattern in normal mice. Immunohistochemical study showed that helicid (400 mg kg-1 ) administration could reverse the increase of c-Fos expression in the neurons of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and tuberomammillary nucleus, and the decrease of c-Fos expression in the ventrolateral preoptic area caused by partial sciatic nerve ligation. These results indicate that helicid is an effective agent for both neuropathic pain and sleep disturbances in partial sciatic nerve ligated mice.

The olfactory tubercle (OT), an important nucleus in processing sensory information, has been reported to change cortical activity under odor. However, little is known about the physiological role and mechanism of the OT in sleep-wake regulation. The OT expresses abundant adenosine A

Oxygen adsorption, aluminium segregation and interface adhesion on the surface of NiPtAl and MCrAlY bond coats (BC) in EB-PVD TBC system were investigated using first-principles calculations within the density functional theory (DFT). Examination of oxygen adsorption and aluminium segregation indicated that the addition of Pt always obstructed the growth of alumina. In addition, NiPtAl, as bond coats in EB-PVD TBC System, had less lattice variation and stronger interface adhesion than MCrAlY when alumina was produced. It is found that Pt is an important factor that affects the Al2O3 growth in thermal barrier coating. It is proved that Pt improves the bonding performance of Al2O3 and lifetime of thermal barrier coating. This offsets the high cost of Pt in industry application.

The olfactory tubercle (OT), an important nucleus in processing sensory information, has been reported to change cortical activity under odor. However, little is known about the physiological role and mechanism of the OT in sleep-wake regulation. The OT expresses abundant adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs), which are important in sleep regulation. Therefore, we hypothesized that the OT regulates sleep via A2ARs. This study examined sleep-wake profiles through electroencephalography and electromyography recordings with pharmacological and chemogenetic manipulations in freely moving rodents. Compared with their controls, activation of OT A2ARs pharmacologically and OT A2AR neurons via chemogenetics increased non-rapid eye movement sleep for 3 and 5 h, respectively, while blockade of A2ARs decreased non-rapid eye movement sleep. Tracing and electrophysiological studies showed OT A2AR neurons projected to the ventral pallidum and lateral hypothalamus, forming inhibitory innervations. Together, these findings indicate that A2ARs in the OT play an important role in sleep regulation., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Background: Sleep and epilepsy are mutually related in a complex, bidirectional manner. However, our under-standing of this relationship remains unclear. Results: The literatures of the neurobiological basis of the interactions between sleep and epilepsy indicate that non rapid eye movement sleep and idiopathic generalized epilepsy share the same thalamocortical networks. Most of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators such as adenosine, melatonin, prostaglandin D2, serotonin, and histamine are found to regulate the sleep-wake behavior and also considered to have antiepilepsy effects; antiepileptic drugs, in turn, also have effects on sleep. Fur-thermore, many drugs that regulate the sleep-wake cycle can also serve as potential antiseizure agents. The nonpharmacologi-cal management of epilepsy including ketogenic diet, epilepsy surgery, neurostimulation can also influence sleep. Conclusion: In this paper, we address the issues involved in these phenomena and also discuss the various therapies used to modify them.

For Receiving-end AC system, DC location selection depends on its role in supporting the DC system and economy. This paper proposes a method based on multi-attribute decision making of receiving-end power grid DC location selection. First, the balance of power DC location selected by region; then select the optimal placement through multi-attribute decision making; finally checked by calculating the feasibility of the selected placement. Zha Lute DC Shandong receiving-end power grid placement choice proved the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Photovoltaic grid-connected power generation is the inevitable development trend of solar photovoltaic systems,grid inverter is an essential part of photovoltaic grid-connected power generation. With the developed three phase current type PWM inverter device as the research object, and symmetry rules sampling method is applied to the inverter, through the method combined by the computer simulation and experiment research, the device was verified by simulation and experimental .The results show that: This method could not only effectively reduce the DC side inductance volume of the current-mode PWM inverter , and it could make output AC currents sinusoidal and in phase with grid voltages, but also improve the efficiency of the system, it will be more suitable for photovoltaic grid-connected.

In this paper, the flow calculation problem of wind power connected to the grid was researched and the corresponding models were put forward.According to the relationship between the node voltage and reactive power of wind farms, modified the jacobian matrix.Implement and trend of the expression for calculating and according to the relationship between the node voltage and reactive power of wind farms, to modify the traditional methods of jacobian matrix and axle and consistency.Finally through the IEEE - 14 standard system, to verify this model and algorithm in this paper, satisfactory effect was obtained ,also laid the foundation for the further research.

The rapid growth of power grid load put forward higher requirements on the transmission capacity of line, with the growing tension of line corridors, building new transmission lines is becoming more and more difficult. Therefore, it is of realistic significance to analyze the transmission capacity of existing transmission line and fully tap the existing power grid transmission capacity. On the basis of previous studies, and consulting a large number of references, this paper summarizes and expounds the methods of improving transmission capacity by using the thermal rating analysis, introducing static thermal rating and real-time static thermal rating. Also, this paper verifies applications of the above methods in actual running environment.

Traditional Transmission Network Planning scheme only considers N and N-1 security , with little regard for safety of N-2 system. This paper introduces the relaxation factor establishing Transmission Network Planning model, and further considers the N-2 secure of double-circuit transmission line on the basis of relaxation on the N-1 constraints. A hierarchical genetic algorithm (HGA) Model is proposed to solve the model.The final Transmission Network Planning scheme meets the reliability requirements under uncertain environment and has the minimum overall cost.A simulation model to simulate the impact of construction of the same tower line on the investment and security of transmission network planning is builded.

Hemp fiber automotive interior materials had been developed for innovative design of the duct of air-laid machine. Gambit software was adopted to form a network of two-dimensional modeling and meshing to the air duct. At the same time, Fluent software was used for simulation and numerical analysis, then we received the pressure contours of the internal flow field, the speed of cloud images and the velocity vector. By analyzing the simulation results, the flow parameters and force and movement of fiber were displayed intuitively. In addition, the focus was that the reasonableness of the design of the duct cross-section shape and the parameters were verified. Providing a certain foundation to further enhance the clutter distribution of hemp fiber in an air duct, and the development of mechanical properties of the stability of automotive interior materials.

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder in humans is often accompanied by a reduced ability to smell and detect odors, and olfactory bulbectomized rats exhibit increased REM sleep, suggesting that the olfactory bulb (OB) is involved in REM-sleep regulation. However, the molecular mechanism of REM-sleep regulation by the OB is unknown. Adenosine promotes sleep and its A

Roll eccentricity is widespread in the strip mill, has cyclical impact on strip thickness, so disturbance compensation is required to improve the product quality. The key step of disturbance compensation is to obtain reliable roll eccentricity signal. Existing direct measurements of roll eccentricity signal method requires special equipments with high precision but not practical enough. There are few detection methods which including rolling velocity. Roll eccentricity signal is difficult to directly measured, should fuse many kinds of detectable signal to be extracted through the data analysis which includes rolling force, roll gap, incoming thickness of rolled piece, exit thickness, tension, and so on. This paper puts the four high mill as an object, according to the influence of the main factors of roll eccentricity ——backup-roll eccentricity for analysis, develops a Roll Eccentricity Phase Identification System. This system extracts from amplitude of eccentricity signal, combines eccentricity signal’s frequency with phase through roll segmentation marker integrating rolling speed, according to its cyclical change law to achieve the signal calibration by testing amplitude characteristics to determine the phase of roll eccentricity of the current rolling area. After determining the signal phase, detect the phase of eccentricity signal according to integration of rolling speed, and through phase detection to ensure the reliability of the detectable phase. This system is verified by the experiment in four high mill, the results show that the method of phase detection of eccentricity is effective, it provides a simple and effective new way for the phase extraction of roll eccentricity signal, and can used in similar condition.

In modern steel production, strip products account for more than half of the total output. Roll eccentricity is ubiquitous in strip mills, which has a periodic impact on the strip thickness difference. Roll eccentricity compensation is an important part of the automatic gauge control system. Most roll eccentricity compensations extract the roll eccentricity based on the frequency domain analysis of the rolling force. It is difficult to ensure measurement precision of roll eccentricity due to the complexity of interference of the rolling force, therefore the compensation accuracy is difficult to ensure. The roll eccentricity extraction method, based on comprehensive signal processing, was introduced in this paper combined with engineering practice. The roll eccentricity was comprehensively calculated by thickness gauge and other signals that have been delayed; the roll phases were calculated by the roll rotational displacement; and finally, the roll eccentric fluctuation of the upper backup roll and lower backup roll were extracted. The roll eccentricity could be predicted by calculating roll eccentric fluctuations and phases, in order to provide the basis for accurate compensation. According to the comparison with roll eccentricity extracted by the frequency domain analysis of the rolling force, the roll eccentricity obtained by the roll eccentricity extraction method, based on comprehensive signal processing, is more accurate. It provides a reliable basis for roll eccentricity compensation in order to improve the accuracy of the thickness of the strip products.

In humans, depression is associated with altered rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. However, the exact nature of the relationship between depressive behaviors and sleep abnormalities is debated. In this study, bilateral olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) was carried out to create a model of depression in rats. The sleep-wake profiles were assayed using a cutting-edge sleep bioassay system, and depressive behaviors were evaluated by open field and forced swimming tests. The monoamine content and monoamine metabolite levels in the brain were determined by a HPLC-electrochemical detection system. OBX rats exhibited a significant increase in REM sleep, especially between 15:00 and 18:00 hours during the light period. Acute treatment with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) immediately abolished the OBX-induced increase in REM sleep, but hyperactivity in the open field test and the time spent immobile in the forced swimming test remained unchanged. Neurochemistry studies revealed that acute administration of fluoxetine increased serotonin (5-HT) levels in the hippocampus, thalamus, and midbrain and decreased levels of the 5-HT metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). The ratio of 5-HIAA to 5-HT decreased in almost all regions of the brain. These results indicate that acute administration of fluoxetine can reduce the increase in REM sleep but does not change the depressive behaviors in OBX rats, suggesting that there was no causality between REM sleep abnormalities and depressive behaviors in OBX rats.

In allusion to 300 Reversible cold mill, the composing and the theory of the auto gauge control system is presented. To meet the characteristic of the 300 reversible cold mill, the PID algorithm With Variable Integral Action is used in position and pressure inner loop control of press down hydraulic cylinder to elevate the response characteristic, and the dynamic press compensating algorithm is used in the gauge control outer loop to elevate the precision of strip thickness, and the stability of rolling process. Fig.1. 300 cold roling mill1 Introduction

Oil source made up of constant pressure variable displacement pump, accumulator, and pipeline is widely used to provide stable pressure for electro-hydraulic control system in practical engineering. Based on the experiment, the relationship between initial charging pressure & volume of the accumulator at inlet of the servo valve and control precision is analyzed in detail, and coupling rules between the load variation and the pressure fluctuations of oil-source are obtained, the rules can give reference for selecting initial charging pressure & volume of the accumulator according to the requirement of system control precision, which can further improve control precision and product quality by optimizing equipment parameters.

SUMMARY 1 Chromium picolinate (CrPic) has been recommended as an alternative therapeutic regimen for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the action of CrPic is poorly understood. 2 Using normal and insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we examined the effects of CrPic on the gene transcription and secretion of adiponectin and resistin. In addition, using immunoblotting, ELISA and real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we investigated the effects of 10 nmol/L CrPic for 24 h on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to determine whether this pathway contributed to the regulation of adiponectin and resistin expression and secretion. 3 Chromium picolinate did not modulate the expression of adiponectin and resistin; however, it did significantly inhibit the secretion of resistin, but not adiponectin, by normal and insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro. Furthermore, although CrPic markedly elevated levels of phosphorylated AMPK and acetyl CoA carboxylase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, it had no effect on the levels of AMPK α-1 and α-2 mRNA transcripts. Importantly, inhibition of AMPK by 2 h pretreatment of cells with 20 µmol/L compound C completely abolished the CrPic-induced suppression of resistin secretion. 4 In conclusion, the data suggest that CrPic inhibits resistin secretion via activation of AMPK in normal and insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Background Several studies have investigated the influence of exogenous surfactants on inflammatory response in the lung, however results reported about effects of surfactants on the lung infiltration of leukocytes are controversial. Our previous study noticed that treatment of porcine surfactant (PS) significantly increased the lung infiltration of leukocytes in rats with acute lung injury (ALI). The objective of this study was to verify the effect of exogenous PS on the lung infiltration of leukocytes in vivo and investigate the possible mechanisms involved in vitro. Methods The number of leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of rats with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI was determined after treatment with different concentrations of PS, dexamethasone (Dex) or PS + Dex. The effect of PS and Curosurf, a commercially available porcine surfactant, on human peripheral neutrophil migration was determined by the Boyden Chamber Assay. Results Instillation of PS significantly increased the number of leukocytes in BALF of normal rats and rats with LPS-induced ALI. Most of the increased leukocytes were neutrophils. Dex significantly decreased the number of leukocytes and TNF-α concentration in BALF caused by LPS, but did not significantly reduce the number of leukocytes increased by PS. In vitro experiments further demonstrated that both PS and Curosurf had direct chemotactic effects on neutrophils. Conclusions These results suggest that PS contain chemoattractant(s) which induce the infiltration of leukocytes, especially neutrophils, into lung.