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Objectives Corni Fructus is one of the most famous traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) for the treatment of various chronic kidney diseases. Wine-processed Corni Fructus (WCF) is the main processed form of Crude Corni Fructus (CCF). In this study, potential mechanisms of action of CCF and WCF on chronic renal failure (CRF) model were developed to explore wine-processed mechanism of Corni Fructus. Methods An integrated strategy combining metabolomics, network analysis and bioinformatics analysis has been established to investigate the therapeutic mechanisms of WCF and CCF in rats with CRF. Key findings The histopathological results showed that both WCF and CCF improved kidney injury and dysfunction of CRF rats, but WCF was more effective than CCF. Metabolic pathway analysis indicated that 24 metabolites and 5 major disturbed pathways associated with CCF, while WCF regulated 27 metabolites and 2 metabolic pathways. Bioinformatic analysis and network analysis revealed that 8 genes and 7 genes were regulated by CCF and WCF on CRF rats, respectively. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction experiments verified the regulatory ability of CCF and WCF on the expression of 4 genes. Conclusions An integrated strategy combined metabolomics, network analysis and bioinformatics was established to provide valuable holistic insight to explore the processing mechanism of TCMs.

Background The mechanism by which MSC-CM protects neuronal cells against ischemic injury remains to be elucidated. In this study, we aimed to clarify the protective effect of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium (UC-MSC-CM) on neuronal oxidative injury and its potential mechanism. Methods and Results Neuronal oxidative damage was mimicked by H2O2 treatment of the HT22 cell line. The numbers of cleaved-Caspase-3-positive cells and protein expression of Caspase-9 induced by H2O2 treatment were decreased by UC-MSC-CM treatment. Furthermore, SOD protein expression was increased in the MSC-CM group compared with that in the H2O2 group. The H2O2-induced TRPM2-like currents in HT22 cells were attenuated by MSC-CM treatment. In addition, H2O2 treatment downregulated the expression of p-JNK protein in HT22 cells, and this the downward trend was reversed by incubation with MSC-CM. Conclusions UC-MSC-CM protects neurons against oxidative injury, possibly by inhibiting activation of TRPM2 and the JNK signaling pathway.

This paper analyzed the differences between the two harvesting periods (Taiju and Duoju) on the ingredients and pharmacological activity in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.

Rationale: Radix scutellaria-Licorice drug pair (RSLDP), a frequently used herbal pair with the effect of clearing heat and detoxifying, is the commonly employed drug pair in TCM prescription for the treatment of COVID-19. Until now, the metabolism feature and anti-COVID-19 mechanism of RSLDP have not been fully elucidated. Methodology: In this study, a sensitive and rapid method was developed for the separation and identification of the absorbed constituents of RSLDP in the rat plasma by UHPLC-QTOF-MS. Besides, we optimized the conventional process ways of network pharmacology and proposed a new concept called target network pharmacology (T-NP). It used the absorbed constituents and the corresponding targets to generate compound-target network, and compare to the conventional network pharmacology, it could reduce the false positive results. Results: A total of 85 absorbed constituents were identified or tentatively characterized in dosed plasma,including 32 components in Radix Scutellaria,27 components in Licorice and 65 components in RSLDP. The results showed that the compatibility of Radix Scutellaria and Licorice increased the quantity of components in vivo. We found that 106 potential targets of 64 active compounds in RSLDP were related to COVID-19.And 12 targets (MAPK3,IL6,JUN,IL2,STAT3, AKT1,TNF,STAT1,EGFR,HSP9AA1,VEGFA,RELA) could be core targets for RSLDP in treating COVID-19. Conclusions: The metabolism feature of RSLDP in vivo was systematically uncovered. The combining use of the T-NP method could discover potential drug targets and disclose the biological processes of RSLDP, which will clarify the potential mechanisms of RSLDP in the treatment of COVID-19.

Fritillaria cirrhosae bulbus (BFC), a typical traditional Chinese medicine with multiple botanical sources, has been used for relieving cough and reducing sputum. Studies have shown that there were obvious differences in the chemical compositions and clinical efficacy of different sources of BFC. How to characterise BFC from botanical sources accurately and quickly is vital for drug quality evaluation and clinical applications.In the present study, an integrated strategy of plant metabolomics combined with the target network pharmacology was developed to characterise BFC. Plant metabolomics analysis was performed to screen out the chemical markers of six species of BFC. Then, target network pharmacology was applied to explore the relationship between chemical markers and related diseases. Finally, potential Q-markers for species characterization were selected by combined analysis of plant metabolomics and the target network pharmacology.A total of 67 Fritillaria alkaloid compounds were identified. Six species showed clear characterization by multivariate statistical analysis, resulting in 12 chemical markers. Meanwhile, a total of nine components related to asthma were screened out based on the target network pharmacology. Taking content difference and pharmacological activity into consideration, nine constituents were selected as potential Q-markers.The method developed provided not only a standard protocol for characterising different species of BFC directly, but also an effective approach for multisource medicines discrimination.

Xikun Wu,1 Weichong Dong,1 Haoran Li,1 Xiuling Yang,1 Yiran Jin,1 Zhiqing Zhang,1 Ye Jiang2 1The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, People’s Republic of China; 2Pharmacy College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Zhiqing ZhangThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang City, 050000, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail 777yyy@sina.cnYe JiangPharmacy College, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhangshandong Road, Shijiazhuang City, 050017, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail jiangye@hebmu.edu.cnPurpose: To perform therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of total and free plasma valproic acid (VPA) concentrations in pediatric patients with epilepsy and to analyze related factors.Patients and Methods: Pediatric epileptic patients treated in 2015– 2019 in our hospital were assessed. Total and free plasma VPA concentrations were obtained by UPLC and LC-MS/MS, respectively. Regression analysis was performed to examine the associations of free plasma VPA with total plasma VPA and plasma protein binding rate. The impacts of individual situation, CYP2C9 genotype, and drug combination on VPA concentration were examined.Results: Of the 251 patients, 81 had lower total concentrations than effective therapeutic levels; 86 and 31 patients had infections and central nervous system dysplasia, respectively. VPA’s daily doses and free drug concentrations were significantly lower in the CYP2C9 *3/*3 genotype group versus the CYP2C9 *1/*3 and CYP2C9 *1/*1 groups (P< 0.05). Free and total VPA concentrations were linked by Y = 0.0004 X2 + 0.042 X + 0.3035 (r=0.6981); VPA plasma protein binding rate and free VPA concentration were related by Y = 0.0003 X2 - 0.0127 X + 0.9777 (r=0.8136). Both total and free VPA concentrations were significantly decreased in patients simultaneously administered phenobarbital, meropenem and biapenem (P< 0.05), with therapeutic failure after meropenem/biapenem co-administration.Conclusion: Free VPA amounts have nonlinear relationships with total VPA amounts and plasma protein binding rate in epileptic children. Additionally, CYP2C9 *3/*3 expression affects VPA metabolism. Since phenobarbital affects VPA metabolism, TDM is recommended. Meanwhile, carbapenem-co-administration with VPA should be prohibited.Keywords: valproic acid, pediatric patient, free concentration, CYP2C9 gene expression, TDM

Tyrosinase inhibitors can alleviate the harm to the liver caused by tyrosinase. How to effectively screen out natural tyrosinase inhibitors becomes a focus. In this study, Isodon excisoides was first extracted with the ultrasound optimized by response surface methodology. Then, a method combined ultrafiltration with ultra-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS) was built to screen and identify tyrosinase inhibitors. The binding energies of active ingredients to tyrosinase were calculated by molecular docking. The reliability of the results was validated by the IC

To evaluate the effect of imrecoxib on CYP2C11 enzyme activity, mRNA, and protein expression, a UPLC method was established. Tolbutamide was selected as the CYP2C11 enzyme-specific probe drug and incubated with imrecoxib in rat liver microsomes. The yield of 4-hydroxytolbutamide was measured using UPLC to investigate the effect of imrecoxib on CYP2C11 enzyme activity. Imrecoxib (10 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically twice daily. After 1, 7, and 14 days of administration, the liver tissues were analyzed. The expression of CYP2C11 enzyme mRNA was determined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and its protein expression was determined using Western blot analysis. Imrecoxib concentration was inversely proportional to the production of 4-hydroxytolbutamide in liver microsomes. Imrecoxib demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on CYP2C11 activity with IC

Peimine, one of the major quality markers in Fritillaria Cirrhosae Bulbus, was expected to become a new anti-asthma drug. However, its metabolic profiles and anti-asthma mechanism have not been clarified previously. In this study, a method was developed for the detection of peimine metabolites in vitro by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The potential anti-asthma mechanism was predicted by an integrated analysis of network pharmacology and molecular docking. A total of 19 metabolites were identified with the aid of software and molecular networking. The metabolic profiles of peimine elucidated that the metabolism was a multi-pathway process with characteristics of species difference. The network pharmacology results showed that peimine and its metabolites could regulate multiple asthma-related targets. The above targets were involved in various regulatory pathways linked to asthma. Moreover, the results of molecular docking showed that both peimine and its metabolites had a certain affinity with the β

A specific ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) method has been described for the simultaneous determination of the metabolites of tacrine, bupropion, diclofenac, dextromethorphan and midazolam, which are the five probe drugs of the five cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoforms CYP1A2, CYP2B, CYP2C11, CYP2D1 and CYP3A4. The inhibition degree was determined by calculating the IC

A practical high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed for the analysis of

Inorganic chiral hybrid nanostructures that embed chirality within distinct material compositions can create novel chiral properties and functionalities absent from achiral nanostructures; however, they remain largely unexplored. We report, for the first time, a class of chiral plasmonic metal-semiconductor core-shell nanostructures that employ structurally chiral nanoparticles as chirality inducing templates to grow functional shell materials, which allowed us to independently control material parameters such as core geometry and shell thickness, as well as handedness of the system. We experimentally and theoretically achieved enhanced and tunable chiroptical activity of the heterostructures as a result of the core-shell strong coupling effect. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we demonstrate that the chiral hybrid nanostructures can drive chirality-dependent photocatalytic hydrogen generation under circularly polarized light. This study enables rational design and functionalization of chiral hybrid nanomaterials towards enhanced chiral light-matter interactions and chiral device applications.

The diterpenoids are the most important active constituents that contribute to the pharmacological efficacy of Isodon serra (Maxim.) Hara. Clinical studies have revealed that diterpenoids possess multiple features, e.g. antitumour, antitubercular and anti-ischemic activities. Therefore, the identification and detection of diterpenoids may be equally important for understanding the pharmacological basis of diterpenoids and enhancing the product quality control of I. serra.The purpose of this study was to develop a practical analysis approach of rapid characterisation using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) for the structure characterisation of the ent-kaurane diterpenoids from I. serra.The analytical strategy was as follows: first, ent-kaurane diterpenoids were detected by a novel on-line data acquisition approach, i.e. sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion spectra (SWATH). Second, the MS of eight ent-kaurane diterpenoids was explored, and their mass spectrum cleavage pathways were summarised and determined. Finally, the methanol extract of I. serra was studied using SWATH and identified by extracted ion chromatography (XIC).Compared to the traditional information-dependent acquisition (IDA) method, SWATH significantly improved the hit rate of ent-kaurane diterpenoids. With support from UHPLC separation and specific detection by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), 48 ent-kaurane diterpenoids were successfully characterised and classified as ent-kaurane diterpenoids from a complex matrix.These combined qualitative methods were used to provide a potential approach for the characterisation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its preparations. Meanwhile, the SWATH provided a novel and reliable method for the structural characterisation of ent-kaurane diterpenoids from other complicated TCMs.

In this paper, an analytical strategy combined data acquisition with a practical mining strategy aimed at rapid characterization and quantitation of ent-kaurane diterpenoids in Isodon japonica using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-triple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). First, an effective self-built filter template based on drug phase I/II metabolic reaction theory and a components library data set were established. Second, the mass spectra of ent-kaurane diterpenoid standards were studied and their mass spectrum cleavage pathways were summarized. Next, the methanol extract of this herb was studied by data-independent acquisition mode (DIA). With the aid of a self-built filter template, the peaks of ent-kaurane diterpenoids were easily picked out and rapidly classified as ent-kaurane diterpenoids from a complex matrix. A total of 24 ent-kaurane diterpenoids were structurally identified. Meanwhile, the self-built filter template provided a convenient and fast method for the structural characterization and Isodon japonica was used to illustrate this approach for the first time. Furthermore, eight major bioactive diterpenoids were simultaneously quantified by a newly developed superimposed multiple product ion (SMPI) with UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS method. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant differences in different batches of samples. These combined qualitative and quantitative methods were used to provide a potential approach for the holistic quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its preparations.

This study investigated the inhibitory effect of epirubicin combined with berberine on MCF-7 cell proliferation and explored intracellular pharmacokinetics. A CCK-8 assay was used to detect the inhibitory effect of epirubicin alone and in combination with berberine on MCF-7 cell proliferation in vitro. A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to detect epirubicin in MCF-7 cells. After incubation with epirubicin and berberine at different time points, MCF-7 cells were lysed and precipitated by acetonitrile to extract the analyte. Chromatographic separation was performed on a C

Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is widespread and seriously affects human health. Vancomycin is a classical glycopeptide antibiotic. Vancomycin is widely used for severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus but its obvious nephrotoxicity affects the safety of its clinical application. However, the etiology of vancomycin induced kidney injury is not well understood. This study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Vancomycin (400 mgkg−1) was used to establish kidney injury models in rats. A metabonomic approach was employed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS) to delineate metabolic alterations. As a result, 15, 22, and 37 biomarkers were identified in urine samples from the treatment group compared to the control model on D2, D4, and D7, respectively. Changes in the levels of these metabolites indicated that amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism were disturbed in rats with vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity. This study revealed the kidney effect of vancomycin, which may provide novel and promising research approaches to vancomycin-induced renal toxicity.

The holistic quality evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is confronted with significant challenges due to its extreme chemical complexity. In this study, a sensitive strategy based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and chemometric analysis was established and validated for the qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses of characteristic components in Usnea. First, three mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns of phenolic acid standards were studied and summarized. Then, an extract of this herb was analyzed by the full-scan MS spectra and identified by extracted ion chromatography (XIC). Based on the abovementioned methods, a total of 38 compounds (8 dibenzofurans, 11 didepsides, 13 depsidones, and 6 mono-substituted phenyl rings) were identified. Subsequently, the qualities of Usnea samples from different regions were evaluated by the semi-quantitative analysis based on their relative peak areas. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to compare the Usnea herbs and to find possible diagnostic chemical components. This novel and powerful strategy could provide a potential approach for the holistic quality control of TCM.

Genuine regional drugs have played a vital role in clinical use for a long time. There are differences in traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) from different regions based on their chemical composition. Differences in chemical composition may lead to deviations in therapeutic effects. To our knowledge, to date, there are no effective methods for distinguishing genuine regional drugs based on the differences in their chemical composition. Therefore, establishing an analytical platform for distinguishing the compounds used in TCM from various geographical locations is essential. In this work, an integrated platform based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS combined with plant metabolomics approach was established for comprehensively distinguishing genuine regional drugs. Isodon rubescens (Hemsl.) Hara, a widely used herbal medicine of China, was chosen for this study and 24 samples from four geographical locations in China were collected. A total of 60 ent-kaurane diterpenoids were tentatively identified, and then the samples from four geographical origins were distinguished using PCA (principal component analysis) and PLS-DA (partial least squares discrimination analysis). Different compounds were identified among the samples collected from the four geographical locations, and 12 of them were regarded as marker compounds responsible for the distinction. Our study highlights the essence and predictive ability of metabolomics in detecting minute differences in the same varieties of TCM samples based on the levels and compositions of their metabolites. These results showed that the analysis using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS combined with metabolomics could be applied to distinguish the geographical origins and varieties of TCM.

Ponicidin is an active natural ent-kaurane diterpenoid ingredient originating from many Isondon herbs and is expected to become a new anticancer agent. In this study, a practical strategy was developed for the identification of ponicidin metabolites in vivo and in vitro utilizing ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS). The analytical strategy was as follows: potential ponicidin metabolites were detected by a novel on-line data acquisition approach, i.e., sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion spectra (SWATH™). Compared to the traditional information-dependent acquisition (IDA) method, SWATH™ significantly improved the hit rate of low-level or trace metabolites because it could obtain all MS/MS spectra. Moreover, many data post-processing methods were used to deduce the metabolites structures. As a result, a total of 20 metabolites were characterized in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that ponicidin could undergo general metabolic reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, methylation and glucuronidation. Furthermore, there was an obvious difference in the ponicidin metabolites among four species in vitro. This is the first time that the SWATH™ data acquisition mode has been used to characterize ponicidin metabolites in trace amounts or in a biological matrix. These results not only provided a better understanding of the safety and efficacy of ponicidin but also showed a valuable methodology for the identification of other ent-kaurane diterpenoid metabolites.

Glaucocalyxin A (GLA) belongs to the natural ent-kauranoid diterpenoids family with antitumor, antifibrotic, anticoagulative, antioxidant, and anti-AD effects. In this study, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) system was applied to observe probable metabolites of GLA

Carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) are core component of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the atmosphere. It was reported that the particle in the atmosphere with smaller size and the larger the specific surface area are easier to reach the deep respiratory tract or even the alveoli through the respiratory barrier and cause lung injury. Therefore, it has been believed that ultrafine or nanometer particles with more toxic than those with larger particle sizes. Moreover, it was confirmed that CBNPs could induce inflammation, oxidative stress and changes in cell signaling and gene expression in mammalian cells and organs. However, the cytotoxicity mechanism of them has been uncertain so far. The aim of the present study was to explore the underlying mechanism of cytotoxicity induced by CBNPs on A549 cells. In the current research, the viabilities of A549 cells were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The further metabolomics studies were conducted to detect the cytotoxic effect of CBNPs on A549 cells with an IC50 value of 70 μg/mL for 48 h. Potential differential compounds were identified and quantified using a novel on-line acquisition method based on ultra-liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS). The cytotoxicity mechanism of CBNPs on A549 cells was evaluated by multivariate data analysis and statistics. As a result, a total of 32 differential compounds were identified between CBNPs exposure and control groups. In addition, pathway analysis showed the metabolic changes were involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, histidine metabolism and so on. It is also suggested that CBNPs may induce cytotoxicity by affecting the normal process of energy metabolism and disturbing several vital signaling pathways and finally induce cell apoptosis.

Carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) are one of atmospheric particles components and have been closely related with a series of lung diseases. It can reach the depths of the respiratory tract or even alveolar more easily than those micro-particles. Although some of its toxicities have been confirmed in animals or human bodies, the subchronic toxicity mechanism of CBNPs has been uncertain so far. Therefore, it is very necessary to establish a novel method and clarify the mechanism of subchronic toxicity caused by concentration adjustments of small molecule metabolites in vivo. In animal experiments, CB exposure, recovery and control group were set up. The concentration of CBNPs in chamber was 30.06 ± 4.42 mg/m3. We developed a UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS-based non-targeted metabolomic analysis strategy to analyze serum samples of rats. Then, differential metabolites in serum were found by multivariate data analysis and 39 potential biomarkers were identified. It was showed that main metabolic pathways associated with CBNPs exposure were hormones metabolism, amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and lipid metabolism. It is worth noting that long-term exposure to CBNPs had the greatest impact on steroid hormones biosynthesis so that the risk of infertility could increase. The results provided a new mechanistic insight into the metabolic alterations owing to CBNPs induced subchronic toxicity.

There is increasing evidence supporting the cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis, which suggests that a population of tumor cells with stem cell characteristics is responsible for tumor growth, resistance, and recurrence as well as drug resistance. In colorectal cancer, the CD133 antigen defines distinct cell subpopulations that are rich in tumor-initiating cells; however, the drug resistance properties of these CD133-positive cells have not been well defined. The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)/ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) is present on the plasma membrane of many types of human cancer cells and contributes to multidrug resistance during chemotherapy. The results of the present study showed that ABCG2 is expressed in CD133-positive CSCs from human colorectal tumors. Furthermore, the downregulation of ABCG2 expression inhibited the self-renewal capacity of these cells, and significantly enhanced the efficacy of chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in LS174T colon adenocarcinoma cells and CD133-positive colorectal carcinoma cells. Together, these data show that ABCG2 expression correlates with the presence of CD133-positive cancer cells, and thus is a possible therapeutic target for colorectal cancer.

(+)-usnic acid (UA) is an active natural phenolic acid ingredient originating from Chinese traditional Tibetan herb. Usnea acid is expected to become a new agent for anticancer and remarkable antitumor. To reveal its metabolic profile, metabolites identification of UA in vivo was studied using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) in this present study. The chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column with a mobile phase consisted of methanol and water with a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min. The mass spectral analysis conducted in a negative electrospray ionization mode combined with information-dependent acquirement technology (IDA) was used to trace all the potential UA metabolites. Several sensitive and specific multiple data-mining techniques especially key product ions (KPIs) filter were applied to hunt and identify metabolites rapidly. As a result, a total of 36 metabolites were detected after oral administration of UA, including 33, 8 and 16 in rat urine, plasma and bile, respectively. These results showed that the probable metabolite pathways of UA were oxidation, reduction, dihydroxylation, glycine conjugation, glucuronide conjugation, N-acetylcysteine conjugation and methylation. It is the first time to elucidate the profile of UA in vivo. These results not only provided the basis of UA pharmacological properties, but also gave the guidance in clinical medication. Moreover, the analysis strategy and methodology proposed in this paper could be widely used in characterization of other phenolic acids metabolites.

In this paper, an analytical strategy combined data acquisition with a practical mining strategy aimed at rapid characterization and quantitation of

Oridonin (ORI) is an active natural ent-kaurane diterpenoid ingredient originating from well-known traditional Chinese herb medicine and is expected to be pursued as a new anticancer agent. In the present study, a novel and efficient approach was developed for in vivo screening and identification of ORI metabolites using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS/MS). This analytical strategy was as follows: an effective on-line data acquisition method multiple mass defect filter (MMDF) combined with dynamic background subtraction (DBS), was developed to trace all of potential metabolites of ORI. The MMDF and DBS method could trigger an information dependent acquisition scan, which could give the information of low-level metabolites masked by background noise and endogenous components in complex matrix. Moreover, the sensitive and specific multiple data-mining techniques including extracted ion chromatography, mass defect filtering, product ion filtering and neutral loss filtering were employed to identify the metabolites of ORI. Then, structures for the metabolites were successfully assigned based on accurate masses, the mass fragmentation of ORI and metabolic knowledge. Finally, an important parameter Clog P was used to estimate the retention time of isomers. Based on the proposed strategy, 16 phase I and 2 phase II metabolites were detected in rats after oral administration of ORI. The main biotransformation route of ORI was identified as reduction, oxidation, dehydroxylation and glucuronic acid conjugation. This is the first study of ORI metabolism in vivo. This study not only proposed a practical strategy for rapidly screening and identifying metabolites, but also provided useful information for further study of the pharmacology and mechanism of ORI in vivo. At the same time this methodology can be widely applied for the structural characterization of the metabolites of other ent-kaurane diterpenoid.

A sensitive, specific and rapid liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed and validated for analysis of ginsenoside Rb1, naringin, ginsenoside Rb2 and oridonin in rat plasma using sulfamethoxazole as an internal standard (IS). Separation was conducted out on an Agilent Eclipse XDB C18 column with liner gradient elution using acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% aqueous acetic acid (B). A tandem mass spectrometric detection was conducted using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) via an electrospray ionization (ESI) source. A novel multi-determination-periods program was executed to achieve a higher sensitivity by setting three scanning periods. All analytes exhibited good linearity within the concentration range (r>0.9973). The lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) of ginsenoside Rb1, naringin, ginsenoside Rb2 and oridonin were 2.64, 4.32, 2.32 and 1.56ng/mL, respectively. Intra-day and inter-day precisions of the investigated components exhibited an RSD within 8.3%, and the accuracy (RE) ranged from -8.6% to 6.0% at all quality control levels. The developed method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of ginsenoside Rb1, naringin, ginsenoside Rb2 and oridonin in rats after oral administration of a Weifuchun tablet.

Ghrelin is a very important brain-gut peptide that modulates appetite and energy metabolism in mammals. The yak is the only large mammal that can adapt to the cold temperatures and hypoxia conditions present in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, there are no reports on ghrelin molecular characterization and expression in the hypothalamus-pituitary-digestive tract axis of the yak to date. In this study, the coding region sequence of the yak ghrelin, containing a complete ORF (351) encoding for 117 amino acids, was cloned. Immunohistochemistry analysis of the yak samples showed that ghrelin-immunoreactive cells were expressed at the arcuate nucleus (ARC), the ventromedial nucleus (VMN), the dorsomedial nucleus (DMN) of the hypothalamus and also at the anterior pituitary. Ghrelin-positive cells were also present in approximately two thirds of the submucosa of the abomasum fundic gland and mucous layer of the duodenum intestinal gland. Ghrelin's mRNA highest expression occurred in the abomasum sample, followed by the duodenum, hypothalamus and lowest at the pituitary gland. The level of ghrelin mRNA measured in yak was higher than in cattle for all the tissues that were compared. The ghrelin protein and mRNA expression profiles were similar. These data imply that the high expression of ghrelin in the hypothalamus-pituitary-digestive tract axis of yak could aid adaptation to the extreme environment better than cattle, by improving appetite and fat accumulation, regulating body temperature and reducing energy consumption via regulating energy metabolism.