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O2 serves as both a reactant and an electron sink to enhance the H2O2 production in the photocatalytic process with this the novel photocatalyst.

INTRODUCTION: Patient selection for checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy is currently guided by programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression obtained from immunohistochemical staining of tumor tissue samples. This approach is susceptible to limitations resulting from the dynamic and heterogeneous nature of cancer cells and the invasiveness of the tissue sampling procedure. To address these challenges, we developed a novel computed tomography (CT) radiomic-based signature for predicting disease response in patients with NSCLC undergoing programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. METHODS: This retrospective study comprises a total of 194 patients with suitable CT scans out of 340. Using the radiomic features computed from segmented tumors on a discovery set of 85 contrast-enhanced chest CTs of patients diagnosed with having NSCLC and their CD274 count, RNA expression of the protein-encoding gene for PD-L1, as the response vector, we developed a composite radiomic signature, lung cancer immunotherapy-radiomics prediction vector (LCI-RPV). This was validated in two independent testing cohorts of 66 and 43 patients with NSCLC treated with PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibition immunotherapy, respectively. RESULTS: LCI-RPV predicted PD-L1 positivity in both NSCLC testing cohorts (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.57-0.84 and AUC = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.46-0.94). In one cohort, it also demonstrated good prediction of cases with high PD-L1 expression exceeding key treatment thresholds (>50%: AUC = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.59-0.85 and >90%: AUC = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.45-0.88), the tumor's objective response to treatment at 3 months (AUC = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.52-0.85), and pneumonitis occurrence (AUC = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.48-0.80). LCI-RPV achieved statistically significant stratification of the patients into a high- and low-risk survival group (hazard ratio = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.21-4.24, p = 0.011 and hazard ratio = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.07-5.65, p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: A CT radiomics-based signature developed from response vector CD274 can aid in evaluating patients' suitability for PD-1 or PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy in NSCLC.

Solar-driven water splitting for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production is a sustainable and ultra-clean method. It is difficult for a single-component photocatalyst to meet all the requirements for efficient and stable photoproduction of H2O2. Meanwhile, for multiple-component catalysts, a huge and urgent challenge is to adjust the photo-charge between the multiple components and interfaces of catalysts. Herein, we report a metal-free photocatalyst CN1.8/ICT/CDs composed of CN1.8, organic small molecules (ICT) and N, S-doped carbon dots (CDs) to produce H2O2 efficiently and stably through a dual-channel process. In this catalyst system, CDs are first reported as the active site of water oxidation reaction (WOR) and ICT as the active site of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), with greatly improved efficiency of the use of photo-charge, and the poisoning of CN1.8/ICT/CDs by H2O2 was prevented. In situ transient photovoltage measurements (TPV) further revealed the photo-charge regulation function of CDs in this multiple-component metal-free photocatalyst. As a result, the CN1.8/ICT/CDs catalyst exhibits a prominent H2O2 production rate of 2202.81 μmol h−1 g−1 (λ ≥ 420 nm), which represents the most efficient H2O2 production rate from a metal-free photocatalyst in air atmosphere without sacrificial agents. This work also provides a valid TPV-based method for a deep understanding of complex photocatalytic systems.

NiFeOx is a high-active electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media, which gradually deactivate in the long run due to Fe loss from the active sites into media solution during electrocatalysis. Herein, we propose a promising stable CeNiFeOx electrocatalyst for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions (OER&HER) by a facile one-pot combustion synthesis. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that both nickel and iron ions are successfully incorporated into ceria lattices to form a pure fluorite phase of CeNiFeOx nanopowders, indicating a new achievement of as high as 20% of Ni/Fe solubility in the ceria lattice for the first time. The electrochemical measurements indicate that CeNiFeOx exhibits the high OER activity of NiFeOx electrocatalyst and the enhanced stability of oxygen evolution electrocatalysts. The Ce0.8Ni0.15Fe0.05Ox with a single phase of cubic fluorite structure among all shows the most efficient activity with the overpotential of 325 mV for OER and 337 mV for HER at the current density of 10 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH than the pure CeOx, NiFeOx and other CeNiFeOx nanoelectrocatalysts. After 1000 cycles, the Ce0.8Ni0.15Fe0.05Ox nano electrocatalyst exhibits the remarkably improved stability for OER compared to NiFeOx electrocatalyst. These findings demonstrate a facile approach to develop high-active and durable electrocatalysts under alkaline conditions for overall water splitting.

Due to the flexibility and excellent electrochemical properties, carbon nanofibers have been proposed as promising anode material for lithium ion batteries. In this paper, through in-situ reduction of C/CuO/rGO after electrospinning to form abundant active sites at carbon nanofibers, a novel C/Cu/rGO anode is prepared. The C/Cu/rGO anode owns a capacity of ∼400 mAh/g at 1 A/g after 600 cycles, a value well above those of C and C/rGO (

The safety of lithium ion batteries is correlated closely to the mechanical property and thermal stability of separators. The polymer/ceramic particle composite separators are widely investigated for quasi-solid gel separators of lithium ion batteries, but the nonuniform dispersion of ceramic particles limits their performance. In this study, ball-milled Al-doped Li6.75La3Zr1.75Ta0.25O12 suspension is incorporated into poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) gel to prepare a highly uniform quasi-solid composite separator. The results show that adding only 4.29 wt% Li6.75La3Zr1.75Ta0.25O12 into PVDF-HFP increases ductility by three times and the mechanical strength by 38% as compared with pure PVDF-HFP separator. Batteries with the composite separator show significantly improved cyclic stability and rate performance at both room temperature and temperatures up to 80 °C. In particular, the composite separator promotes homogenous Li+ flux through the separator and suppresses Li dendrite growth in Li-metal based batteries.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is one of the most promising strategies to turn solar energy into chemical fuels. The low efficiency of photo-generated charge separation caused by fast electron-hole recombination is regarded as a challenge that hinders the further improvement of TiO2 photoanode performance in PEC cells. Here, the nitrogen doped carbon dots (N-CDs) anchored TiO2 photoanodes were fabricated by one-step hydrothermal method. The in-situ transient photovoltage (TPV) technology shows that electron-trap effect is formed in TiO2 photoanode due to the existence of N-CDs. Meanwhile, the enhancement of photo-generated charge separation efficiency was proven as the charge extraction of TiO2 is promoted by ~160% after anchoring N-CDs. Besides, N-CDs increase the conductivity of TiO2 photoanode and promote the efficiency of photo-generated charge transfer. In addition, the impedance of TiO2 photoanode and its interface are reduced by ~34% and ~66%, respectively. Under AM 1.5 G light intensity and 1.23 V vs. RHE, the highest photocurrent densities of TiO2/N-CDs (TNCD-15mg) is 3.09 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M NaOH, which is ~3.22 times as high as that of the primitive TiO2. This work explains the mechanism of anchoring N-CDs to improve PEC performance through in-situ characterization, which provides a new idea for PEC material design to achieve higher PEC performances.

With the development of iron-based supercapacitor materials, iron-based composites are the developing trend of iron-based supercapacitor. Iron coated with Iron-based oxide (Fe@Fe 2O3 /FeOOH) nanowires was synthetized from the natural surface oxidation of nanomaterials with high surface energy. The Fe@Fe 2O3 /FeOOH composite revealed a promising negative material with a high specific capacitance of 1186 F/g (1423 C/g) at a current density of 1 A/g and 820 F/g (820 C/g) at a scan speed of 1 mV/s in a three-electrode system. The amount of residual capacitance calculated from cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement after 2000 cycles at 1 A/g is as much as 80% of that at the first few cycles which indicate an active particle has a distinct adsorption and desorption process. The excellent pseudocapacitance of the Fe@Fe 2O3/FeOOH nanowires electrode could be a briefness method for a hierarchical electrode material. The maximum pseudocapacitance of a supercapacitor at the current density of 1 A/g is 184 F/g (276 C/g), which the energy density is 57.5 Wh/kg and the power density is 750 W/kg, accordingly in a device.

CuO and Cu2O are non-noble transition metal oxide supercapacitive materials with high theoretical specific capacitances above 1800 F g−1. In this work, by adjusting organic additives of a colloidal system, Cu, Cu2O, and CuO are grown in situ on nickel foam. CuO exhibits a specific capacitance of 1355 F g−1 at 2 A g−1 in 3 m KOH, a value well above those of Cu and Cu2O (