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Abstract The advent of PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors has significantly transformed the therapeutic landscape for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). This review provides an in-depth analysis of the biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of PD1 and PD-L1 in ccRCC, emphasizing their role in tumor immune evasion. We comprehensively evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety profiles of PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors, such as Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab, through a critical examination of recent clinical trial data. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges posed by resistance mechanisms to these therapies and potential strategies to overcome them. We also explores the synergistic potential of combination therapies, integrating PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors with other immunotherapies, targeted therapies, and conventional modalities such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In addition, we examine emerging predictive biomarkers for response to PD1/PD-L1 blockade and biomarkers indicative of resistance, providing a foundation for personalized therapeutic approaches. Finally, we outline future research directions, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies, deeper mechanistic insights, and the development of individualized treatment regimens. Our work summarizes the latest knowledge and progress in this field, aiming to provide a valuable reference for improving clinical efficacy and guiding future research on the application of PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors in ccRCC.

Organic metal chalcogenides (OMCs) are organic-inorganic hybrid materials with continuous M-X (X = S, Se, Te) networks that are covalently connected by organic ligands. Here authors report a family of bimetallic OMCs synthesized via selective metal metathesis and oxidation transformation.

Abstract In recent years, advancements in industries such as aerospace, military weaponry, automobiles, locomotives, and shipbuilding have led to a surge in the demand for bent and rolled components, along with increasingly stringent requirements for rolling precision. However, the traditional hydraulic cylinder feeding solution has hindered further enhancements in the accuracy of rolled profile contours. Additionally, owing to variations in profile specifications, material properties, and an assortment of random factors during the forming process, the applicability of existing forming formulas remains limited, rendering them suitable only for profile processing under specific circumstances. To address these challenges, servo electric cylinders have been introduced as a replacement for traditional hydraulic cylinders, and the mechanical structure of a four-roll bending machine has been re-engineered. This innovation has demonstrated the feasibility of employing servo electric cylinders in four-roll CNC bending machines for profile bending, resulting in higher control precision and faster response times, ultimately providing a comprehensive design solution for four-roll CNC bending machines. In response to the limited universality of existing forming formulas, the actual R (profile forming curvature) and d (servo electric cylinder feed) values from the four-roll CNC bending machine have been utilized, and curve fitting methods have been implemented as the foundation for the automatic control model. This approach offers a high degree of universality, making it suitable for a wide range of applications. Moreover, as the number of trials increased, forming precision progressively improved.

In metal processing, bending forming is widely applied in various fields. To prevent excessive surface scratching and heavy indentation on the profiles, which can negatively affect the surface quality, it is often necessary to determine the clearances between the rollers and the upper and lower surfaces of the profiles using experimental methods. However, this experimental approach not only results in material waste but also fails to determine the optimal clearance value. Therefore, orthogonal experiments were conducted to design different clearances between the rollers and the upper and lower surfaces of the profiles to mitigate the issues of excessive surface scratching and poor surface quality during the bending forming process of large-section Z-profiles. Finite element simulation was employed to simulate the different experiments, and a range analysis was performed on the experimental results to obtain the optimal clearance value. The obtained results fall within the range of results obtained from traditional experimental methods, indicating its consistency with actual practice, higher accuracy, and scientific rigor compared with experimental methods. Furthermore, the roller tooling design was revised based on the optimal clearance value for the profile processing. The experimental results demonstrate that the surface quality of the profiles processed with optimal clearance is superior to those processed without it. Additionally, this study presents a comprehensive methodology for roller tooling design and investigates the influence of different loading modes on the local wrinkling deformation of the profiles.

The current situation in which garlic cultivation is non-homogeneous and modular cannot be adapted to combine harvester operations. In this paper, a single-row harvesting and cutting integrated handheld garlic harvester is designed, and the structure and working principle of the machine are described. By analyzing the mechanics of the machine mechanism, mechanics of the machine harvesting process, and design principle of the machine chassis, the key factors affecting the garlic harvesting machine wounding rate, leakage rate, and net harvesting rate were determined. According to the force and parametric analyses of the test results, it was determined that the machine had the best harvesting effect with a conveying speed of 0.6 m/s, prop speed of 125.6 r/min, digging angle of 15°~25°, forward speed of 0.8 m/s, clamping point height of 62.15 mm, and rollover threshold value of 0.89. Compared with the traditional garlic harvester, the garlic injury rate was 57.1% lower, the garlic leakage rate was 25% lower, and the net harvest rate was 4.0% higher, which meets the requirements of the garlic harvesting operation.