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8. Influences of grassland to cropland conversion on select soil properties, microbiome and agricultural emissions

Author

Lai, Liming, Yilmaz, Turhan, Kumar, Sandeep, Fennell, Anne, and Hernandez, Jose L. Gonzalez

Subjects
Cropland conversion program -- Influence, Soil structure -- Analysis, Agricultural industry, Earth sciences
Abstract

Context. Conversion of grasslands to croplands can usually result in the degradation of soils and increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as carbon dioxide (C[O.sub.2]), nitrous oxide ([N.sub.2]O), and methane (C[H.sub.4]). However, little is known about the impacts of grassland conversion to recently tilled croplands on soils and GHG fluxes. Aims. A field experiment was established in 2016 to evaluate the impacts of grassland conversion to tilled cropland under different landscape positions (upslope, backslope, and footslope) on select soil properties and soil GHG fluxes. Key results. The findings showed that the grassland conversion significantly increased soil bulk density and electrical conductivity but reduced pH and total nitrogen (TN). The conversion impacted soil biome community grassland and tilled croplands. The landscape position significantly impacted soil pH (footslope < upslope) and TN (footslope > upslope). The grassland conversion significantly decreased soil C[O.sub.2] fluxes, but increased soil C[H.sub.4] and [N.sub.2]O fluxes. The landscape position significantly impacted soil C[O.sub.2] (footslope > upslope and backslope) and C[H.sub.4] (upslope > footslope and backslope) fluxes for some periods. Soil C[O.sub.2] and [N.sub.2]O fluxes generally followed upward and downward trends over time, respectively. Conclusions. These results indicate that grassland conversion was able to lose soil N, increase soil compaction, acidity, salts, and soil [N.sub.2]O and C[H.sub.4] fluxes, and decrease the diversity of abundant genera and C[O.sub.2] fluxes. Footslope increased TN, soil acidity, C[O.sub.2], and C[H.sub.4] fluxes, compared with upslope and backslope. C[O.sub.2] fluxes under grassland and tilled cropland significantly increased over time, whereas [N.sub.2]O fluxes under grassland significantly reduced. Implications. Conversion of grassland to tilled cropland significantly impacted on sol quality. It caused a loss in soil N and increased soil compaction, acidity and salts. Grassland conversion also decreased the abundance and diversity soil microbiome. Keywords: carbon dioxide (C[O.sub.2]), grassland conversion, landscape position, methane (C[H.sub.4]), nitrous oxide ([N.sub.2]O), soil bulk density (BD), soil microbial diversity, soil organic carbon (SOC), soil pH, soil total nitrogen (TN), South Dakota., Introduction Global grasslands including savannahs, prairies, grasslands and shrublands cover 45% of the global ice-free land surface (Reid et al. 2008). However, in recent decades, there has been a conversion [...]

Published
2022
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13. Cold Hardiness in ‘Alphonse Lavallee’ (Vitis viniferaL. cv) Grape Dormant Buds and Phloem Tissue: Seasonal Insights and Some Treatment Impacts

Author

Kose, Bulent, Uray, Yahya, Bayram, Kevser, Yilmaz, Turhan, and Kaya, Ozkan

Abstract

Grapes are highly susceptible to cold damage during critical developmental stages, impacting viticulture. Understanding the intricate dynamics of cold hardiness in grape dormant buds and phloem tissue is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies. In this study, we investigated the LT50values, representing the temperature at which 50% of buds are damaged, under different treatments and sampling times. In our research, we evaluated the effects of four treatments—potassium oxide (K2O), calcium chloride (CaCl2), seaweed (SW), and a control—on the cold hardiness of grapevine buds and phloem tissue. Primary bud LT50values varied across seasons, with January at −22.46 °C, February at −22.35 °C, and March at −20.45 °C. K2O treatment showed a trend toward improvement, although the difference from the control (−21.99 °C) was not statistically significant. Regarding LT50values, CaCl2and SW applications did not significantly differ from the control. Tertiary buds, however, exhibited a substantial enhancement in cold hardiness with K2O application, displaying significantly lower LT50values compared to the control (−23.55 °C). Phloem tissue LT50values did not significantly differ among treatments, showing less variability. Bud water content significantly increased with K2O application in all sampling periods (January: 35.41% vs. 35.61%; February: 34.03% vs. 39.16%; March: 42.40% vs. 37.82%), while shoot water content remained stable. In conclusion, K2O emerges as a key influencer, particularly in enhancing the cold hardiness of tertiary buds. These insights contribute to the knowledge base for targeted frost mitigation strategies in viticulture.

Published
2024
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15. SPUR AND SHORT CANE PRUNING INFLUENCE BUD VIABILITY, YIELD, AND FRUIT QUALITY.

Author

Yilmaz, Turhan and Fennell, Anne

Subjects
FRUIT quality, GRAPE yields, FRUIT yield, BUDS
Abstract

Balanced pruning is used to manage vegetative vigor and fruit load to optimize yield and fruit quality in most of fruit species. The objective of this study was to determine the bud viability, yield, and fruit quality potential of four grapevine cultivars using three pruning strategies. Four cold climate grapevine cultivars- -Brianna, Frontenac, La Crescent, and Marquette--were tested with spur (SP), short cane (SC), and spur plus short cane (SPSC) pruning treatments in 2018, 2019, and 2020. The SP treatment was 10 two-bud spurs per vine, SC was five four-bud short canes, and SPSC vines had four SP and three SC. Soluble solids, pH, and total acid were measured for individual bud positions on all spurs, canes or spurs and canes on each treated vine. Yield in all cultivars was lower in 2019 and 2020 due to severe winter cold. The greatest bud viability across the three years in each cultivar was achieved in Frontenac and Marquette with SP, followed by Brianna with SP and SC and La Crescent with SPSC pruning treatments. The highest yield for pruning treatments was Brianna with SC, Frontenac with SPSC, La Crescent with SC and SPSC, and Marquette with SP and SC pruning treatments. Brianna had the greatest fruit soluble solids and pH in SC pruning treatment. In contrast, Frontenac and La Crescent had greatest fruit soluble solids and lowest total acid with SP pruning treatment. Marquette showed similar soluble solids across all pruning treatments; however, pH was greatest in SC and total acid was lower in SP and SC than in SPSC. The pruning strategy impacted bud viability, yield and fruit quality measures most differently in Brianna and La Crescent; however, with these vigorous vines the SC could provide greater yield. In contrast, in Marquette and Frontenac bud viability, yield, and fruit quality were generally favored with SP. Results of this study indicate different pruning techniques, which taken in consideration with winter injury, can be used to optimize each grape cultivar yield and fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021

16. Freezing Tolerance and Chilling Fulfillment Differences in Cold Climate Grape Cultivars.

Author

Yilmaz, Turhan, Alahakoon, Dilmini, and Fennell, Anne

Subjects
GRAPE varieties, EFFECT of cold on plants, DORMANCY in plants, PLANT genetics, ACCLIMATIZATION (Plants)
Abstract

Grapevine sustainability is impacted by the timing of dormancy initiation and freezing tolerance in fall and winter and chilling fulfillment and bud break in the spring. These traits have genetic and local temperature contributing factors; therefore, this study was undertaken to develop an understanding of these characteristics in four recently developed cold climate cultivars. The cold hardiness and chilling fulfillment profiles were monitored in Brianna, Frontenac gris, La Crescent and Marquette using differential thermal analyses and bud break assays. Bud cold hardiness of all cultivars increased with the declining temperatures from November through February, after which the buds began to lose freezing tolerance. There were significant differences in cold hardiness and chilling fulfillment between cultivars during the endodormant and ecodormant period of winter. Marquette had the greatest freezing tolerance from early November through midwinter suggesting it has potential as a sentinel cultivar for comparisons of new cold climate selections. Brianna was slower to acclimate and deacclimated more rapidly than the other cultivars. Chilling fulfillment under natural field or constant 4 °C conditions showed no main effect differences for chilling accumulation condition; however, there were significant cultivar, condition, and time point interactions, indicating the cultivars differed in chilling fulfillment responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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17. Ispanakta değişen hümik asit dozlarının kurşun alımına ve bitki gelişimine etkisi

Author

Yilmaz, Turhan, Paksoy, Mustafa, Enstitüler, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bahçe Bitkileri Ana Bilim Dalı, and Bahçe Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı

Subjects
Ziraat, Bitki besleme, Humic acid, Kurşun (Pb), Lead (Pb), Agriculture, Ispanak, Spinach, Humik asit, Bitki büyümesi, Plant nutrition, Plant growth
Abstract

Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümüne ait araştırma seraları ve laboratuarında 2012 - 2013 yılları arasında yürütülen çalışmada ıspanakta değişen humik asit dozlarının kurşun alımına ve bitki gelişimine etkisi incelenmiştir. Bitki materyali olarak Matador ıspanak çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Tohum ekiminden önce toprağa 0 ve 1000 ppm humik asit ve 0, 2.5, 250, 500 ve 1000 ppm kurşun (Pb) dozları uygulanmıştır. Tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre 4 yinelemeli olarak kurulan denemede bitki boyu (cm), yaprak yaş ağırlığı (g), kök yaş ağırlığı (g), yaprak sayısı (adet), sap uzunluğu (cm), suda çözünebilir kuru madde (%), yaprak alanı (cm2) ve bitkinin kök ve yapraklarındaki P, K, Ca, S,Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn ve Pb içerikleri saptanmıştır. Humik asit (Ha) uygulamasının bitki boyu, kök yaş ağırlığı, yaprak sayısı ve yaprak alanına etkisi görülmemiştir. Yaprakta en yüksek K, Ca, S, Cu, Mn elementleri sırasıyla % 4.76, % 1.87, % 0.21 ve 13.01 ppm, 70.02 ppm miktarlarında kontrol grubu Ha x kontrol grubu Pb uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. Diğer yandan 1000 ppm Ha x 2.5 ppm Pb uygulamasında köklerdeki en yüksek K, Ca, S, Cu, Mn elementleri sırasıyla % 3.01, % 0.53, % 0.28 ve 20.84 ppm, 117.20 ppm miktarlarında elde edilmiştir. Yaprakta en yüksek Pb miktarı 26.67 ppm olarak 1000 ppm Ha x 1000 ppm Pb uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. Köklerde ise en yüksek Pb miktarı 265.10 ppm olarak 1000 ppm Pb x kontrol grubu humik asit uygulamasındaki bitki köklerinden elde edilmiştir. 1000 ppm kurşun dozu uygulanmış bitkilerle birlikte; humik asit dozu uygulanmış bitkiler, kontrol grubuna oranla daha az kurşun bulundurduğu çalışmamız sonucunda bulunmuştur. Böylece humik asit uygulamasının yüksek miktarda uygulanan Pb bitki dokularında Pb alımını azalttığı söylenebilmektedir., In this study, different humic acid doses effect on lead uptake and plant growth in spinach were investigated in 2012-2013 at greenhouses of Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture University of Selçuk. Matador spinach cultivar was used as plant material. For this purpose, 0 and 1000 ppm humic acid and 0, 2.5, 500 and 1000 ppm lead (Pb) were applied to soil before seed sowing. Research was planned as randomize block design with 4 replications. Plant height (cm), plant fresh weight (g), root fresh weight (g), leaf number (quantity), stem length (cm), soluble dry matter (%), leaf area (cm2) and P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb contents of root and leaf of plant were determined. In this study, no effect was observed by the application of humic acid on the, the plant height, root fresh weight, number of leaves and leaf area. In leaves, the highest amounts of K, Ca, S, Cu, Mn, were observed from control Ha group x Control Pb Group % 4.76, % 1.87, % 0.21 and 13.01 ppm, 70.02 ppm, respectively. On the other hand, the highest amount of root K, Ca, S, Cu, Mn, were obtained, % 3.01, % 0.53, % 0.28 and 20.84 ppm, 117.20 ppm, respectively, from 1000 ppm Ha x 2.5 ppm Pb. The highest amount of Pb was 265.10 ppm in roots and it was obtained from 1000 ppm Pb x control group Ha application. Result of this study has shown that the plants that were received 1000 ppm Pb and treated with humic acid contained lower amounts of Pb as they were controlled with the control groups. Thus, itcan be said that humic acid application decreases the Pb uptake of plant tissues., Bu tez çalışması BAP tarafından 132010058 nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir.

Published
2014

18. Pankreas karsinoma (BxPC-3) hücre hattında doxorubicin'in antikanser etkisinin araştırılması

Author

Yilmaz, Turhan, Kaçar, Yasemin, and Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı

Subjects
Moleküler Tıp, Oncology, Molecular Medicine, Biology, Biyoloji, Onkoloji
Abstract

Bu çalışmada BxPC-3 pankreas karsinoma hücreleri kullanılarak topoizomeraz II inhibitörü olan Doxorubicin'in apoptotik etkisi araştırılmıştır. xCELLigence DP eş zamanlı hücre analizi cihazında yapılan hücre titrasyon deneyleri sonucunda sitotoksisite deneyleri için uygun hücre sayısının 12500, Doxorubicin uygulama saatinin ise 26-28. saatler arası olduğu belirlenmiştir. Doxorubicin (500µM, 50µM, 25µM, 5 µM, 0.5µM) uygulaması sonucu IC50 değeri 8,64x10-7M olarak bulunmuştur. xCELLigence DP sisteminde gerçekleştirilen migrasyon deneyleri sonucunda BxPC-3 hücrelerinin besine duyarlı migrasyon göstermediği belirlenmiştir. Doxorubicin dozuna bağlı Kaspaz-3, Kaspaz-8, Kaspaz-9 gen ifadesi düzeylerinin niceliksel ölçümü 1 µM Doxorubicin uygulanarak 3., 6., 12., 24., ve 48. saatlerde qRT-PCR yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kontrol grubuna göre Kaspaz-3 için 6. saatte 4 kat, 12. saatte ise etkinin azalarak yaklaşık 2 kat olduğu, Kaspaz-8 için 6. saatte yaklaşık 9 kat, 12. saatte yaklaşık 5 kat fazla ifade edildiği görülürken, Kaspaz-9 ifadesinde ise anlamlı değişiklik gözlemlenmemiştir. Doxorubicin'in apoptotik etkisinin belirlenmesi için akım sitometride 24 saat Doxorubicin'e maruz bırakılan hücreler ile gerçekleştirilen, FITC AnnexinV testinde hücrelerin %18.5'nin geç apoptotik, %9.3'ünün ise erken apototik evrede olduğu belirlenmiştir. PE Aktif Kaspaz-3 testinde kontrol grubu ile ilaç uygulaması yapılan hücreler arasında anlamlı farklılıklar gözlenmemiştir. DNA hücre döngüsü analizi ile Doxorubicin'in anti-mitotik etkisi (Go/G1, S ve G2/M fazlarındaki) yüzde oranlarına göre tutuklanma durumları karşılaştırılmıştır. İlaç uygulaması yapılan hücrelerin %77.69'unun G1 fazında olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bunun sonucunda topoizomeraz II inhibitörü olan Doxorubicin'în, BxPC-3 hücrelerinde apoptotik etkisi gözlenmiştir. In this study, apoptotic activity of topoisomerase II inhibitor Doxorubicin is used on pancreatic carcinoma cell line BxPC-3. Optimum cell unit per well is determined to be 12500 by xCELLigence DP system. Also Doxorubicin treatment period is determined to be 26-28 hours. The application of dose dependent Doxorubicin (500µM, 50µM, 25µM, 5µM, 0.5µM) results with IC50 value of 8,64x107M. According to migration assay using xCELLigence DP system, BxPC-3 cells have not shown FBS dependent migration. The level of Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9 gene were measured with Quantitative Real Time PCR at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 hours. Caspase-3 gene expression level fold increase four times at 6th hours, 2 times at 12th hours comparing to control. Caspase-8 gene expression level fold increase nine times at 6th hours, five times at 12th hours comparing to control. Caspase-9 gene expression level was not observed significant difference. To designate the apoptotic activity of Doxorubicin AnnexinV FITC and Active Caspase-3 PE test are applied by using flow cytometry. The result of AnnexinV FITC test the cells were measured as 18.5% and 9.3% for late apoptosis and early apoptosis respectively. In the results of Active Caspase-3 PE assay was not demonstrated significant difference between control and drug treatment cells. The test of DNA cell cycle analysis used to compare the anti-mitotic effect percentages of cell cycle arrest at G0/G1, S, and G2/M cycles.To the result of DNA cell cycle analysis, it has been shown that the cells were arrested at G0/G1 phase as measured 77.69%. As a result, Doxorubicin, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, showed to arrest the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase in pancreatic carcinoma cell line BxPC-3. 85

Published
2014

19. Cold Climate Grape Cultivar`s Physiological and Gene Expression Responses to Low and Freezing Temperatures

Author

Yilmaz, Turhan

Subjects
chilling fulfillment, Differential Gene Expression Analysis, Differential thermal analysis, Fruit quality, interspecific grape cultivars, Spur pruning, Agricultural Science, Horticulture, Plant Sciences
Abstract

Grapevine (Vitis Vinifera), widely cultivated in the world and USA, is a significant and valuable fruit crop. After cold climate grapevine cultivars were released by breeding programs in the 1990s, the production of grapes expanded in the Northern cold climate region of the US. The objectives of this study were to test 1) freezing tolerance and chilling fulfillment, 2) the effect of pruning methods on yield and winter survival, and 3) transcriptomic changes in natural and controlled chilling conditions during chilling requirement fulfillment in cold climate grapevine cultivars. Pruning methods, spur (SP), short cane (SC), and spur plus short cane (SPSC), were tested on Brianna, Frontenac, La Crescent, and Marquette in three growing seasons. Bud viability, total cluster number, cluster weight, yield, and fruit quality (soluble solids, pH, and total acid) were evaluated on pruning treatments. Yield in all cultivars was lower in 2019 and 2020 than in 2018 due to severe winter cold. Results of this study indicate different pruning techniques in consideration with winter injury have a role to optimize each grape cultivar’s yield and fruit quality. Freezing tolerance was assessed by low temperature exotherms on dormant grapevine buds for three winter seasons. The correlation between freezing tolerance and the seven-day minimum temperatures preceding the freezing test was found significantly correlated. The freezing tolerance of Brianna, Frontenac gris, La Crescent, and Marquette was analyzed monthly from November to April. Marquette was the most freezing tolerant cultivar to extreme cold temperatures across three years. Chilling fulfillment was evaluated in natural and controlled chilling conditions for Brianna, Frontenac gris, La Crescent, and Marquette. Chilling fulfillment was monitored at 200-500, 501-700, 701- 900, and > 901 chilling hour periods in controlled and natural conditions. There were no differences in bud break status between natural and controlled (4 0C) conditions at the same chilling hours. Brianna which has been reported to be a slow acclimating cultivar exhibited faster deacclimation. Bud transcriptome changes were assessed during the transition from dormancy to ecodormancy in Marquette and Brianna during controlled (constant 4 0C in the dark) and natural field chilling. There were a greater number of differentially expressed genes at 1000 chilling hours in both controlled and natural chilling conditions. Auxin signaling and cell wall pathways were enriched in controlled chilling conditions while ethylene and jasmonate signaling pathways were enriched in natural field chilling conditions. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and plant-pathogen interaction pathways were enriched in both controlled and natural chilling conditions. There were more enriched pathways in natural field chilling than controlled chilling, which may have been influenced by natural light and fluctuating temperatures in the field.

Published
2021

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