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The aim of this study was to characterise the impact of mixed probiotic strains and fortification with chestnut beverage (CB) on metabolomic formation in a plant‐based dairy matrix. Bacterial growth, nutritional composition and metabolomics were investigated during the period of 21‐day storage. The amino acid score (AAS), essential amino acid index (EAAI), nutritional index (NI) and biological value (BV) of the samples were determined to characterise their nutritional quality. The fortification with CB increased the nutritional quality of samples due to high EAAI, AAS, NI and BV. Using HPLC‐DAD, GC–MS and HS‐GC/MS‐based instrumental techniques, 48 metabolomics were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotic milk-based matrices contain bioactive compounds required for the biochemical and physiological processes of metabolism as a result of fermentation. The present work aimed to evaluate the viability of probiotic bacteria in a lactic beverage fortified with probiotic milk/apple juice to understand the utilization of apple juice as a prebiotic source and investigate the organic acid profile. By monitoring the fermentation development and bacterial growth the results obtained indicated that the probiotic bacteria were viable over the predicted shelf life; the cell counts ranged from 7.48 to 12.00 log10 cfu mL-1, conferring that the beneficial health effects on the host as probiotic bacteria must be at a minimum concentration of 6.0 log10 cfu mL-1 at the moment of consumption. Lactobacillus casei exhibited higher survival than the other lactic strains, presumably due to its higher ability to tolerate low acidity. During the fermentation and storage of milk based lactic beverages containing apple juice the formation of organic acids were determined as an indirect characteristic for growth of lactic acid bacteria. Lactic, acetic, malic, tartaric and citric acids were the primary organic acids. The quantities of propionic and butyric acids as short chain fatty acids were noted to increase during fermentation, being strain-specific. In conclusion, when probiotic milk is fortified with apple juice nutraceutical components, it can be a potential source of substrate and a synbiotic matrix for the growth of probiotic bacteria without any nutritional supplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, sweetened black and green tea were utilized as substrate for kombucha fermentation. Linden, lemon balm, sage, echinacea, mint, and cinnamon infusions were added to kombucha to design a novel beverage with improved functional and organoleptic characteristics. After fermentation, the antioxidant capacity (AC) of the kombucha increased by 13.96% 2,2-diphenyl-1- picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), 48.90% ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 55.54% cupric reducing AC (CUPRAC). On days 0 and 9 of storage, the bioaccessibility of the total phenolics and AC (FRAP and CUPRAC) in all of the samples showed a significant increase after gastric and intestinal digestion when compared to pregastric digestion (P < 0.05). The AC (DPPH) after in vitro digestion at the beginning and end of storage in all of the beverages also increased after gastric digestion when compared to pregastric digestion (P < 0.05); however, it decreased after intestinal digestion (P < 0.05). By conducting in vitro and in vivo studies, the effects of kombucha on health and nutrition need to be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prebiotics are included in many food formulations, especially in dairy products, in order to promote the growth of probiotics along with improvement of the nutritional quality. In this study, the ability of Bifidobacterium bifidum to ferment mushroom extracts as a potential prebiotic substrate was investigated. It was found that B. bifidum employed in the current work was able to ferment selected mushroom extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyse the antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of buffalo milk kefir fermented with grains or a commercial starter culture, as well as characterisation of the amino acid profile. During fermentation, the ferrous‐reducing activity of samples increased, while the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azino‐bis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity decreased. The highest value of the ABTS and DPPH scavenging activity was recorded for buffalo milk kefir with grain, which also showed a lower ferric‐reducing antioxidant power during storage. Statistical analyses showed a significant effect of starter culture type and fermentation/storage time on the antioxidant capacity of buffalo kefir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gums are complex polysaccharides such as agar, alginates, carrageenan, carboxymethyl cellulose, gelatin, guar, locust bean, methyl cellulose, pectin, starches and xanthan. They are obtained from endosperm of plant seeds, plant exudates, sea weeds, microorganisms and animal connective tissues and widely used as stabilizers, thickeners, gelling agents and fat replacers in the food industry. Some of them could also enhance the growth and viability of probiotic bacteria. Thus the aim of this paper was to compare the growth of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum on Tryptone Peptone Yeast Extract media containing glucose, inulin, carrageenan, locust bean or xanthan gums as sole carbon sources and promote gums as promising prebiotic substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of sweet chestnut ( Castanea sativa Mill) flour in stimulating the growth of probiotic bacteria in fermented skim milk produced with different probiotic strains, namely Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis was evaluated. Microbial counts, pH, total titratable acidity (LA %) and syneresis were measured in fermented skim milk samples. Additionally, the antioxidant capacities of the samples were measured by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), and Ferric Reducing-antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. The viability and growth proportion index (GPI) of L. rhamnosus were significantly higher than those of L. acidophilus and B. lactis in all samples during storage. Results indicated that all probiotic fermented milks enriched with chestnut flour displayed significant probiotic viability (>7 log10 cfu/g) with high antioxidant capacities. L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus and B. lactis survived throughout the shelf life of the chestnut-fermented skim milk, and remain at this satisfactory viability level even after 21 days of storage. The antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents were dependent on probiotic strains used. Practical applications Nowadays the focus is rather on the effects of foods on maintenance of health, well-being and prevention of certain diseases than simply satisfaction of appetite or nutrition. The consumers' health consciousness due to the scientific knowledge of the interactions between diet and health is a driving factor to develop products with health-related claims such as probiotic foods. This paper investigated the effects of chestnut flour supplementation not only on viability of probiotic bacteria but also the antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents in fermented milk throughout predicted shelf life. The results indicated that chestnut flour could be used as prebiotic for further researches to develop dairy products to deliver probiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current study was to determine the utilization of salep from some Orchidaceae species by selected Bifidobacterium spp. Bifidobacteria were grown in Tryptone Peptone Yeast Extract (TPY) supplemented with 1% (w/v) glucose or 0.5 %, 1 % and 2 % w/v salep. The growth of the Bifidobacterium species was investigated by measuring the pH and optical density (OD) at 600 nm during a 48 h-fermentation, and calculating the prebiotic activity score (PAS). The results showed that the Bifidobacterium species could develop acidity through activation in the TPY broth containing salep. The B. infantis present in the TPY broth containing salep powder at 0.5-1 % was found to have the highest cell density value. In general, the PAS values obtained from the study showed similarities with those of commercial prebiotics, especially with fructooligosaccharides and inulin. The result of this study also indicates that salep can enhance the growth of some Bifidobacterium species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of probiotic cultures on the chemical properties of cream. Cream was produced with no addition of cultures (non-probiotic), or supplemented with Bifidobacterium lactis (BL), Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA), or Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR). All chemical characterization were affected by the probiotic bacteria strain in the cream. Although the viability of the probiotic bacteria declined throughout the 22 day-storage, the shelf life study showed that cultures retained counts higher than 6 log cfu g−1, which constitutes a good vehicle for delivering probiotic bacteria. This work has shown that the chemical properties of cream are influenced by the starter culture type. More research is needed to evaluate the unique microbological and physico-chemical properties of cream supplemented with probiotic bacteria. Practical Aplications Cream may have the potential for use as a probiotic carrier because it provides an excellent environment for probiotic bacteria, with the added advantage of having nutritional value. There has been very limited amount of work on probiotic cream, more research is needed to improve the fermentation process, sensory acceptance, chemical properties, and other functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of fatty acids in cream containing one of the three probiotic microorganisms (Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) was evaluated at 4±1 °C for up to 15 days. Gas chromatographic analysis of the fatty acid content showed that during storage the amount of linoleic and α-linolenic acids increased in the probiotic cream fermented with B. lactis compared to the control cream. Probiotic bacteria were all associated with increases in medium chain and polyunsaturated fatty acid content in fermented cream. The highest amounts of saturated fatty acids were found in cream fermented with L. acidophilus, while the highest amounts of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in cream fermented with B. lactis. The results of this study demonstrate that probiotic bacteria could improve the fatty acid profile of fermented creams and provide high value-added dairy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the survival of two probiotic micro-organisms (Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium bifidum BB-12) in a rice pudding, the impact of these bacteria on hygienic quality, and to verify the perspectives of the product with regard to consumer sensorial acceptance. The products were monitored for the microbial population, pH, titratable acidity and consistency, during storage at 4±1 °C for up to 21 days. Sensory preference was also tested. Even though the viability of the probiotic bacteria was reduced over 21 days of storage, the viable cell concentrations were still sufficient to obtain the desired therapeutic impact. The counts of yeasts-moulds and Staphylococcus spp. decreased in samples with added probiotic bacteria. The sensorial properties of probiotic rice pudding demonstrated similar acceptability to the control up to 14 days and declined thereafter. Rice pudding was considered suitable food for the delivery of probiotic micro-organisms, with sufficient viability and acceptable sensory characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study single cell oil (SCO) production by Fusarium species using deproteinized whey as carbon source was investigated. The total lipid accumulated in the biomass of the fungi examined ranged from 0.1467 to 0.8661 mg lipid per mg wet weight. Gas chromatography analysis of the synthesized microbial lipids from the Fusarium species revealed that the major constituents were palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2). Therefore, the whey medium was found to be effective for promotion of the accumulation of substantial amounts of lipids by Fusarium species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional foods are the reflection of cultural inheritance and affect the lifestyle habits. Culture can be viewed as a system of socially transmitted patterns of behaviour that characterises a particular group. Despite the fact of globalisation, these are key elements to accurately estimate a population's dietary patterns and how these have been shaped through time. In Turkey, a meal with family or friends traditionally ends with a dessert, which is a testimony to the hosts' hospitality or to the housewife's love and affection for her husband and children, since sweets and desserts are important elements of Turkish cuisine. However, the consciousnesses of nutrition and healthy eating, due to rapid change in popular life style and dietary patterns, has contributed to the increased interest in traditional foods with potential health benefits, with increased uncertainty for dessert consumption. Dairy desserts are extensively consumed due to their nutritive and sensoric characteristics. Some of traditional dairy desserts are Mustafakemalpasa, Gullac, Kazandibi, Hosmerim and Tavukgogsu, which are mainly made from milk or fresh cheese, and the current paper discusses their manufacturing processes and composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, whey has been recognised as a major source of nutritional and functional ingredients for the food industry. Commercial whey products include various powders, whey protein concentrates and isolates, and fractionated proteins, such as α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin. The increased interest in separation and fractionation of whey proteins arises from the differences in their functional, biological and nutritional properties. In response to concerns about environmental aspects, research has been focused on membrane filtration technology, which provides exciting new opportunities for large-scale protein and lactose fractionation. Membrane separation is such technique in which particles are separated according to their molecular size. The types of membrane processing techniques are ultrafiltration, microfiltration, reverse osmosis, pervaporation, electrodialysis and nanofiltration. A higher purification of whey proteins is possible by combining membrane separation with ion-exchange. This paper provides an overview of types and applications of membrane separation techniques in whey processing and production of whey-based functional compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cheese, being a nutrient-dense dairy product, is a good source of essential components like protein, minerals in particular phosphorus and calcium of highly consumed foods. It is susceptible to physical, chemical and biochemical spoilage, hence the increased consumer demand for high quality cheese has initiated the development of several innovative methods to increase storability and shelf- life and to enhance microbial safety. Packaging has been a significant process within preservation techniques to provide the efficient (functional and mechanical) protection of the commodities. Since synthetic packaging materials has been mentioned to contribute to the environmental pollution, packages and edible coatings have been proposed to replace or complement conventional packaging in order to protect food products from deterioration and decrease the quality loss. These films should have appropriate sensory characteristics, suitable barrier properties (oil, humidity, O2, CO2), biochemical, physicochemical and microbial stability, aside being safe, and produced by simple technology with low cost. They also can affect as carrier for color, flavor, nutritional, antioxidant or antimicrobial additives. This review discusses mainly using biodegradable films, in particular beeswax, for extension of shelf-life of cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]