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The reserves of heavy oil far exceed those of conventional oil， but heavy oil is difficult to exploit due to its high viscosity and density. Thus， the efficient and economical development of heavy oil has become a research focus in the petroleum field. Hybrid thermal recovery are critical for efficiently developing heavy oil reservoirs， and phase behavior of multi-component thermal fluids are the key to designing and evaluating the development processes of heavy oil reservoirs. Therefore， this paper systematically reviewed the current experimental and theoretical research on phase behavior in multi-component thermal fluids of mixed gas systems and heavy oil-gas systems in hybrid thermal recovery. For phase behavior of mixed gas systems， static methods were employed for experimental tests， and state equations and mixing rules were for theoretical prediction. Meanwhile， the phase test of the binary system composed of common gas molecules such as CO2， N2， H2O， and CH4 tends to be mature， while there is a lack of test data and prediction models related to multivariate systems. For heavy oil-gas systems， general experimental processes and recent experimental results were summarized to propose a new experimental device concept for accelerating oil-gas phase equilibrium. Additionally， the disadvantages of current theoretical prediction in gas types， gas injection rates， gas diffusion models， and binary interaction coefficients were pointed out. Furthermore， a prospect was presented for studying the phase behavior of multi-component thermal fluids to promote further mechanism research and parameter optimization of hybrid thermal recovery.

The New Baseline Surface Radiation (NBSR) system was established at the Shangdianzi (SDZ) regional Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station in 2013 to observe nine broadband radiation components, i.e. the global, direct, diffuse, and upwelling shortwave irradiance (GSWI, DSWI, DifSWI, and UpSWI); the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); the ultraviolet irradiance (UVAI and UVBI); and the down- and upwelling longwave irradiance (DnLWI and UpLWI). To test the 1 min raw radiometric data, a Hybrid Algorithm for Radiation Data Quality Control (HARDQC) is presented in this study based on well-established methods, together with the solar irradiance dataset and the spectral features of the instrument bands. Subsequently, a NBSR dataset, which consists of radiation data at multiple timescales (i.e. 1 min, hourly, daily, monthly, monthly average hourly, and monthly average daily) over 2013–2022, is established and evaluated. Results show that more than 98.7 % of all radiation components passed the physical possibility test. The percentages of those that passed the extremely rare test are greater than 98.6 % for all radiation components except for the DnLWI (97.1 %). The percentages of those that passed the comparison test are greater than 83.3 % (GSWI), 78.3 % (DSWI), 81.7 % (DifSWI), 93.1 % (UpSWI), 88.9 % (PAR), 95.6 % (UVAI), 96.3 % (UVBI), 99.8 % (DnLWI), and 99.7 % (UpLWI), respectively. Due to data logger faults, removal of the instruments for calibration, and lightning strikes, some apparent data gaps in the upwelling radiation components (January 2015–August 2017) and all radiation components (December 2018; July to September 2021) were detected. Despite the existence of a few imperfections in the NBSR dataset, it is still reliable to apply it in many fields such as the validation of satellite products and numerical models, the investigation of relationships between radiation and atmospheric composition, and the detection of changes in the surface fluxes. The dataset described in this paper is available at 10.1594/PANGAEA.963330 (Quan et al., 2023b). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies found approximately linear short-term associations between particulate matter (PM) and mortality in Western communities. However, in China, where the urban PM levels are typically considerably higher than in Western communities, some studies suggest nonlinearity in this association. Health impact assessments (HIA) of PM in China have generally not incorporated nonlinearity in the concentration-response (C-R) association, which could result in large discrepancies in estimates of excess deaths if the true association is nonlinear. Objectives: We investigated nonlinearity in the C-R associations between with PM with aerodynamic diameter [less than or equal to]2.5 [micro]m ([PM.sub.2.5]) and mortality in Beijing, China, and the sensitivity of HIA to linearity assumptions. Methods: We modeled the C-R association between [PM.sub.2.5] and cause-specific mortality in Beijing, China (2009- 2012), using generalized linear models (GLM). [PM.sub.2.5] was included through either linear, piecewise-linear, or spline functions to investigate evidence of nonlinearity. To determine the sensitivity of HIA to linearity assumptions, we estimated [PM.sub.2.5]-attributable deaths using both linear- and nonlinear-based C-R associations between [PM.sub.2.5] and mortality. Results: We found some evidence that, for nonaccidental and circulatory mortality, the shape of the C-R association was relatively flat at lower concentrations of [PM.sub.2.5], but then had a positive slope at higher concentrations, indicating nonlinearity. Conversely, the shape for respiratory mortality was positive and linear at lower concentrations of [PM.sub.2.5], but then leveled off at the higher concentrations. Estimates of excess deaths attributable to short-term [PM.sub.2.5] exposure were, in some cases, very sensitive to the linearity assumption in the association, but in other cases robust to this assumption. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate some evidence of nonlinearity in [PM.sub.2.5]-mortality associations and that an assumption of linearity in this association can influence HIAs, highlighting the importance of understanding potential nonlinearity in the [PM.sub.2.5]-mortality association at the high concentrations of [PM.sub.2.5] in developing megacities like Beijing. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4464, Introduction Chinese cities face some of the worst urban air pollution in the world, in part because of China's rapid economic expansion and industrial development (Chan and Yao 2008). This [...]

Abstract Background An inverse relationship between better socioeconomic status (total household income, education or occupation) and stroke has been established in developed communities, but family size has generally not been considered in the use of socioeconomic status indices. We explored the utility of Family Average Income (FAI) as a single index of socioeconomic status to examine the association with stroke prevalence in a region of China, and we also compared its performance as a single index of socioeconomic status with that of education and occupation. Methods A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Nanjing municipality of China during the period between October 2000 and March 2001. A total of 45 administrative villages were randomly selected using a multi-stage sampling approach and all regular local residents aged 35 years or above were included. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used in analysis. Results The overall prevalence of diagnosed stroke was 1.54% in all 29,340 eligible participants. An elevated prevalence of stroke was associated with increasing levels of FAI. After adjustment for basic demographic variables (age, urban/rural area and gender) and a group of defined conventional risk factors, this gradient still remained significant, with participants in the highest (OR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.40, 2.70) and middle (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.01, 2.02) categories of FAI having higher risks compared with the lowest category. A significantly elevated OR of stroke prevalence was found in white collar workers compared to blue collar workers, while no significant relationship was observed with education. Conclusion Our study consistently revealed that the prevalence of stroke was associated with increasing levels of all SES indices, including FAI, education, and occupation. However, a significant gradient was only observed with FAI after controlling for important confounding factors. The findings suggested that, compared with occupation and education, FAI could be used as a more sensitive index of socio-economic status for public health studies in China.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) causes myocardial ischemia, narrowing or occlusion of the lumen. Although great progress has been made in the treatment of CAD, the existing treatment methods do not meet the clinical needs, so it is urgent to find new treatment methods. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of miR-148a-3p in alleviating CAD by inhibiting vascular endothelial cell injury and to provide new ideas for the treatment of CAD. A cell model was constructed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction of vascular endothelial cells, and a CAD rat model was established by a high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of posterior pituitary hormone. Relevant indices were detected by RT-qPCR, ELISA, Western blot, MTT, and flow cytometry. The results indicate that in LPS-induced vascular endothelial cell assays, miR-148a-3p inhibited the upregulation of PCSK9, thereby suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway and promoting vascular endothelial cell proliferation. Overexpression of PCSK9 and the addition of NF-κB signaling pathway activator increased vascular endothelial cell apoptosis. In animal experiments, miR-148a-3p alleviated the symptoms of CAD rats, whereas overexpression of PCSK9 promoted apoptosis and increased atheromatous plaque area in CAD rats. In conclusion, miR-148a-3p inhibits the NF-κB signaling pathway through downregulation of PCSK9, thereby protecting vascular endothelial cells and alleviating CAD., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)