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Background: This study aimed to report the clinical manifestations of presumed ocular tuberculosis (OTB) and the treatment response after anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT) in a Chinese population., Methods: Clinical data, including general characteristics, ocular lesions, visual acuity at baseline, and final follow-up of patients with presumed OTB from 2006 to 2022 in two eye clinics in China, were retrospectively analyzed., Results: The study included 84 eyes of 52 patients. The following ocular manifestations were observed: anterior uveitis (4.8%), posterior uveitis (34.5%), panuveitis (11.9%), retinal vasculitis (40.5%) and optic neuropathy (8.3%). After ATT, the vision improved by varying degrees in 48 eyes (57.1%), remained stable in 34 eyes (40.5%) and decreased in 2 eyes (2.4%)., Conclusions: OTB is likely to be misdiagnosed as other infectious uveitis and optic neuropathy. Clinical features must be interpreted in conjunction with topical and general laboratory findings and in collaboration with other subspecialties to make a final diagnosis., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of independently developed digital eye tracker in determining the efficacy of congenital idiopathic nystagmus (CIN) surgery., Methods: Aprospective selfpairing study. The surgical efficacy was evaluated by independently developed eye tracker in 16 CIN patients. The null zone and the frequency, amplitude, intensity of nystagmus in various gazing position were recorded with eye tracker pre and post operatively. The consistency of null zone determined by digital eye tracker and clinical investigation were evaluated. The preoperative and postoperative rectification of horizontal and vertical nystagmus in the horizontal direction of individual patient were compared by paired samples t-test. The improvement or aggravation quantity were recorded by comparing preoperative and postoperative intensity of nystagmus every 5° within 25°., Result: The null zone got from digital eye tracker and clinical investigation were highly consistent (r = 0.952, P < 0.01). The horizontal and vertical intensity improved in 9 patients (t = 2.335-6.609, P < 0.05) and 5 patients (t = 2.176-5.471, P < 0.05) respectively after surgery. There were 67.63% (117/173) horizontal intensity and 69.94% (121/173) vertical intensity improvement., Conclusion: The independently developed digital eye tracker can quantitatively evaluate the pre and post-operative nystagmus and analyze the surgical efficacy for CIN patients.

Objective: To investigate the contributions of human rods and cones pathway to different components of oscillatory potentials (OP) in time and frequency domain., Methods: Case-control study. Twenty subjects were divided into two groups, normal groups (NG) and cones pathway abnormal groups (CAG). All eyes were investigated by dark-adapted (DA) and light-adapted (LA) 3.0 ERG recommended by ISCEV. Data were output into the computer and processed and analyzed by the software Matlab7.0. First, to extract the OP by filter, then to get the frequency-amplitude relationship by FFT, after that the relationship was fitted by equations and lastly we statistic and analyze the parameters gotten from the equations., Results: Compared with normal group [(48.63 ± 4.29), (158.00 ± 32.75), (69.27 ± 30.31), (38.5 ± 15.28) µV], the amplitudes of the first two components of dark-adapted OP in the CAG [(4.12 ± 3.20), (71.25 ± 25.43), (48.96 ± 20.05), (36.84 ± 14.26) µV] were significant decreased (t = 16.68, 5.77, P < 0.01). Frequency domain of LA and DA OP in the two groups was comprised with two components (harmonic and subharmonic). Compared with normal group, harmonic components of CAG were dramatic decreased (t = 2.72, P < 0.05; Z = -2.24, P < 0.05). The value of subharmonic component in CAG was lowest in DA OP compared with NG (t = 4.20, P < 0.005)., Conclusions: Cones and rods pathway all contributed to the DA and LA OP Cones pathway mainly contributes to the earlier and faster components of OP while the rods pathway to the later and slower components.

Objective: To assess the effect of preformed orbital titanium mesh in the reconstruction of orbital fracture., Method: Twenty-seven cases of blow-out orbital fracture were diagnosed in the period from January 2012 to July 2012, all with serious defect of the orbital wall and herniation of the orbital soft tissues. Preformed orbital titanium mesh was grafted to the traumatic orbital walls. Orbital axial and coronal CT and three-dimension CT scan examination were performed routinely in all cases preoperatively and postoperatively to evaluate the postoperative exophthalmos and orbital wall reconstruction., Results: All the patients were followed up for 3 months. Orbital wall reconstruction was successfully performed in all cases without serious complications. The postoperative enophthalmos was less than 3 mm in 23 of the 27 cases., Conclusion: Preformed orbital titanium mesh allows accurate reconstruction of orbital wall fracture.

Purpose: To investigate the mechanism of the termination of ocular dominance column plasticity by electrophysiologic analysis and 2-dimensional electrophoresis-mass spectrography (2-DE/MS)., Methods: The changes in ocular dominance columns following monocular deprivation were electrophysiologically detected in 22-day-old, 100-day-old and chondroitinase-perfused 100-day-old rats. Total protein of grey matter of the primary visual cortex was extracted and studied by 2-DE/MS from the three groups of rats., Results: Monocular deprivation may lead to shifts in ocular dominance columns in 22-day-old and chondroitinase-perfused 100-day-old rats, but not in 100-day-old rats. Four protein spots present in grey matter of the primary visual cortex in 100-day-old, but not in that of 22-day-old and chondroitinase-perfused rats, and mass spectrography identified two of these proteins., Conclusions: The electrophysiologic results show that ocular dominance column plasticity presents in 22-day-old rats, ends up in 100-day-old rats and restored in chondroitinase-perfused 100-day-old rats. 2-DE/MS results show that phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein delta may be associated with the termination of ocular dominance column plasticity in the rat, but need more evidence to confirm it.

Purpose: To study the property of LTP in layers II -IV of the rats visual cortex at different postnatal days induced by pairing low-frequency stimulation at layer IV with post synaptic depolarization in order to explore the synaptic and cellular mechanism of experience-dependent plasticity in the visual cortex., Methods: Postsynaptic currents (PSCs) of layers II -IV in visual cortex slices of Wistar rats aged P0-29 d were recorded by patch-clamp whole cell recording method. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was induced by low-frequency stimulation (LFS) at 1Hz for 60-90 s. Each pulse of the LFS paired with depolarization of post-synaptic neurons to -20 mV.100 microM APV, a kind of competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, was both applied to some slices to test the property of LTP., Results: 1. The LTP incidence was very low before PlOd (5/34), and increased rapidly to the top at P15-24 d (17/28), then decreased sharply to 1/5 at P25-29 d, coinciding well with the critical period of plasticity of rat visual cortex. The LTP incidence of P15-29 d (after eye opening, 18/33) was significantly higher than that of P0-14 d (before eye opening, 12/43, P < 0.05). 2. Compared with non-APV applied group (30/76), LTP incidence of APV applied group (4/33) was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). There were 4 LV-IV horizontal synapses. APV application could not block the LTP induction., Conclusions: 1. LTP was a reflection of naturally occurring, experience-dependent plasticity in rat visual cortex. The patterned visual stimuli received after eye opening might be an activation factor of the synaptic plasticity. 2. LTP of visual cortex induced by LFS in layer IV paired with postsynaptic depolarization was NMDA receptor dependent during the critical period of visual plasticity. However, there were LTP existed in IV-IV horizontal synapses which could not be blocked by 100microM APV.

Objective: To investigate the expression and distribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 (NMDA-R1) in neuronal ultrastructure in visual cortex of strabismic amblyopic cat during development., Methods: Eleven kittens were used for this study. Esotropia in six kittens had been made monocularly by tenotomy at two weeks of age. Two pairs of normal and strabismic kittens were sacrificed in three weeks of age, one week after tenotomy. Another two pairs of normal and strabismic kittens were sacrificed in five weeks of age, three weeks after tenotomy. One normal and two strabismic amblyopic cats were sacrificed after 6 months of age. Animals were deeply anaesthetized and perfused transcardially with 4% paraformaldehyde. Cryostat sections of frontal central area P5-P0 were cut to 25 micro m thickness. The mouse anti-NMDA-R1 monoclonal antibody (mAb54.1, PharMingen) was used. After stained, a light microscope was used to select regions of layer II-III, layer IV and layer V-VI of visual cortex area 17 for re-embedding. HITACHI H-7000 transmission electron microscope at magnifications ranging from 30 000 - 300 000 X was used for observation., Results: Three hundred and twenty-eight neurons of strait cortex were observed. NMDA-R1 receptor was located at the nuclei, Nissl body, cytoplasm, plasma membrane and the postsynaptic element of axons and dendrites. The ultrastructural morphology, including the mitochondrion, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus, was not significantly different in the comparison between the cells in visual cortex of normal and strabismic groups. In the entire normal group, the percentage density of NMDA-R1 labeled cells was higher than that of strabismic groups (chi(2) = 4.280, 4.41, 4.89; P < 0.05). One thousand and three hundred and twenty NMDA-R1 immunopositive synapses were counted. The NMDA-R1 immunopositive synapses were dominated in layer II-III of visual cortex and increased during the development of normal kittens (F = 3.28, P < 0.05). There was no significant difference of NMDA-R1 immunopositive synapse distribution between the normal and strabismic kitten at 3 weeks (one week after operation) of age (F = 0.17, P > 0.05). The reduction of NMDA-R1 immunopositive synapse of plasma membrane in visual cortex of strabismic kitten was started at 5 weeks (threes weeks after surgery) of age. It was decreased significantly in strabismic amblyopic cat compared with that of the normal cat (F = 26.94, 47.01; P < 0.001). The ratios of nuclear membrane invagination of cells in visual cortex of normal and strabismic cat were higher than those of normal and squint kittens (chi(2) = 36.24, P < 0.01), but the ratio was not significantly different between the normal and strabismic group., Conclusion: (1) In the normal developmental process of cat, the plasticity of the neuronal synapsis in II and III layer of visual cortex is relatively great. (2) In the strabismus amblyopia occurring in the plastic critical period of visual development, no pathological changes of neuronal organelle in the visual cortex are found, but there are changes at molecular level in the neuronal synapsis.