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Since the 21st century, people have put forward higher requirements for information security technology in many fields such as society and economy. The requirement has promoted the development of biometric identification technology. Face recognition technology has become a research hotspot in biometric identification technology with its unique advantages. In recent years, with the development of deep learning, face recognition technology has made breakthroughs. Face recognition technology based on deep learning has been widely used in various fields such as finance, education, security, transportation, and new retail. In the process of face recognition technology becoming popular, some comprehensive literatures are urgently needed to summarize the methods of face recognition technology. Based on this, this paper first introduces the principle and existing problems of traditional face recognition methods, and then introduces in detail two typical face recognition methods based on deep learning—face recognition methods based on convolutional neural networks and face recognition methods based on deep belief networks. Finally, we provide an overview of common face datasets.

Colitis is characterized by an exacerbated intestinal immune response, but the genetic and other mechanisms regulating immune activation remain incompletely understood. In order to identify new pathways leading to colitis, we sought to identify genes with increased expression in the colons of patients that also are near loci identified by genome wide association studies (GWAS) associated with IBD risk. One such SNP, rs9557195 was of particular interest because it is within an intron of

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subpopulation of T lymphocytes that respond to microbial metabolites. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing and metabolic analyses of MAIT cell subsets in thymus and peripheral tissues from mice and humans to define the heterogeneity and developmental pathway of these innate-like lymphocytes. We show that the predominant mouse subset, which produces IL-17 (MAIT17), and the subset that produces IFNγ (MAIT1), have greatly different transcriptomes and metabolic states in the thymus and periphery. A splenic MAIT subset has a transcriptome similar to circulating lymphocytes, and in mice these also are found in recent thymic emigrants, suggesting partially mature cells emigrate from the thymus. Human MAIT cells are predominantly MAIT1 cells, but have a different metabolism from their mouse counterparts with increased fatty acid uptake and storage. Although mouse and human subsets are similar in thymus, in the periphery they diverge, likely reflecting environmental influences.

Nowadays, with the fast development of backbone networks, performance monitoring and troubleshooting on IP-over-optical networks have become increasingly important. However, a real-time monitoring scheme, which is programmable to reveal the end-to-end multilayer information of an arbitrary flow in an IP-over-optical network, is still absent. Also, for such a monitoring scheme, how to balance the tradeoff between the accuracy and the overhead has not been studied yet. To address these challenges, we design a P4-based flexible multilayer in-band network telemetry (ML-INT) system to visualize an IP-over-optical network in real time. Specifically, the flexible ML-INT scheme only selects a small portion of packets in an IP flow to encode INT headers, while each INT header only contains a part of the statistics of all the electrical/optical network elements (NEs) on the flow's routing path. We design the packet processing pipelines for the scheme, program P4-based hardware programmable data-plane (PDP) switches to implement the pipelines, develop the optical performance monitors that can cooperate with the PDP switches to facilitate ML-INT, and implement a high-performance data analyzer that can extract, parse, and analyze the INT data carried by the high-speed IP flows [i.e., with an arrival rate up to 2 million packets per second (Mp/s)]. The whole flexible ML-INT system is experimentally demonstrated in a small-scale but real IP-over-optical network testbed. The experimental results verify that our proposal only introduces very small overhead and can make the IP-over-optical network more visible in real time for performance monitoring and troubleshooting.

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ (PI3Kδ) plays a key role in lymphocytes and inhibitors targeting this PI3K have been approved for hematological malignancies. While studies in hematological and solid tumor models in mice have demonstrated that PI3Kδ inhibitors (PI3Kδi) can induce anti-tumor immunity, the impact of PI3Kδi on solid tumors in humans remains unclear. Here, we assessed the effects of the PI3Kδi AMG319 in patients with resectable head and neck cancer in a neoadjuvant, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised phase-II trial. We find that PI3Kδ inhibition decreases tumor-infiltrating immunosuppressive TREG cells and causes heightened cytotoxic potential of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Loss of intratumoral TREG cells and an increase in the frequency of activated TREG cells in the blood post-treatment are indicative of systemic effects on TREG tissue retention and maintenance. At the tested AMG319 doses, immune-related adverse events caused treatment discontinuation in 12/21 of AMG319-treated patients, further suggestive of systemic effects on TREG cells. Consistent with this notion, in a murine syngeneic tumor model, PI3Kδi decreased TREG cells in both tumor and non-malignant tissues and affected TREG subtype composition, maintenance and functionality. Our data demonstrate the cancer-immunotherapy potential of PI3Kδ inhibition in humans, but its modulation will need to be carefully balanced to harness its anti-tumor capacity while minimizing immune related toxicity.

Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) studies provide associations of genetic variants with the expression of particular genes. But how these eQTLs directly affect gene expression and in what cell types of the immune system they act remain largely unknown. One hypothesis is that functional eQTLs in the cis-regulatory elements may affect cell type-specific transcription factor binding, thus reducing gene expression and even contributing to the cause of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Previously, we identified T cell-specific eQTLs of a gene known as laccase domain containing 1 (LACC1), which are GWAS hits for Crohn’s disease. Four of them are located in the LACC1 promoter region in the same haploblock. Direct association of disease-risk variants with lower LACC1 expression was confirmed by comparing pre-mRNA quantity of the different alleles in LACC1 heterozygous human CD4 T cells. We further validated the functional role of the eQTLs using CRISPR Cas9-mediated base-pair editing. LACC1 function has been analyzed primarily in macrophages and shown to affect their function, but the GWAS hits do not affect expression in macrophages. Moreover, in our in vitro studies, human CD4 T cells with LACC1 knockdown showed altered metabolic programming and proliferation, which may contribute to inflammatory diseases. Overall, our study provides an excellent model for analyzing and explaining how genetic variants contribute to diseases by influencing gene expression in specific cell types and changing cell functions.

We present a network nervous system (NNS) that leverages hybrid centralized/distributed processing to achieve automatic and effective network control and management (NC&M) for realizing artificial intelligence (AI) assisted service provisioning in IP over elastic optical networks (IPoEONs).

We discuss how to design automatic and effective network control and management (NC&M) for IP over elastic optical networks (IPoEONs). We first develop a flexible multilayer inband network telemetry (ML-INT) system and then propose the artificial intelligence (AI) assisted NC&M framework to leverage the ML-INT data for application-aware service provisioning.

Genome wide association studies (GWAS) identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in inflammatory diseases. However, it is difficult to determine the gene that GWAS identified SNPs affect and in which cell type(s). RNA-seq analysis of immune cells from 89 healthy humans, led to the identification of the gene laccase domain containing 1 (LACC1), as one of the most promising targets for investigating the role of human gene polymorphisms in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). LACC1 is a critical immunometabolic mediator in macrophages that drives fatty-acid oxidation. Surprisingly, we found that polymorphisms near LACC1 that have been linked to IBD correlated with significantly lower LACC1 expression in naïve and activated CD4 and CD8 T cells. No difference in expression was observed in macrophages, where it’s highly expressed and has been shown to influence macrophage function. Thus, we hypothesized that these polymorphisms contribute to the genetic risk for IBD by reducing LACC1 expression and, subsequently, inducing T cell dysfunction. As LACC1 plays an important role in macrophage fatty acid metabolism, we tested if this held true in T cells. In our study, knockdown of LACC1 in human CD4 T cells increased mitochondrial mass and lipid droplet formation. This change in metabolism was associated with a significantly reduced production of several cytokines, including IL-2 and IFNg, following anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation. Further, levels of expression of the T cell activation marker CD25 were also attenuated. In summary, our studies provide insights into new mechanisms controlling T cell metabolism and suggest that LACC1 may provide a target for regulating T cell function to prevent inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

Fermentability and contamination level of wine can be assessed through the detection of viable fermentation-related and spoilage-related microorganisms. Ethidium monoazide in combination with quantitative PCR (EMA-qPCR) has been considered as a promising method to enumerate viable cells. Milling for 80 s by O 500-mu m glass beads is demonstrated to be optimal for DNA extraction from yeasts, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and acetic acid bacteria (AAB) in wine to be used as a template for PCR. EMA-qPCR results from experiments using DNA extracted by this method correlate well with the results of a plating assay (R-2 > 0.99), and a PCR efficiency between 96% and 105% was obtained. Moreover, for all of these microorganisms, EMA treatment of pure cultures at a low concentration (10 mu g/mL) for 20 min photoactivation resulted in effective differentiation between viable and non-viable cells and had no effect on viable cells. Due to sublethal injury to some cells, underestimation of cell counts was found in most of the wine samples tested using the EMA-qPCR method, and a 40-min incubation in recovery medium could completely offset this error. Our results suggest an optimal glass-bead DNA extraction method and EMA treatment suitable for all of the main microorganisms in wine. The EMA-qPCR method was successfully applied to quantify yeasts. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), LAB, non-Oenococcus oeni LAB (non-O. oeni LAB) and AAB in wine samples. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a ubiquitous mycotoxin with potential nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic and immunotoxic effects. The mechanisms underlying the nephrotoxicity of OTA remain obscure. To investigate DNA damage and the changes of the cell cycle distribution induced by OTA, human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293 cells) were incubated with various concentrations of OTA for 24 h in vitro. The results indicated that OTA treatment led to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to a decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta psi(m).). OTA-induced DNA damage in HEK 293 cells was evidenced by DNA comet tails formation and increased expression of gamma-H2AX. In addition, OTA could induce cell cycle arrest at the S phase in HEK 293 cells. The expression of key cell cycle regulatory factors that were critical to the S phase, including cyclin A2, cyclin El, and CDK2, were further detected. The expression of cyclin A2, cyclin El, and CDK2 were significantly decreased by OTA treatment at both the mRNA and protein levels. The apoptosis of HEK 293 cells after OTA treatment was observed using Hoechst 33342 staining. The results confirmed that OTA did induce apoptosis in HEK 293 cells. In conclusion, our results provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which OTA might promote nephrotoxicity. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This study investigates the anticancer properties of cannabisin B, purified from hempseed hull, in HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cells. The results indicate that cannabisin B significantly inhibited cell proliferation by inducing autophagic cell death rather than typical apoptosis. Cell viability transiently increased upon the addition of a low concentration of cannabisin B but decreased upon the addition of high concentrations. Cannabisin B-induced changes in cell viability were completely inhibited by pre-treatment with 3-methyladenine (3-MA), indicating that the induction of autophagy by cannabisin B caused cell death. Additionally, cannabisin B induced S phase cell cycle arrest in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, cannabisin B was found to inhibit survival signaling by blocking the activation of AKT and down-stream targets of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). These findings suggest that cannabisin B possesses considerable antiproliferative activity and that it may be utilised as a promising chemopreventive agent against hepatoblastoma disease.

Drug seeking, craving, and relapse can be triggered by environmental stimuli that acquire motivational salience through repeated associations with the drug's effects. Previous studies indicated that the dopamine D-3 receptor (Drd3) might be involved in the expression of drug-conditioned responses in rats, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) could modulate Drd3 expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). However, the involvement of neural regions with Drd3 activation and the underlying interaction between BDNF and Drd3 in the expression of behavioral responses controlled by a drug-associated environment have remained poorly understood. The present study used a conditioning procedure to assess the roles of BDNF, Drd3, and their interactions in the NAc in the expression of morphine-induced context-specific locomotor sensitization. We showed that the expression of locomotor sensitization in the morphine-paired environment was accompanied by significantly increased expression of Drd3 mRNA and BDNF mRNA and protein levels. Both sensitized locomotion in morphine-paired rats and enhanced Drd3 mRNA were suppressed by intra-NAc infusion of anti-tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) IgG. Furthermore, intra-NAc infusion of the Drd3-selective antagonist SB-277011A significantly decreased the expression of context-specific locomotor sensitization and upregulated BDNF mRNA. Altogether, these results suggest that BDNF/TrkB signaling and activation of Drd3 in the NAc are required for the expression of morphine-induced context-specific locomotor sensitization. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP. All rights reserved.

To devise a rapid and reliable method for the detection and identification of genetically modified (GM) events, we developed a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with a DNA microarray system simultaneously aiming at many targets in a single reaction. The system included probes for screening gene, species reference gene, specific gene, construct-specific gene, event-specific gene, and internal and negative control genes. 18S rRNA was combined with species reference genes as internal controls to assess the efficiency of all reactions and to eliminate false negatives. Two sets of the multiplex PCR system were used to amplify four and five targets, respectively. Eight different structure genes could be detected and identified simultaneously for Roundup Ready soybean in a single microarray. The microarray specificity was validated by its ability to discriminate two GM maizes Bt176 and Bt11. The advantages of this method are its high specificity and greatly reduced false-positives and -negatives. The multiplex PCR coupled with microarray technology presented here is a rapid and reliable tool for the simultaneous detection of GM organism ingredients.