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1. Enhanced bone cement distribution in percutaneous vertebroplasty using a curved guide wire: a propensity score matching analysis

Author: Xuyan Hu, Zijin Zhang, Yisong Yang, Gang Zhang, Shen Cao, Bing Yu, and Yubing Zhang
Subjects: Curved guide wire, Percutaneous vertebroplasty, Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, Pain relief, Functional recovery, Bone cement distribution, Diseases of the musculoskeletal system, RC925-935
Abstract: Abstract Background Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF) severely affect the quality of life in the aged population. Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) alleviates pain and stabilizes vertebrae, but suboptimal bone cement distribution can cause complications. Hence, this study aimed to clarify whether a new technique for PVP, using a curved guide wire, enhances the distribution of bone cement and improves clinical outcomes in patients with OVCF. Methods Patients with single-segment OVCF underwent PVP or curved guide wire percutaneous vertebroplasty (C-PVP). Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to balanced the baseline characteristics. The primary outcomes were the visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores. The secondary outcomes included assessments of bone cement distribution, bone cement injection volume, radiological parameters, and general clinical results. Additionally, Complications and adverse events were documented. Results After PSM analysis, each group comprised 54 patients, which significantly reduced baseline differences. The C-PVP group showed better clinical outcomes compared to the traditional PVP group. One month after surgery, the C-PVP group had significantly lower VAS and ODI scores (p
Published: 2024
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2. The role of ferroptosis in chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced lung injury

Author: Jia Chen, Huixin Zhu, Qin Chen, Yisong Yang, Mengxue Chen, Jiefeng Huang, Menglan Chen, and Ningfang Lian
Subjects: Obstructive sleep apnea, Chronic intermittent hypoxia, Lung injury, Ferroptosis, Diseases of the respiratory system, RC705-779
Abstract: Abstract Purpose Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) causes lung injury but the mechanism is unclear. Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death. In this research, we attempted to explore the role of ferroptosis in CIH-induced lung injury both in vitro and in vivo. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly separated into control group, CIH group and CIH + ferrostatin-1 group (CIH + Fer-1). Rats in the CIH group and CIH + Fer-1 group were exposed to intermittent hypoxia for 12 weeks. Human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) was cultivated for 24 h in either conventional culture medium or under CIH conditions. Fer-1 was applied to observe its treatment effects. Histological changes were evaluated by Hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining and masson staining. The expression levels of Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) were detected via qRT-PCR or Western blot. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to assess cell viability. The apoptotic rate and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was calculated by flow cytometry. Results Histology showed that CIH treatment induced lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis in lung tissue. After Fer-1 treatment, the pathological changes caused by CIH alleviated. The mRNA and protein levels of GPX4 decreased significantly in lung tissues of CIH-treated rats and BEAS-2B, (p
Published: 2022
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3. The Inflammatory Gene PYCARD of the Entorhinal Cortex as an Early Diagnostic Target for Alzheimer’s Disease

Author: Wenjia Liu, Sophia Chen, Xin Rao, Yisong Yang, Xiaodong Chen, and Liyang Yu
Subjects: Alzheimer’s disease, entorhinal cortex, inflammation, differentially expressed gene, PYCARD, diagnostic target, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: The incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is increasing year by year, which brings great challenges to human health. However, the pathogenesis of AD is still unclear, and it lacks early diagnostic targets. The entorhinal cortex (EC) is a key brain region for the occurrence of AD neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation plays a significant role in EC degeneration in AD. This study aimed to reveal the close relationship between inflammation-related genes in the EC and AD by detecting key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) via gene function enrichment pathway analysis. GSE4757 and GSE21779 gene expression profiles of AD were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. R language was used for the standardization and differential analysis of DEGs. Then, significantly enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were analyzed to predict the potential biological functions of the DEGs. Finally, the significant expressions of identified DEGs were verified, and the therapeutic values were detected by a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The results showed that eight up-regulated genes (SLC22A2, ITGB2-AS1, NIT1, FGF14-AS2, SEMA3E, PYCARD, PRORY, ADIRF) and two down-regulated genes (AKAIN1, TRMT2B) may have a potential diagnostic value for AD, and participate in inflammatory pathways. The area under curve (AUC) results of the ten genes showed that they had potential diagnostic value for AD. The AUC of PYCARD was 0.95, which had the most significant diagnostic value, and it is involved in inflammatory processes such as the inflammasome complex adaptor protein. The DEGs screened, and subsequent pathway analysis revealed a close relationship between inflammation-related PYCARD and AD, thus providing a new basis for an early diagnostic target for AD.
Published: 2023
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4. Solutions to the minimization problem arising in a dark monopole model in gauge field theory

Author: Xiangqin Zhang and Yisong Yang
Subjects: Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: We prove the existence of dark monopole solutions in a recently formulated Yang–Mills–Higgs theory model with technical features similar to the classical monopole problems. The solutions are obtained as energy-minimizing static spherically symmetric field configurations of unit topological charge. We overcome the difficulty of recovering the full set of boundary conditions by a regularization method which may be applied to other more complicated problems concerning monopoles and dyons in non-Abelian gauge field theories. Furthermore we show in a critical coupling situation that an explicit BPS solution may be used to provide energy estimates for non-BPS monopole solutions. Besides, in the limit of infinite Higgs coupling parameter, although no explicit construction is available, we establish an existence and uniqueness result for a monopole solution and obtain its energy bounds.
Published: 2020
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5. Boundary charges and integral identities for solitons in (d+1)-dimensional field theories

Author: Sven Bjarke Gudnason, Zhifeng Gao, and Yisong Yang
Subjects: Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: We establish a 3-parameter family of integral identities to be used on a class of theories possessing solitons with spherical symmetry in d spatial dimensions. The construction provides five boundary charges that are related to certain integrals of the profile functions of the solitons in question. The framework is quite generic and we give examples of both topological defects (like vortices and monopoles) and topological textures (like Skyrmions) in 2 and 3 dimensions. The class of theories considered here is based on a kinetic term and three functionals often encountered in reduced Lagrangians for solitons. One particularly interesting case provides a generalization of the well-known Pohozaev identity. Our construction, however, is fundamentally different from scaling arguments behind Derrick's theorem and virial relations. For BPS vortices, we find interestingly an infinity of integrals simply related to the topological winding number.
Published: 2017
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6. Outcome-Based Evaluations of Social Interaction Valence in a Contingent Response Context

Author: Jun Yin, Xiaoyan He, Yisong Yang, and Xiaoying Wu
Subjects: social interaction, contingent interaction, intent, outcome, causality, Psychology, BF1-990
Abstract: Previous studies have indicated that social evaluations rely heavily on the outcome of an actor's behavior toward a recipient. These studies focused on interactions in which two agents are connected by an external goal (i.e., object-mediated social interaction) and revealed that the intent behind an action has a privileged role in evaluating the valence of a social interaction. The current study investigated whether the intent behind an action influences evaluation of contingent social interactions wherein one agent responds to another without referring to a specific target. To clarify this, we operationalized intent as harmful or harmless when one agent hit another (i.e., recipient), and manipulated the action's outcome by determining to what extent it changed the recipient's state (i.e., falling down or moving slightly). Results showed that in contingent interactions with both direct launching (i.e., the actor directly caused the change) and extended launching (i.e., the actor caused the change through a mediated block), when the action significantly affected the recipient, the agents were evaluated as having a more negative social interaction than when the influence was small; this effect was independent of the intent behind the action. Such findings demonstrated that evaluations of contingent social interactions are primarily influenced by an actor's causal role in the outcome, not the intent behind an action. This null effect of intent when evaluating social interaction contrasts with findings on object-mediated social interaction, which is consistent with human social evaluations relying on two dissociable systems: causal and intentional components.
Published: 2019
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7. Domain wall equations, Hessian of superpotential, and Bogomol'nyi bounds

Author: Shouxin Chen and Yisong Yang
Subjects: Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: An important question concerning the classical solutions of the equations of motion arising in quantum field theories at the BPS critical coupling is whether all finite-energy solutions are necessarily BPS. In this paper we present a study of this basic question in the context of the domain wall equations whose potential is induced from a superpotential so that the ground states are the critical points of the superpotential. We prove that the definiteness of the Hessian of the superpotential suffices to ensure that all finite-energy domain-wall solutions are BPS. We give several examples to show that such a BPS property may fail such that non-BPS solutions exist when the Hessian of the superpotential is indefinite.
Published: 2016
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8. Topologically stratified energy minimizers in a product Abelian field theory

Author: Xiaosen Han and Yisong Yang
Subjects: Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: We study a recently developed product Abelian gauge field theory by Tong and Wong hosting magnetic impurities. We first obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a unique solution realizing such impurities in the form of multiple vortices. We next reformulate the theory into an extended model that allows the coexistence of vortices and anti-vortices. The two Abelian gauge fields in the model induce two species of magnetic vortex-lines resulting from Ns vortices and Ps anti-vortices (s=1,2) realized as the zeros and poles of two complex-valued Higgs fields, respectively. An existence theorem is established for the governing equations over a compact Riemann surface S which states that a solution with prescribed N1, N2 vortices and P1,P2 anti-vortices of two designated species exists if and only if the inequalities |N1+N2−(P1+P2)|
Published: 2015
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9. Tuning Electron Transfer in Atomic-Scale Pt-Supported Catalysts for the Alkaline Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction

Author: Yisong Yang, Lei Zhao, Yiqiang Sun, Yunxiang Lin, Li Yang, Keke Mao, Cuncheng Li, and Kun Xu
Subjects: Inorganic Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Published: 2023

10. More evidence, greater generalization? The relation between the prevalence of observed action and the strength of generalization depends on action properties

Author: Yinfeng Hu, Yisong Yang, Peng Huang, Danfeng Ai, Hongli Sun, Dan Zhou, Jiecheng Huangliang, and Jun Yin
Subjects: Behavioral Neuroscience, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Published: 2023

11. The role of ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in intermittent hypoxia-induced myocardial injury

Author: Jiefeng Huang, Hansheng Xie, Yisong Yang, Lida Chen, Ting Lin, Biying Wang, and Qi-Chang Lin
Subjects: Otorhinolaryngology, Neurology (clinical)
Abstract: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is related to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death characterized by iron overload and plays critical roles in myocardial injury. This study aimed to investigate the role of ferroptosis in intermittent hypoxia (IH)-induced myocardial injury involving endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS).AC16 human cardiomyocytes were exposed to IH or normoxia conditions. Mice were randomly grouped as follows: normal control (NC), IH, ferrostatin-1 + IH (FIH), and N-acetylcysteine + IH (AIH). The mRNA levels of GPX4, xCT, FTH1, and FACL4 in AC16 cells were detected by qRT-PCR. The protein levels of GPX4, xCT, NOX4, ATF4, CHOP, Bcl-2, and Bax in myocardial tissue were detected by Western blot analysis.The mRNA expression levels of GPX4 and xCT in AC16 cells were significantly lower in IH group than that of NC group. In IH mice, myocardial tissues were injured accompanied by increased level of ferroptosis and ERS. Inhibition of ferroptosis and treatment of N-acetylcysteine reduced ERS and myocardial injury in mice exposed to IH. In addition, compared to ferrostatin-1, N-acetylcysteine exerted a greater effect in relieving IH-induced myocardial damage and ERS.Ferroptosis was involved in IH-related myocardial injury accompanied by the activation of ERS. Inhibition of ferroptosis and acetylcysteine treatment alleviated IH-related myocardial injury, which may be a potential target for therapeutic approaches to OSA-induced myocardial injury.
Published: 2022

12. Dyonic matter equations, exact point-source solutions, and charged black holes in generalized Born-Infeld theory

Author: Yisong Yang
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), 78A25, 83C22, 83C56, 83C57, 83F05, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Mathematical Physics (math-ph), General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: We derive the equations of motion governing static dyonic matters, described in terms of two real scalar fields, in nonlinear electrodynamics of the Born--Infeld theory type. We then obtain exact finite-energy solutions of these equations in the quadratic and logarithmic nonlinearity cases subject to dyonic point-charge sources and construct dyonically charged black holes with relegated curvature singularities. In the case of quadratic nonlinearity, which is the core model of this work, we show that dyonic solutions enable us to restore electromagnetic symmetry, which is known to be broken in non-dyonic situations by exclusion of monopoles. We further demonstrate that in the context of k-essence cosmology the nonlinear electrodynamics models possess their own distinctive signatures in light of the underlying equations of state of the cosmic fluids they represent. In this context, the quadratic and logarithmic models are shown to resolve a density-pressure inconsistency issue exhibited by the original Born--Infeld model k-essence action function as well as by all of its fractional-powered extensions. Moreover, it is shown that the quadratic model is uniquely positioned to give rise to a radiation-dominated era in the early universe among all the polynomial models and other examples considered., 38 pages, 1 figure
Published: 2023

13. Facile Preparation of Large‐Sized Columnar α‐HH Crystal via a NaCl Salt Bath Method

Author: Zexin Nie, Zhishun Wei, Yisong Yang, Xinghang Guo, Ying Chang, and Guoqiang Yi
Subjects: General Materials Science, General Chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics
Published: 2023

14. Ru Colloidosome Catalysts for the Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction in Alkaline Media

Author: Xiaodong Yang, Bo Ouyang, Peiqi Shen, Yiqiang Sun, Yisong Yang, Yanan Gao, Erjun Kan, Cuncheng Li, Kun Xu, and Yi Xie
Subjects: Colloid and Surface Chemistry, General Chemistry, Biochemistry, Catalysis
Abstract: Developing efficient hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) electrocatalysts in alkaline media is of great significance for anion exchange membrane fuel cells. Herein, we report the synthesis of hollow colloidosomes composed of Ru nanocrystals based on a novel gas/liquid interface self-assembly strategy. Structural characterizations reveal that much defects are present in the building block (Ru nanocrystals) of Ru colloidosomes. Theoretical calculations suggest that the defects in the Ru structure can optimize the adsorption binding energy of reaction intermediates for the HOR. Benefiting from the assembled colloidosome and optimized electronic structure, the Ru colloidosomes exhibit remarkable HOR catalytic performance in alkaline media with a mass activity higher than that of benchmark Pt/C. Our work may shed new light on the rational design of advanced electrocatalysts with an assembled structure for energy-related applications.
Published: 2022

15. Microwave Exposure System on Cell Solution for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment

Author: Yisong Yang, Jin Zhang, Xin Rao, Wen Dang, Yasir Alfadhl, and Xiaodong Chen
Published: 2022

16. Dyonically Charged Black Holes Arising in Generalized Born--Infeld Theory of Electromagnetism

Author: Yisong Yang
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, 78A25, 83C22, 83C22, 83C56, 83C57, 83F05, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Mathematical Physics (math-ph), Mathematical Physics
Abstract: Black hole solutions to the Einstein equations coupled with the Born--Infeld electromagnetism associated with generalized nonlinear electrodynamics, carrying both electric and magnetic charges, often referred to as dyonically charged black holes, of finite energies, are constructed. These solutions give rise to relegated curvature singularities at the center of the matter sources of the black holes and approach the classical Reissner--Nordstrom black hole asymptotically., 27 pages
Published: 2022

17. 动作理解因境而异: 动作加工中情境信息的自动整合

Author: Jing Lin, Xiaoyan He, Yisong Yang, and Jun Yin
Subjects: Cognitive science, Action (philosophy), Theory-theory, Interpretation (philosophy), Modulation (music), Context (language use), Situational ethics, Simulated reality, Psychology, General Psychology
Published: 2020

18. Perspectives In Mathematical Sciences

Author: Yisong Yang, Xinchu Fu, Jinqiao Duan
Published: 2010

19. Electrically charged solitons in gauge field theory

Author: Yisong, Yang
Published: 2010
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20. Nitrogen-Doped Cobalt Diselenide with Cubic Phase Maintained for Enhanced Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution

Author: Yisong Yang, Tao Zhang, Xiuling Li, Cuncheng Li, Guozhu Chen, Kun Xu, Yiqiang Sun, and Yi Xie
Subjects: Materials science, Inorganic chemistry, Heteroatom, chemistry.chemical_element, General Medicine, General Chemistry, Electronic structure, Crystal structure, Nitrogen, Catalysis, Diselenide, chemistry, Transition metal, Chemical physics, Vacancy defect, Phase (matter), Hydrogen evolution, Orthorhombic crystal system, Cobalt
Abstract: The introduction of heteroatoms is one of the most important ways to modulate the intrinsic electronic structure of electrocatalysts to improve their catalytic activity. However, for transition metal chalcogenides with highly symmetric crystal structure (HS-TMC), the introduction of heteroatoms, especially those with large atomic radius, often induces large lattice distortion and vacancy defects, which may lead to structural phase transition of doped materials or structural phase reconstruction during the catalytic reaction. Such unpredictable situations will make it difficult to explore the connection between the intrinsic electronic structure of doped catalysts and catalytic activity. Herein, taking thermodynamically stable cubic CoSe2 phase as an example, we demonstrate that nitrogen incorporation can effectively regulate the intrinsic electronic structure of HS-TMC with structural phase stability and thus promote its electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution activity (HER). In contrast, the introduction of phosphorus can lead to structural phase transition from cubic CoSe2 to orthorhombic phase, and the structural phase of phosphorus-doped CoSe2 is unstable for HER.
Published: 2021

21. Integer-squared laws for global vortices in the Born–Infeld wave equations

Author: Zhifeng Gao, Yisong Yang, and Sven Bjarke Gudnason
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory, Physics, Partial differential equation, Series (mathematics), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Differential equation, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Mathematical Physics (math-ph), Type (model theory), Wave equation, 01 natural sciences, Vortex, Quantization (physics), 35Q51, 35Q60, 81T10, 81T30, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), Integer, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Mathematical Physics, Mathematical physics
Abstract: A series of quantization identities are established for static vortex solutions governed by the Born--Infeld type actions. These identities are of a universal nature which are indifferent to the details of the models and provide refined descriptions of divergent energetic quantities., 22 pages, 1 figure, 2 tables of numerical data
Published: 2019

22. Electromagnetic Asymmetry, Relegation of Curvature Singularities of Charged Black Holes, and Cosmological Equations of State in View of the Born--Infeld Theory

Author: Yisong Yang
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), 78A25, 83C22, 83C22, 83C56, 83C57, 83F05, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Mathematical Physics (math-ph), General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: It is shown that the Born--Infeld nonlinear electrodynamics with a polynomial type nonlinearity accommodates finite-energy electric point charges but rejects finite-energy magnetic point charges, or monopoles, thereby spelling out an electromagnetic asymmetry. Moreover, it is demonstrated, in a systematic way, that the curvature singularities of finite-energy charged black holes in the context of the Born--Infeld theory may effectively be relegated or in some cases removed under a critical mass-energy condition, which has been employed successfully in earlier concrete studies. Furthermore, it is illustrated through numerous examples considered here that, when adapted to describe scalar-wave matters known as k-essences, the Born--Infeld formalism provides a fertile ground for cosmological applications, including achieving accelerated dark-energy expansions and acquiring adequate field-theoretical realizations of the equations of state of various cosmic fluid models., Comment: 76 pages, 2 figures. Citations to literature are updated and some corrections are made
Published: 2021
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23. Yang--Mills Monopoles in Extremal Reissner--Nordstr\'{o}m Black Hole Metric

Author: Yisong Yang and Xiangqin Zhang
Subjects: Physics, High Energy Physics - Theory, Spacetime, 010102 general mathematics, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Yang–Mills existence and mass gap, Type (model theory), Wave equation, Energy minimization, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Black hole, High Energy Physics::Theory, Monotone polygon, 0103 physical sciences, Quantum gravity, 34B40, 35J50, 81T13, 83C57, 010307 mathematical physics, 0101 mathematics, Mathematical Physics, Mathematical physics
Abstract: We show that the closed-form monotone solution linking two different vacuum states, for the exterior Yang--Mills wave equation over the extremal Reissner--Nordstr\"{o}m spacetime found in a recent work of Bizo\'{n} and Kahl, is the unique solution to an associated domain-wall type energy minimization problem. We also derive the accompanying interior Yang--Mills wave equation within the same formalism. We obtain a few more closed-form solutions, regular and singular, among other solutions of oscillatory behavior, and discuss several interesting features of the solutions based on some energy consideration., Comment: 16 pages, 2 figure
Published: 2020

24. Mathematical Physics with Differential Equations

Author: Yisong Yang and Yisong Yang
Subjects: Differential equations, Mathematical physics
Abstract: Traditional literature in mathematical physics is clustered around classical mechanics, especially fluids and elasticity. This book reflects the modern development of theoretical physics in the areas of field theories: classical, quantum, and gravitational, in which differential equations play essential roles and offer powerful insight. Yang here presents a broad range of fundamental topics in theoretical and mathematical physics based on the viewpoint of differential equations. The subject areas covered include classical and quantum many-body problems, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, magnetic monopoles, special relativity, gauge field theories, general relativity, superconductivity, vortices and other topological solitons, and canonical quantization of fields, for which knowledge and use of linear and nonlinear differential equations are essential for comprehension. Much emphasis is given to the mathematical and physical content offering an appreciation of the interplay of mathematics and theoretical physics from the viewpoint of differential equations. Advanced methods and techniques of modern nonlinear functional analysis are kept to a minimum and each chapter is supplemented with a collection of exercises of varied depths making it an ideal resource for students and researchers alike.
Published: 2023

25. Solutions to the minimization problem arising in a dark monopole model in gauge field theory

Author: Xiangqin Zhang and Yisong Yang
Subjects: Physics, High Energy Physics - Theory, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, High Energy Physics::Lattice, Magnetic monopole, FOS: Physical sciences, Mathematical Physics (math-ph), 01 natural sciences, Theoretical physics, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), Coupling parameter, Regularization (physics), 0103 physical sciences, Higgs boson, lcsh:QC770-798, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, 34B40, 35J50, 81T13, Boundary value problem, Gauge theory, Uniqueness, 010306 general physics, Topological quantum number, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: We prove the existence of dark monopole solutions in a recently formulated Yang--Mills--Higgs theory model with technical features similar to the classical monopole problems. The solutions are obtained as energy-minimizing static spherically symmetric field configurations of unit topological charge. We overcome the difficulty of recovering the full set of boundary conditions by a regularization method which may be applied to other more complicated problems concerning monopoles and dyons in non-Abelian gauge field theories. Furthermore we show in a critical coupling situation that an explicit BPS solution may be used to provide energy estimates for non-BPS monopole solutions. Besides, in the limit of infinite Higgs coupling parameter, although no explicit construction is available, we establish an existence and uniqueness result for a monopole solution and obtain its energy bounds., Comment: 20 pages, 1 figure. Revised version to appear in Nuclear Physics B
Published: 2019

26. Boundary charges and integral identities for solitons in ( d + 1)-dimensional field theories

Author: Zhifeng Gao, Sven Bjarke Gudnason, and Yisong Yang
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Skyrmion, media_common.quotation_subject, Winding number, FOS: Physical sciences, Boundary (topology), Mathematical Physics (math-ph), Kinetic term, Infinity, 01 natural sciences, Topological defect, Identity (mathematics), Theoretical physics, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), Quantum mechanics, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:QC770-798, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Circular symmetry, 010306 general physics, Mathematical Physics, media_common
Abstract: We establish a 3-parameter family of integral identities to be used on a class of theories possessing solitons with spherical symmetry in $d$ spatial dimensions. The construction provides five boundary charges that are related to certain integrals of the profile functions of the solitons in question. The framework is quite generic and we give examples of both topological defects (like vortices and monopoles) and topological textures (like Skyrmions) in 2 and 3 dimensions. The class of theories considered here is based on a kinetic term and three functionals often encountered in reduced Lagrangians for solitons. One particularly interesting case provides a generalization of the well-known Pohozaev identity. Our construction, however, is fundamentally different from scaling arguments behind Derrick's theorem and virial relations. For BPS vortices, we find interestingly an infinity of integrals simply related to the topological winding number., Comment: LaTeX: 35 pages, 1 figure; V2: comment added and typos corrected
Published: 2017

27. Dilaton Mass Formulas in a Hairy Binary Black Hole Model

Author: Shouxin Chen and Yisong Yang
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Differential equation, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Context (language use), General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Mathematical Physics (math-ph), General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Binary black hole, Dilaton, 83C20, 83C22, 83C57, Mathematical Physics, Mathematical physics
Abstract: In this note an analytic integration is obtained for the differential equation governing the scalar-field-dependent mass in a hairy binary black hole model, in the context of the Einstein--Maxwell--dilation theory, which gives a closed-form formula-level description of the mass function. We also identify a particular solution which attracts all solutions of the mass-governing equation exponentially rapidly in large-dilaton-field limit., 16 pages, 5 figures, to appear
Published: 2019

28. Coexisting Vortices and Antivortices Generated by Dually Gauged Harmonic Maps

Author: Yisong Yang, Genggeng Huang, and Xiaosen Han
Subjects: Surface (mathematics), Physics, High Energy Physics - Theory, Chern class, Field (physics), Plane (geometry), Condensed Matter - Superconductivity, Harmonic map, FOS: Physical sciences, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Mathematical Physics (math-ph), System of linear equations, Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con), Higgs field, Theoretical physics, 35J50, 53C43, 81T13, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), Uniqueness, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: In this paper we first formulate a dually gauged harmonic map model, suggested from a product Abelian Higgs field theory arising in impurity-inspired field theories, and obtain a new BPS system of equations governing coexisting vortices and antivortices, which are topologically characterized by the first Chern class of the underlying Hermitian bundle and the Thom class of the associated dual bundle. We then establish existence and uniqueness theorems for such vortices. For the equations over a compact surface, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions. For the equations over the full plane, we obtain all finite-energy solutions. Besides, we also present precise expressions giving the values of various physical quantities of the solutions, including magnetic charges and energies, in terms of the total numbers of vortices and antivortices, of two species, and the coupling parameters involved., 30 pages, 1 figure
Published: 2019

29. Critical pull-in curves of MEMS actuators in presence of Casimir force

Author: Chenmei Xu, Yisong Yang, Luciano Medina, and Brenda McLellan
Subjects: Physics, Casimir pressure, Applied Mathematics, 010102 general mathematics, Computational Mechanics, Equations of motion, Wave equation, 01 natural sciences, Periodic function, Coulomb's law, Casimir effect, symbols.namesake, Classical mechanics, Quartic function, 0103 physical sciences, Coulomb, symbols, 0101 mathematics, 010306 general physics
Abstract: We present analytic and computational studies of the dynamical behavior of an undamped electrostatic MEMS actuator with one-degree of freedom subject to a Casimir force. In such a situation, the well-known mathematical difficulty associated with an inverse quadratic term due to a Coulomb force is supplemented with an inverse quartic term due to the joint application of a Casimir force. We show that the small Coulomb and Casimir force situations, described by sufficiently low values of two positive parameters, λ and μ, respectively, are characterized by one-stagnation-point periodic motions and there exists a unique critical pull-in curve in the coordinate quadrant beyond which a finite-time touch down or collapse of the actuator takes place. We demonstrate how to locate and approximate the pull-in curve. When mechanical nonlinearity such as that due to the presence of a cubic elastic force term is considered in the equation of motion, we show that a similar three-phase oscillation-pull-in-finite-time-touchdown phenomenon occurs and that pull-in curves are actually enhanced or elevated by nonlinear elasticity. Furthermore, we compute solutions of the MEMS wave equations and show that the same characteristic phenomena of subcritical periodic motions and loss of periodicity of motion and onset of a critical pull-in curve occur as one increases the levels of the Coulomb and Casimir forces as in the one-degree-of-freedom case.
Published: 2016

30. Resolution of Chern–Simons–Higgs Vortex Equations

Author: Yisong Yang, Xiaosen Han, and Chang-Shou Lin
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory, Pure mathematics, Open problem, 010102 general mathematics, Chern–Simons theory, FOS: Physical sciences, Existence theorem, Inverse, Cartan subalgebra, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Mathematical Physics (math-ph), 01 natural sciences, Mathematics - Analysis of PDEs, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), 0103 physical sciences, Lie algebra, FOS: Mathematics, Cartan matrix, Higgs boson, 35J20, 35J50, 35Q, 58E15, 81T13, 0101 mathematics, 010306 general physics, Mathematical Physics, Analysis of PDEs (math.AP), Mathematics
Abstract: It is well known that the presence of multiple constraints of non-Abelian relativisitic Chern--Simons--Higgs vortex equations makes it difficult to develop an existence theory when the underlying Cartan matrix $K$ of the equations is that of a general simple Lie algebra and the strongest result in the literature so far is when the Cartan subalgebra is of dimension 2. In this paper we overcome this difficulty by implicitly resolving the multiple constraints using a degree-theorem argument, utilizing a key positivity property of the inverse of the Cartan matrix deduced in an earlier work of Lusztig and Tits, which enables a process that converts the equality constraints to inequality constraints in the variational formalism. Thus this work establishes a general existence theorem which settles a long-standing open problem in the field regarding the general solvability of the equations., Comment: 28 pages
Published: 2016

31. Determination of bending angle of light deflection subject to possible weak and strong quantum gravity effects

Author: Yisong Yang and Chenmei Xu
Subjects: Physics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Classical mechanics, Deflection (physics), FOS: Physical sciences, 65Z05, 83B05, 83Cxx, Quantum gravity, Equations of motion, Astronomy and Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Abstract: Explicit expressions for the bending angle of light deflection arising from phenomenologically deformed black-hole metrics, subject to possible weak and strong quantum gravity effects, respectively, are obtained, by a highly effective method. The accuracy and effectiveness of these expressions are then illustrated by numerically solving the differential equation governing the deflection angle directly in the weak quantum effect situation., 18 pages. Modification and improvement are made to the previous version. Title is modified. To appear
Published: 2020

32. Distance perception warped by social relations: Social interaction information compresses distance

Author: Meixuan Shao, Huichao Ji, Jun Yin, Fangfang Song, and Yisong Yang
Subjects: Adult, Male, Adolescent, media_common.quotation_subject, 050109 social psychology, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Intention, Affect (psychology), 050105 experimental psychology, Perceptual system, Young Adult, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Perception, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Quality (business), Interpersonal Relations, media_common, Operationalization, Distance Perception, 05 social sciences, General Medicine, Social relation, Harm, Action (philosophy), Social Perception, Female, Psychology, Social psychology, Photic Stimulation
Abstract: Though distance perception feeds the fundamental input that constructs a visual structure of the world, the suggestion has been made that it is constrained by this constructed structure. Instead of focusing on the physically defined structure, this study investigates whether and how social relations, especially the quality of social interaction (how individuals interact) rather than its content (what type of social interaction), precisely influences distance perception. The quality of social interaction was framed as an actor’s intent and incurred outcome regarding another individual, whether helpful or harmful. Through visual animations, intent was operationalized as an agent’s (i.e., actor’s) intentional or unintentional act having an influence on another agent (i.e., affectee). Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, the act was helpful, resulting in small or great beneficial consequences to the affectee. In Experiment 2, the act was harmful and resulted in small or great losses to the affectee. We found that when the help or harm had a large effect on others (the great-benefits or great-losses conditions), distance was perceived as shorter than when help or harm was minor, and the actor’s intent did not affect distance perception. This suggests that, regardless of the type of social interaction, distance perception is mainly influenced by the outcome of an act not by the actor’s intent. It implies that the perceived quality of social interaction creates a social constraint on distance perception. These findings are consistent with the idea that the intent and outcome of an action are assessed differently, and they help us understand how social relation penetrates the perceptual system.
Published: 2018

33. Topological bounds of bending energy for lipid vesicles

Author: Yisong Yang
Subjects: Erythrocytes, Materials science, Surface Properties, 53A05, 53Z05, 92C05, 92C37, FOS: Physical sciences, Bending, Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter, Energy minimization, Curvature, Topology, Models, Biological, 01 natural sciences, Quantitative Biology::Subcellular Processes, 0103 physical sciences, Animals, Physics - Biological Physics, Limit (mathematics), 0101 mathematics, 010306 general physics, Anisotropy, Mathematical Physics, Topology (chemistry), Physics::Biological Physics, 010102 general mathematics, Isotropy, Membranes, Artificial, Torus, Mathematical Physics (math-ph), Lipids, Elasticity, Biomechanical Phenomena, Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph), Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
Abstract: The Helfrich bending energy plays an important role in providing a mechanism for the conformation of a lipid vesicle in theoretical biophysics, which is governed by the principle of energy minimization over configurations of appropriate topological characteristics. We will show that the presence of a quantity called the spontaneous curvature obstructs the existence of a minimizer of the Helfrich energy over the set of embedded ring tori. Besides, despite the well-realized knowledge that lipid vesicles may present themselves in a variety of shapes of complicated topology, there is a lack of topological bounds for the Helfrich energy. To overcome these difficulties, we consider a general scale-invariant anisotropic curvature energy that extends the Canham elastic bending energy developed in modeling a biconcave-shaped red blood cell. We will show that, up to a rescaling of the generating radii, there is a unique minimizer of the energy over the set of embedded ring tori, in the entire parameter regime, which recovers the Willmore minimizer in its Canham isotropic limit. We also show how elevated anisotropy favors energetically a clear transition from spherical-, to ellipsoidal-, and then to biconcave-shaped surfaces, for a lipid vesicle. We then establish some genus-dependent topological lower and upper bounds for the anisotropic energy. Finally, we derive the shape equation of the generalized bending energy, which extends the well-known Helfrich shape equation., 29 pages and 2 figures. Revised and updated version for Physical Review E
Published: 2018

34. Dynamics Phases, Stratification, Laning, and Pattern Formation for Driven Bidisperse Disk Systems in the Presence of Quenched Disorder

Author: C. J. O. Reichhardt, Danielle McDermott, Yisong Yang, and C. J. Olson Reichhardt
Subjects: Materials science, Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech), Isotropy, Pattern formation, Stratification (water), FOS: Physical sciences, Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter, Viscous liquid, Atomic packing factor, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Density distribution, Chemical physics, Phase (matter), 0103 physical sciences, Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft), Crystallite, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 010306 general physics, Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract: Using numerical simulations, we examine the dynamics of driven two-dimensional bidisperse disks flowing over quenched disorder. The system exhibits a series of distinct dynamical phases as a function of applied driving force and packing fraction including a phase separated state as well as a smectic state with liquid like or polycrystalline features. At low driving forces, we find a clogged phase with an isotropic density distribution, while at intermediate driving forces the disks separate into bands of high and low density with either liquid like or polycrystalline structure in the high density bands. In addition to the density phase separation, we find that in some cases there is a fractionation of the disk species, particularly when the disk size ratio is large. The species phase separated regimes form a variety of patterns such as large disks separated by chains of smaller disks. Our results show that the formation of laning states can be enhanced by tuning the ratio of disk radius of the two species, due to the clumping of small disks in the interstitial regions between the large disks., Comment: 15 pages, 18 figures
Published: 2018
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35. Determination of gap solution and critical temperature in doped graphene superconductivity

Author: Chenmei Xu and Yisong Yang
Subjects: Materials science, General Mathematics, Computation, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con), symbols.namesake, law, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Mathematical Physics, Superconductivity, Condensed matter physics, Graphene, Condensed Matter - Superconductivity, Applied Mathematics, Transition temperature, Doping, Mathematical Physics (math-ph), BCS theory, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Dirac fermion, Pairing, symbols, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: It is shown that the gap solution and critical transition temperature are significantly enhanced by doping in a recently developed BCS formalism for graphene superconductivity in such a way that positive gap and transition temperature both occur in arbitrary pairing coupling as far as doping is present. The analytic construction of the BCS gap and transition temperature offers highly effective globally convergent iterative methods for the computation of these quantities. A series of numerical examples are presented as illustrations consolidating the analytic understanding achieved., 21 pages, 8 figures
Published: 2017

36. Determination of Angle of Light Deflection in Higher-Derivative Gravity Theories

Author: Yisong Yang and Chenmei Xu
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, General relativity, Point particle, Semiclassical physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Mathematical Physics (math-ph), 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Gravitation, Classical mechanics, Deflection (physics), High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), Tests of general relativity, 0103 physical sciences, Einstein field equations, Quantum gravity, 65Z05, 83B05, 83Cxx, 010306 general physics, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: Gravitational light deflection is known as one of three classical tests of general relativity and the angle of deflection may be computed explicitly using approximate or exact solutions describing the gravitational force generated from a point mass. In various generalized gravity theories, however, such explicit determination is often impossible due to the difficulty with obtaining an exact expression for the deflection angle. In this work, we present some highly effective globally convergent iterative methods to determine the angle of semiclassical gravitational deflection in higher- and infinite-derivative formalisms of quantum gravity theories. We also establish the universal properties that the deflection angle always stays below the classical Einstein angle and is a strictly decreasing function of the incident photon energy, in these formalisms., Comment: 32 pages, 8 figures
Published: 2017
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37. Solutions to selected exercises

Author: Yisong Yang
Subjects: Algebra, Filtered algebra, Pure mathematics, Fermat's little theorem, Quaternion algebra, Proofs of Fermat's little theorem, Two-element Boolean algebra, Linear algebra, Fundamental theorem of linear algebra, Difference algebra, Mathematics
Published: 2014

38. Chern–Simons vortices in the Gudnason model

Author: Yisong Yang, Gabriella Tarantello, Xiaosen Han, and Chang-Shou Lin
Subjects: Plane (geometry), Chern–Simons theory, FOS: Physical sciences, Mathematical Physics (math-ph), Supersymmetry, Vortices in gauge field theory, Calculus of variations, Systems of nonlinear elliptic equations, Vortex, Duality (electricity and magnetism), Mathematics - Analysis of PDEs, Distribution (mathematics), Settore MAT/05 - Analisi Matematica, Master equation, FOS: Mathematics, Mathematical Physics, Analysis, Analysis of PDEs (math.AP), Mathematical physics, Mathematics
Abstract: We present a series of existence theorems for multiple vortex solutions in the Gudnason model of the ${\cal N}=2$ supersymmetric field theory where non-Abelian gauge fields are governed by the pure Chern--Simons dynamics at dual levels and realized as the solutions of a system of elliptic equations with exponential nonlinearity over two-dimensional domains. In the full plane situation, our method utilizes a minimization approach, and in the doubly periodic situation, we employ an-inequality constrained minimization approach. In the latter case, we also obtain sufficient conditions under which we show that there exist at least two gauge-distinct solutions for any prescribed distribution of vortices. In other words, there are distinct solutions with identical vortex distribution, energy, and electric and magnetic charges., Comment: 39 pages
Published: 2014

39. Determination of anti-de Sitter monopole wall via minimization

Author: Yisong Yang and Lei Cao
Subjects: Physics, Magnetic monopole, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Minification, Anti-de Sitter space, Mathematical Physics, Mathematical physics
Published: 2019

40. Abelian Hopfions of the model on and a fractionally powered topological lower bound

Author: Yisong Yang, Eugen Radu, and D. H. Tchrakian
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Ring (mathematics), Sigma model, Sigma, Field (mathematics), Charge (physics), Abelian group, Topology, Upper and lower bounds, Topological quantum number
Abstract: Regarding the Skyrme–Faddeev model on R 3 as a CP 1 sigma model, we propose C P n sigma models on R 2 n + 1 as generalisations which may support finite energy Hopfion solutions in these dimensions. The topological charge stabilising these field configurations is the Chern–Simons charge, namely the volume integral of the Chern–Simons density which has a local expression in terms of the composite connection and curvature of the CP n field. It turns out that subject to the sigma model constraint, this density is a total divergence. We prove the existence of a topological lower bound on the energy, which, as in the Vakulenko–Kapitansky case in R 3 , is a fractional power of the topological charge, depending on n . The numerical construction of the simplest ring shaped un-knot Hopfion on R 5 is also discussed.
Published: 2013

41. On a vegetation pattern formation model governed by a nonlinear parabolic system

Author: Yisong Yang, Tianze Wang, and Kaloyan Marinov
Subjects: Conservation law, Applied Mathematics, Mathematical analysis, General Engineering, Pattern formation, General Medicine, State (functional analysis), Parabolic partial differential equation, Periodic function, Computational Mathematics, Nonlinear system, Ordinary differential equation, medicine, medicine.symptom, Vegetation (pathology), General Economics, Econometrics and Finance, Analysis, Mathematics
Abstract: A fundamental subject in ecology is to understand how an ecosystem responds to its environmental changes. The purpose of this paper is to study the desertification and vegetation pattern formation phenomena and understand the dependence of the biomass density B of vegetation on the level of available environmental water resources, controlled by a water supply rate parameter R , which is governed by a coupled system of nonlinear parabolic equations in a mathematical model proposed recently by Shnerb, Sarah, Lavee, and Solomon. It is shown that, when R is below the death rate μ of the vegetation in the absence of water, the solution evolving from any initial state approaches exponentially fast the desert state characterized by B = 0 ; when R is above μ , the solution evolves into a green vegetation state characterized by B ⁄ → 0 as time t → ∞ . In the flower-pot limit where the system becomes a system of ordinary differential equations, it is shown that nontrivial periodic vegetation states exist provided that the water supply rate R is a periodic function and maintains a suitable average level. Furthermore, some conservation laws relating the asymptotic values of the vegetation biomass B and available water density W are also obtained.
Published: 2013

42. Solutions to the master equations governing fractional vortices

Author: Chang-Shou Lin, Gabriella Tarantello, and Yisong Yang
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory, Applied Mathematics, Mathematical analysis, FOS: Physical sciences, Mathematical Physics (math-ph), Domain (mathematical analysis), Vortex, Mathematics - Analysis of PDEs, Planar, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), Settore MAT/05 - Analisi Matematica, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, Master equation, FOS: Mathematics, Fractional vortices, Periodic cell, Mathematical Physics, Analysis, Analysis of PDEs (math.AP), Mathematics
Abstract: By means of variational methods, in this paper, we establish sharp existence results for solutions of the master equations governing ‘fractional multiple vortices.’ In the doubly periodic situation, the conditions for existence are both necessary and sufficient and give the upper bounds for the vortex numbers in terms of the size of the periodic cell domain. In the planar situation, there is no restriction on the vortex numbers. In both situations, the solutions are uniquely determined by the prescribed locations and the local winding numbers of the vortices.
Published: 2013

43. Non-Abelian clouds around Reissner-Nordstr\'om black holes: the existence line

Author: D. H. Tchrakian, Eugen Radu, and Yisong Yang
Subjects: Physics, High Energy Physics - Theory, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Event horizon, White hole, Horizon, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Black hole, Micro black hole, High Energy Physics::Theory, Classical mechanics, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Hawking radiation, Gauge symmetry, Asymptotically flat spacetime, Mathematical physics
Abstract: A known feature of electrically charged Reissner-Nordstr\"om-anti-de Sitter planar black holes is that they can become unstable when considered as solutions of Einstein--Yang-Mills theory. The mechanism for this is that the linearized Yang-Mills equations in the background of the Reissner-Nordstr\"om (RN) black holes possess a normalizable zero mode, resulting in non-Abelian (nA) magnetic clouds near the horizon. In this work we show that the same pattern may occur also for asymptotically flat RN black holes. Different from the anti-de Sitter case, in the Minkowskian background the prerequisite for the existence of the nA clouds is $i)$ a large enough gauge group and $ii)$ the presence of some extra interaction terms in the matter Lagrangian. To illustrate this mechanism we present two specific examples, one in four and the other in five dimensional asymptotically flat spacetime. In the first case, we augment the usual $SU(3)$ Yang-Mills Lagrangian with higher order (quartic) curvature term, while for the second one we add the Chern-Simons density to the $SO(6)$ Yang-Mills system. In both cases, an Abelian gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken near a RN black hole horizon with the appearance of a condensate of nA gauge fields. In addition to these two examples, we review the corresponding picture for anti-de Sitter black holes. All these solutions are studied both analytically and numerically, existence proofs being provided for nA clouds in the background of RN black holes. The proofs use shooting techniques which are suggested by and in turn offer insights for our numerical methods. They indicate that, for a black hole of given mass, appropriate electric charge values are required to ensure the existence of solutions interpolating desired boundary behavior at the horizons and spatial infinity., Comment: 19 pages, 5 figures
Published: 2016

44. Search for heavy Majorana neutrinos in μ±μ±+jets and e±e±+jets events in pp collisions at s=7 TeV

Author: Stephane Perries, Carsten Heidemann, Costas Foudas, Junhui Liao, Devdatta Majumder, Jordan Tucker, Dominique Gigi, Peter Kreuzer, Raffaello D'Alessandro, Y. Guo, Slawek Tkaczyk, Teimuraz Lomtadze, Ketino Kaadze, Andrei Sobol, Christina Urscheler, Pasquale Musella, H. Bakhshiansohi, A. De Roeck, William Ferguson, Christian Contreras-Campana, Andrea Bocci, J. P. Gomez, J. Swanson, André Holzner, Aytul Adiguzel, Gui Nyun Kim, P. Mehta, Tommaso Dorigo, Werner Sun, Joschka Lingemann, Pierre Juillot, T. R. Fernandez Perez Tomei, F. De Guio, Alexis Descroix, Sandra Malvezzi, W. L. Prado Da Silva, Pietro Faccioli, Karl Gill, Emmanuel Olaiya, Alexander Schmidt, Nadir Daci, Jose Lazo-Flores, Wolfgang Adam, Jason M. Smith, Maxim Perfilov, Mauro Menichelli, Roberto Dell'Orso, A. Guneratne Bryer, P. Sellers, Sergey Troshin, Meng Wang, Roland Horisberger, Yuan Chao, Georgios Mavromanolakis, Michele Arneodo, Edward Allen Wenger, Marc Dünser, D. Winn, Ivan Reid, Luca Martini, Marcos Cerrada, David D'Enterria, Thomas Hauth, Umesh Joshi, R. Kroeger, G. Giurgiu, Daniele Pedrini, Dmitry Hits, Jorma Tuominiemi, Doris Eckstein, Achim Geiser, Maria Cruz Fouz, Helio Nogima, Matthew Fisher, W. H. Smith, Andrei Gritsan, Y. J. Lei, Christopher Rogan, Konrad Deiters, E. Salvati, Javier Cuevas, Joseph Goodell, Anna Cimmino, G. B. Mohanty, Eunhyang Kwon, J. Yelton, M. Choi, Joseph Lykken, Lucas Taylor, C. Rovelli, L. Lusito, G. De Lentdecker, Akram Khan, Jozsef Molnar, Claus Kleinwort, F. Vazquez Valencia, Torsten Dahms, Marcello Abbrescia, Alberto Orso Maria Iorio, Mário Costa, Dezso Horvath, Stephen Sanders, Y. Ban, R. K. Shivpuri, Danila Tlisov, I. Gonzalez Caballero, Colin Bernet, Nadia Pastrone, Nicolas Chanon, Helena Malbouisson, S. Liang, Alex J. Barker, M. Kress, Camelia Mironov, Alessia Tricomi, Nikolay Tyurin, C. Grab, Roumyana Hadjiiska, Igor Smirnov, Francesco Pandolfi, Marco Cuffiani, Andrew Rose, Oliver Buchmuller, Andres Tiko, V. Tcholakov, A. M. Rossi, L. Perera, Gregory Rakness, Roger Rusack, V. Stolin, Martti Raidal, N. Adam, Emmanuel Contreras-Campana, Pamela Klabbers, Ignas Grigelionis, Burin Asavapibhop, Aram Avetisyan, Ferdinando Giordano, Th. Müller, Jaakko Härkönen, Z. P. Zhang, Kerstin Hoepfner, Ilknur Hos, J. N. Butler, T. Hermanns, Paul Sheldon, Yuichi Kubota, H. Xiao, Paolo Lariccia, Kenichi Hatakeyama, Vardan Khachatryan, S. P. Shipkowski, Cory Fantasia, Petr Levchenko, Nikolai Golubev, P. Lecomte, B. Millan Mejias, Erik Nesvold, Anders Ryd, Gavin Davies, Matthew Nguyen, O. Gonzalez Lopez, Esa Tuovinen, Pedro G Mercadante, T. Danielson, Hans-Christian Kaestli, O. Koybasi, O. Oberst, Jürg Eugster, Georgia Karapostoli, S. Khalid, Huseyin Topakli, Hanno Perrey, Andreas Hinzmann, Sarah Kate Boutle, Elisabetta Gallo, Matt J. Jarvis, Marcin Konecki, Nathaniel Pastika, Johannes Hauk, T. Christiansen, R. Magaña Villalba, Ioannis Evangelou, Sergey Vavilov, Alexander Lanev, T. Kress, Georgios Daskalakis, Sergei Gninenko, Senka Duric, Guler Karapinar, S. Petrushanko, Pierluigi Paolucci, Paul Dauncey, Damir Lelas, Alexander Dierlamm, Michal Szleper, Roberto Chierici, Chia-Ming Kuo, J. Draeger, E. Karavakis, Vladimir Cherepanov, N. Cripps, Candan Dozen, Y. Lu, Aafke Kraan, Charles Maguire, Amr Radi, S. Frosali, M. Ahmad, J. Harvey, S. Choi, Michal Simon, Tomasz Frueboes, J. A. Gomez, Andreas Nürnberg, T. Geralis, Jaehyeok Yoo, Raymond Patrick Kenny Iii, Joseph Gartner, Bastian Kargoll, Peter Elmer, Zhenwei Yang, Mikhail Dubinin, Valery Zhukov, Christos Leonidopoulos, Alexander Spiridonov, I. A. Melzer-Pellmann, T. S. Anjos, E. Casimiro Linares, Maryam Zeinali, Benjamin Charles Radburn-Smith, Valentina Dutta, C. Diez Pardos, Robert Ciesielski, Michael Wayne Arenton, M. Hollingsworth, Daniel Duggan, Loic Quertenmont, Aram Apyan, G. I. Veres, Jean-Louis Faure, Erik Dietz-Laursonn, James John Brooke, Riccardo Paramatti, Andrea Giammanco, J. Chen, S. Kailas, S. Paktinat Mehdiabadi, John Perry Cumalat, Philip H Butler, Jeremy Mans, Stefka Stoykova, Alexey Vorobyev, Aruna Nayak, Laurent Thomas, J. Anderson, Christophe Ochando, Joram Berger, H. Mendez, Francesco Santanastasio, Stoyan Stoynev, Victor Murzin, Tongguang Cheng, C. Lazaridis, Tutanon Sinthuprasith, Lutz Feld, Tommaso Boccali, Shahram Rahatlou, Mark Olschewski, Katja Klein, David Stuart, Alice Mignerey, N. Dupont-Sagorin, R. F. Harr, Wei Li, Rainer Wallny, T. Karaman, Inkyu Park, Katarzyna Romanowska-Rybinska, Fabrizio Gasparini, Michele Selvaggi, H. Snoek, Francesca Nessi-Tedaldi, M. I. Asghar, J. W. Gary, N. Mohr, C. Broutin, Ron Lipton, F. Costanza, Pete Markowitz, Nicolas Schul, Sergo Jindariani, John Paul Chou, J. A. Coarasa Perez, Enrique Calvo, Gulsen Onengut, H. Arfaei, E. Widl, Alexander Gude, A. Sparrow, Philip Hebda, Ilya Osipenkov, Brian Paul Padley, Ian Macneill, M. Calderon De La Barca Sanchez, S. Qazi, Rino Castaldi, Dario Menasce, A. Luthra, Radia Redjimi, V. Khotilovich, E. M. Da Costa, A. M. Vinogradov, A. K. Sanchez, P. Lawson, Oliver Gutsche, C. Willmott, Ivan Amos Cali, Gigi Rolandi, J. E. Ramirez Vargas, Konstantinos Theofilatos, Sandor Czellar, J. Y. Kim, Virgil E Barnes, T. Whyntie, Nicholas Wardle, Simranjit Singh Chhibra, E. Alagoz, Gervasio Gomez, Michael Mooney, Justin Hugon, Norbert Neumeister, Manuel Giffels, Pavel Bunin, Matthew Snowball, Guo-Ming Chen, U. Akgun, Arabella Martelli, Victoria Zhukova, H. Gamsizkan, Philip Baringer, George Stephans, Pietro Vischia, Santiago Folgueras, George Alverson, Benjamin Kreis, Daniel Teyssier, A. Bodek, Polina Otiougova, E. Brownson, L. Wendland, Joao Seixas, Francisco Matorras, John A Coughlan, J. Sibille, Stefano Argiro, Victor Perelygin, Alessandra Fanfani, A. Vorobyev, E. E. Boos, S. Piperov, Alexey Ferapontov, J. Piedra Gomez, Kadri Ozdemir, Lucia Masetti, B. De La Cruz, Terence Libeiro, Horst Breuker, S. Khalatyan, Felix Hoehle, Suman Bala Beri, Helena Bialkowska, Chayanit Asawatangtrakuldee, Yetkin Yilmaz, P. Torre, Vladimir Epshteyn, Joshua Thompson, Paul Geffert, Eric Conte, David Barney, Stephanie Beauceron, Mark Raymond Adams, Jia Fu Low, Andreas Pfeiffer, Kreso Kadija, Gabriella Pugliese, Ulrich Husemann, Valentina Sola, Mark Pesaresi, Analu Custódio, S. Shmatov, Andrew Askew, Jason Gilmore, David Sperka, Gaelle Boudoul, Gurpreet Singh, Artur Kalinowski, Marco Paganoni, M. Sasseville, Markus Seidel, Don Lincoln, Gregory Habib Hammad, S. Bhattacharya, Archana Sharma, Dae Jung Kong, Jeffrey Richman, Sunghyun Chang, Dmitri Konstantinov, Robert M Harris, R. E. Hughes, Metin Yalvac, Daniel Pitzl, B. Gobbo, Andrey Korytov, P. Chang, Vineet Kumar, P. Bellan, Francisco Yumiceva, Ritva Kinnunen, Petar Maksimovic, Niklas Pietsch, E. Di Marco, Marko Ekmedzic, Vladimir Karjavin, T. Mäki, T. J. Pearson, Alessio Ghezzi, P. Goldenzweig, M. Luk, J. Palinkas, Abideh Jafari, M. Müntel, Neilayan Sen, Georgios Georgiou, Daniel John Karmgard, Manfred Jeitler, Giacomo Sguazzoni, Patrick Janot, J. M. Vizan Garcia, G. Williams, Luigi Calligaris, Eduardo De Moraes Gregores, Y. J. Lu, Fabrizio Palla, Heriberto Castilla-Valdez, H. El Mamouni, Yasser Assran, Claudia Seitz, Tai Sakuma, Christian Böser, Catherine Newman-Holmes, Michael Sigamani, Dong-Hyun Kim, J. Robles, D. Lopes Pegna, Bhawna Gomber, Aysen Tatarinov, H. Seo, Marcello Mannelli, Gregory Iles, Alexis Kalogeropoulos, Ia Iashvili, Gigi Cappello, Roberto Guida, Vivian O'Dell, Jean-Roch Vlimant, A. M. Guler, S. Habib, Lovedeep Kaur Saini, F. Meier, P. Sharp, Brajesh C Choudhary, Paul David Luckey, Sébastien Viret, Joseph Duris, Hyunyong Kim, Teresa Rodrigo, Natale Demaria, H. Enderle, Ping Tan, G. P. Van Onsem, B. Rutherford, Ramazan Sever, Yutaro Iiyama, Frank Hartmann, Luciano Orsini, Vasile Mihai Ghete, Denis Favart, M. Pimiä, H. Van Haevermaet, Claire Shepherd-Themistocleous, Arun Kumar, Daniele Spiga, Piotr Traczyk, Marco Musich, Sarah Beranek, Tuure Tuuva, M. Cwiok, B. Heltsley, Sanjay Arora, A. Van Spilbeeck, Benoit Roland, Daniel Denegri, L. Demortier, Ernesto Migliore, Hans-Jürgen Simonis, Todd Adams, Wit Busza, Hartmut Stadie, James Zabel, Steve Schnetzer, Kevin Lannon, B. Frisch, G. M. Bilei, David Jonathan Hofman, Thorsten Chwalek, M. Merola, S. Walsh, J. C. Sanabria, Otilia Militaru, S. J. Qian, S. König, Vadim Oreshkin, Intae Yu, F. P. Schilling, Maria Elena Pol, Guofan Hu, Jung-Hyun Kim, Joseph Mccartin, J. Kolb, E. Aguilo, Oliver Pooth, Jan Steggemann, James Alexander, Lukasz Kreczko, R. Loveless, Jan Krolikowski, Luiz Mundim, Duccio Abbaneo, R. Frazier, Silvia Ochesanu, Daniel Noonan, M. Chan, Ihar Marfin, T. Kypreos, Gabriele Benelli, Valentin Knünz, Gemma Tinti, Andrea Castro, S. Blyweert, M. Bergholz, Tariq Aziz, Samim Erhan, Dave M Newbold, C. Jarvis, Sharon Hagopian, Ralf Ulrich, T. Y. Kim, P. Squillacioti, Sam Harper, K. Sudhakar, A. Hunt, D. Ungaro, L. Muniz, Marko Dragicevic, Shuichi Kunori, J. Temple, Simon Metson, Paolo Azzurri, K. Kaschube, Ronald Remington, Luigi Benussi, Günther Dissertori, H. Mermerkaya, Yi Chen, S. A. Tupputi, N. De Filippis, Giuseppe Antonio Pierro, Evgueni Vlasov, Carlos Lourenco, Mikhail Gavrilenko, Y. J. Mao, G. Della Ricca, M. Serin, Leonard Apanasevich, Predrag Milenovic, F. Palmonari, Peter R Hobson, Andris Skuja, Ana Yaiza Rodríguez-Marrero, Nikoloz Skhirtladze, Alexis Pompili, Yang Gao, Byounghoon Lee, J. Fernandez Menendez, Stephen Wimpenny, Anna Elliott-Peisert, Vuko Brigljevic, Bruno Wittmer, Giuseppe Codispoti, Henning Flacher, Yanjun Tu, Aran Garcia-Bellido, Sho Maruyama, M. Guchait, Juliette Alimena, I. Heredia-de La Cruz, Khristian Kotov, Krzysztof Piotrzkowski, Byung-Sik Hong, O. Dogangun, Nikola Godinovic, Sudarshan Paramesvaran, Ekaterina Kuznetsova, Lloyd Stanley Durkin, Yvonne Kuessel, Franco Ligabue, Vincenzo Innocente, Shuai Liu, Ioannis Papadopoulos, Victor Daniel Elvira, S. Rogerson, Alexey Svyatkovskiy, Vincenzo Chiochia, A. Potenza, Alexander Snigirev, Charalambos Nicolaou, Niki Saoulidou, J. Thomsen, J. Klukas, Sercan Sen, Y. H. Chang, M. Park, Matthias Schröder, K. S. Grogg, Michael Hildreth, Paolo Meridiani, Ivica Puljak, Hans Reithler, Ben Bylsma, R. Frühwirth, V. Adler, Pàl Hidas, Nikolaos Manthos, Martin Grunewald, Christopher Silkworth, Nishu Nishu, M. Gataullin, Kurtis F Johnson, Greg P Heath, M. Aguilar-Benitez, Somnath Choudhury, R. Granier de Cassagnac, Maxime Gouzevitch, A. Ellithi Kamel, Luca Perrozzi, Manfred Krammer, Kevin Sung, Florent Lacroix, Konstanty Sumorok, Semiray Girgis, A. Knutsson, Urs Langenegger, Kittikul Kovitanggoon, Matthew Chasco, S. 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Carroll, James Wetzel, Donald Belknap, Winston Ko, N. Beaupere, I. Villella, Hannes Jung, Alexander Zhokin, Martijn Mulders, I. M. Anghel, Darin Baumgartel, S. Sengupta, Andrea Schizzi, Renato Potenza, Gordon Ball, Guenter Eckerlin, Annik Olbrechts, Armen Tumasyan, Anna Colaleo, Mingming Yang, A. Raval, Martino Margoni, Jochen Ott, S. A. Schmitz, Roko Plestina, Mario Pelliccioni, Anne Dabrowski, T. Aliev, Tulika Bose, Paula Eerola, Manoj Sharan, Hae-Sim Park, Philip Symonds, Z. Wang, W. Behrenhoff, C. Ferro, Wuming Luo, M. Stein, Kevin Burkett, Giovanni Abbiendi, Leonard Spiegel, Peter Robmann, Francesco Romeo, Robert Klanner, Andrea Benaglia, Batool Safarzadeh, J. Gonzalez Sanchez, B. Mathias, Darin Acosta, G. Walzel, Robert Hirosky, Tiziano Camporesi, L. Brigliadori, Seema Sharma, Lukas Vanelderen, Kristian Allan Hahn, Daniele Bonacorsi, Ivan-Kresimir Furic, Rishi Patel, S. Bansal, D. Mekterovic, Kuei-Hsien Chen, Nural Akchurin, Maria Girone, Martina Malberti, Hongfang Liu, Gilvan Alves, M. Z. Mehta, S. G. Heo, Anna Teresa Meneguzzo, M. Cardaci, P. Miné, Dieter Renker, Sten Luyckx, Yen-Jie Lee, L. M. Villasenor-Cendejas, A. Markina, Louis Lyons, Mauro Donegà, Igor Bayshev, Petar Adzic, Maria Margherita Obertino, T. Miceli, P. Van Mulders, Alin Titus Serban, T. Schum, Mikhail Kirsanov, B. Fabbro, Michele Gallinaro, S. Guragain, P. Van Mechelen, Matti J Kortelainen, Peter Wittich, Valentin Sulimov, A. Bethani, A. Drozdetskiy, Francesco Fabozzi, F. J. Munoz Sanchez, Christine O'Brien, Andrew Beretvas, Otto Hindrichs, Lukas Bäni, Ricardo Lopez-Fernandez, Dooyeon Gyun, R. K. Choudhury, David Petyt, W. Van Doninck, Xin Shi, Chiara Mariotti, T. Tabarelli de Fatis, Frederic Jean Ronga, Antonio Tropiano, Valerie Halyo, N. Ratnikova, Steffen Röcker, Caroline Collard, M. Kossov, Ian Ross, Alexey Volkov, Georgios Anagnostou, Melody A. Swartz, Maxwell Chertok, M. Niegel, Matteo Marone, Jie Zhang, Francesca Romana Cavallo, Demetrios Loukas, Mikhail Makouski, Laurent Forthomme, Ludwig Tauscher, Jordan Nash, Mitchell Wayne, Karol Bunkowski, Danek Kotlinski, M. Chamizo Llatas, A. Melo, Denis Gelé, Mauro Emanuele Dinardo, Carmen Albajar, M. Pioppi, Nhan Viet Tran, Christof Roland, E. Norbeck, Giovanni Polese, D. Domínguez Vázquez, F. Ricci-Tam, Bugra Bilin, Kati Lassila-Perini, Giorgio Maggi, Janna Katharina Behr, Sadia Khalil, C. Fernandez Bedoya, Amedeo Staiano, Petra Merkel, Andrew Gilbert, Pelin Kurt, Si Xie, Meenakshi Narain, L. Barbone, Robert Stone, Alexander Toropin, Robert Schöfbeck, Viktor Savrin, J. Marrouche, Alessandro Thea, Philip Harris, I. Belotelov, D. Matos Figueiredo, Noemi Beni, S. Reucroft, M. Della Negra, J. Lellouch, Maria Isabel Josa, N. Redaelli, Willi Bertl, Eva Halkiadakis, Olga Novgorodova, Frank Glege, D. Martschei, Andrei Leonidov, I. Shreyber, Deborah Duchardt, Andrea Perrotta, L. Zhang, Guido Tonelli, Alexei Raspereza, Zeljko Antunovic, Claudia-Elisabeth Wulz, David Silvers, Christoph Paus, Metin Ata, Petr Moisenz, David Ja Cockerill, Wolfgang Lange, Gianni Masetti, Duncan Leggat, Yuriy Pakhotin, Wolfgang Waltenberger, Piergiulio Lenzi, Wolfgang Funk, Y. Fu, J. S. Keller, Salvatore Nuzzo, Salvatore My, S. Bilmis, Philippe Bloch, C. De Oliveira Martins, Victor Golovtsov, M. Gabusi, James Dolen, Christian Sander, Grzegorz Brona, Marco-Andrea Buchmann, Charles Ray Newsom, Freya Blekman, James Hirschauer, Giuseppe Zito, Ilse Krätschmer, David Michael Morse, I. Dumanoglu, Monique K. LeBourgeois, Nicholas Mucia, Sh. Jain, Robert Fischer, Lorenzo Bianchini, Himali Kalakhety, Yeng-Ming Tzeng, Matthieu Marionneau, Mehmet Zeyrek, J. F. de Trocóniz, Malina Kirn, G. Hamel de Monchenault, Kai-Feng Chen, L. Di Matteo, Ettore Focardi, Maksym Titov, Herbert Rohringer, H. Pieta, Magdalena Malek, Federico Ferri, Douglas Berry, Norbert Tambe, P. Fabbricatore, Igor Azhgirey, L. Borrello, David Nash, Benjamin R. Safdi, R. Stringer, M. De Palma, V. Monaco, Mark Grimes, J. G. Smith, Jeannine Wagner-Kuhr, Vladimir Popov, Otman Charaf, Josef Strauss, John Michael Marraffino, Frank Golf, Javier Duarte, Jacopo Pazzini, Cesar Augusto Bernardes, Aniello Spiezia, Cosmin Dragoiu, Ajit Mohapatra, Kirti Ranjan, Dimitri Bourilkov, S. Carrillo Moreno, Andrew Whitbeck, D. Bodin, Viktor Veszpremi, Abdulla Abdulsalam, I. P.J. Shipsey, A. Petrukhin, B. Gomez Moreno, Shabnam Jabeen, Dmytro Kovalskyi, T. Weiler, C. Lagana, Gyorgy Vesztergombi, W. Reece, Luca Malgeri, Frank Jm Geurts, Elizabeth Locci, Inga Bucinskaite, Boaz Klima, D. Evans, Richard G Kellogg, Michael Tytgat, David Lange, Robin Erbacher, Senta Greene, T. J. Mertzimekis, Kachanon Nirunpong, Boris Mangano, R. Vasquez Sierra, Georg Auzinger, M. Aldaya Martin, Harvey B Newman, S. V. Gleyzer, Jeffrey Berryhill, H. A. Weber, Mihee Jo, G. Merino, G. Vander Marcken, Brian L Winer, Donato Creanza, Marc Dobson, Yao Weng, Umberto Dosselli, Alessandro Giassi, Lukas Wehrli, Maurizio Pierini, David Cussans, S. K. Park, F. Odorici, Josef Hrubec, E. A. De Wolf, Daniel R Claes, Mikko Voutilainen, E. Luiggi Lopez, S. Di Guida, Nancy Marinelli, Plamen Iaydjiev, Francesca Cavallari, Stefano Belforte, E. Palencia Cortezon, Massimo Casarsa, Grzegorz Wrochna, Andrés G Delannoy, Christopher Hill, Lev Dudko, Jongmin Lee, Soon-Kwon Nam, S. H. Chuang, L. Perchalla, Dong Ho Moon, Sertac Ozturk, Sami Lehti, Adish Vartak, M. Vazquez Acosta, J. Chasserat, Raffaele Tito D'Agnolo, J. Gronberg, Igor Golutvin, Mircho Rodozov, M. Deniz, Thomas Schoerner-Sadenius, Nicola Bacchetta, Attila Racz, Roberta Arcidiacono, Jonathan Fulcher, Anatoli Pashenkov, Avto Kharchilava, Mikhail Ignatenko, Jelena Luetic, Tapio Lampén, Fabrizio Fabbri, Norraphat Srimanobhas, Seth Cooper, H. Held, Keith Rose, Mingshui Chen, Nikita Beliy, Scott Thomas, Piero Giorgio Verdini, D. Dammann, Matevz Tadel, Viola Sordini, Hannes Schettler, Giancarlo Mantovani, Carlo Battilana, V. Chetluru, L. Dobrzynski, Sezen Sekmen, Marc Dejardin, B. Marangelli, P. Nef, Pedro Arce, J. Vaughan, J. Sammet, I. Chakaberia, Alexander Savin, M. Finger, Jessica Shiu, Quentin Ingram, Igor Vorobiev, Josef Hammer, K. Banzuzi, V. E. Bazterra, Panos A Razis, Steven R. Simon, Paul Lujan, Sergey Senkin, L. K. Gibbons, Samantha Hewamanage, Nadja Strobbe, Jean-Laurent Agram, Anthony Moeller, Jim Freeman, I. Dremin, Aristotelis Kyriakis, A. Deisher, A. B. Meyer, Ferenc Sikler, Dayong Wang, Mauro Verzetti, Mario Kadastik, and Alexander Dermenev
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Large Hadron Collider, Luminosity (scattering theory), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Standard Model, Nuclear physics, MAJORANA, 0103 physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, 010306 general physics, Event (particle physics), Lepton, Boson
Abstract: A search is performed for heavy Majorana neutrinos (N) using an event signature defined by two like-sign charged leptons of the same flavour and two jets. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 inverse femtobarns of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV collected with the CMS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. No excess of events is observed beyond the expected standard model background and therefore upper limits are set on the square of the mixing element, abs(V[ell N]) squared, for ell = e, mu, as a function of Majorana neutrino mass. These are the first direct upper limits on the heavy Majorana-neutrino mixing for m[N] > 90 GeV.
Published: 2012

45. Existence of dyons in minimally gauged Skyrme model via constrained minimization

Author: Zhifeng Gao and Yisong Yang
Subjects: Magnetic monopole, FOS: Physical sciences, Skyrme model, 01 natural sciences, Electric charge, Monopoles, Electromagnetism, Dyons, Critical point (thermodynamics), Gauge fields, 0103 physical sciences, Minkowski space, Topological invariants, 010306 general physics, Weak convergence, Mathematical Physics, Mathematical physics, Mathematics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Mathematical analysis, Calculus of variations for indefinite action functional, Mathematical Physics (math-ph), Higgs field, Constraints, Minification, Analysis
Abstract: We prove the existence of electrically and magnetically charged particlelike static solutions, known as dyons, in the minimally gauged Skyrme model developed by Brihaye, Hartmann, and Tchrakian. The solutions are spherically symmetric, depend on two continuous parameters, and carry unit monopole and magnetic charges but continuous Skyrme charge and non-quantized electric charge induced from the 't Hooft electromagnetism. The problem amounts to obtaining a finite-energy critical point of an indefinite action functional, arising from the presence of electricity and the Minkowski spacetime signature. The difficulty with the absence of the Higgs field is overcome by achieving suitable strong convergence and obtaining uniform decay estimates at singular boundary points so that the negative sector of the action functional becomes tractable., 24 pages
Published: 2012

46. Non-Abelian Vortices in Supersymmetric Gauge Field Theory via Direct Methods

Author: Yisong Yang and Elliott H. Lieb
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory, Physics, Series (mathematics), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Plane (geometry), 010102 general mathematics, FOS: Physical sciences, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Mathematical Physics (math-ph), 01 natural sciences, Domain (mathematical analysis), Vortex, Theoretical physics, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), 0103 physical sciences, Uniqueness, Gauge theory, 0101 mathematics, Abelian group, Color confinement, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: Vortices in supersymmetric gauge field theory are important constructs in a basic conceptual phenomenon commonly referred to as the dual Meissner effect which is responsible for color confinement. Based on a direct minimization approach, we present a series of sharp existence and uniqueness theorems for the solutions of some non-Abelian vortex equations governing color-charged multiply distributed flux tubes, which provide an essential mechanism for linear confinement. Over a doubly periodic domain, existence results are obtained under explicitly stated necessary and sufficient conditions that relate the size of the domain, the vortex numbers, and the underlying physical coupling parameters of the models. Over the full plane, existence results are valid for arbitrary vortex numbers and coupling parameters. In all cases, solutions are unique., 38 pages, latex
Published: 2012

47. Sharp existence and uniqueness theorems for non-Abelian multiple vortex solutions

Author: Yisong Yang and Chang-Shou Lin
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nonlinear system, Pure mathematics, Quantum mechanics, Calculus of variations, Gauge theory, Uniqueness, Abelian group, Color confinement, Domain (mathematical analysis), Vortex
Abstract: Vortices in non-Abelian gauge field theory play essential roles in the mechanism of color confinement and are governed by systems of nonlinear elliptic equations of complicated structure. In this paper, we present a series of sharp existence and uniqueness theorems for multiple vortex solutions of the non-Abelian BPS equations over R 2 and on a doubly periodic domain. Our methods are based on calculus of variations which may be used to analyze more extended problems. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a unique solution in the doubly periodic situation are expressed in terms of physical parameters involved explicitly.
Published: 2011

48. Non-Abelian Multiple Vortices in Supersymmetric Field Theory

Author: Yisong Yang and Chang-Shou Lin
Subjects: Physics, Plane (geometry), High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Domain (mathematical analysis), Vortex, Higgs field, Theoretical physics, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, Quantum mechanics, Higgs boson, Field theory (psychology), Uniqueness, Abelian group, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: In this paper, we consider a system of non-Abelian multiple vortex equations governing coupled SU(N) and U(1) gauge and Higgs fields which may be embedded in a supersymmetric field theory framework. When the underlying domain is doubly periodic, we prove the existence and uniqueness of an n-vortex solution under a necessary and sufficient condition explicitly relating the domain size to the vortex number n and the Higgs boson masses. When the underlying domain is the full plane, we use a constructive approach to establish the existence and uniqueness of an n-vortex solution.
Published: 2011

49. Existence of Dyons in the Coupled Georgi–Glashow–Skyrme Model

Author: Fanghua Lin and Yisong Yang
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Critical phenomena, Magnetic monopole, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Electric charge, Action (physics), Classical mechanics, Georgi–Glashow model, Dyon, Minkowski space, Signature (topology), Mathematical Physics, Mathematical physics, Mathematics
Abstract: We prove the existence of a continuous family of finite-energy particle-like solutions in the coupled Georgi–Glashow–Skyrme model carrying both electric and magnetic charges, known as dyons. Due to the presence of electricity and the Minkowski spacetime signature, we need to solve a variational problem with an indefinite action functional. Our results show that, while the magnetic charge is uniquely determined by the topological monopole number, the electric charge of a solution can be arbitrarily prescribed in an open interval.
Published: 2011

50. Universal curve, biological time, and dynamically varying scaling exponent in growth law

Author: Luciano Medina and Yisong Yang
Subjects: Period-doubling bifurcation, Metabolic energy, Applied Mathematics, Universal curve, General Engineering, General Medicine, Universality (dynamical systems), Computational Mathematics, Biomedical data, Law, Exponent, General Economics, Econometrics and Finance, Scaling, Analysis, Dimensionless quantity, Mathematics
Abstract: A general quantitative model for ontogenetic growth of organisms was derived by West et al. based on fundamental principles for the allocation of metabolic energy in which a universal parameterless growth curve was established in terms of the biomass ratio and a dimensionless biological time. This model was then extended by Guiot et al. to account for the growth of tumors in vivo in which the fractional scaling exponent p becomes a dynamic parameter depending on time t . In this paper, we present a method that may be used effectively to construct a generalized universal growth curve for such a growth law model with an arbitrary dynamically varying fractional exponent. As by-products of this method, we show that the assumption that a biological time variable flows forward in the universal curve allows us to predict the behavior of p with regard to the developmental stages of organisms characterized by body mass which is consistent with the findings of Guiot et al. based on biomedical data, and that, the universal curve is independent of the properties of p as a function of t . We also consider the situation when time increases discretely and the fractional scaling exponent is periodic. We observe the familiar, but superimposed, period-doubling and transition-to-chaos phenomenon.
Published: 2010

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